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THE ATLANTA SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, ATLANTA, GA., FRIDAY, AUGUST 29, 1913.
AGRICULTURAL
EDUCATION
Successful Farming
$t J&mi ft Smi-
BRINGING AID TO THE PRODUCER
IN DISTRIBUTING FARM PRODUCTS
This department will cheerfully endeavor to furnish any information.
Letters should lie addressed to Dr. Andrew M. Soule, president State
Agricultural College, Athens, Oa.
CROPS FOR AUTUMN GARDENS
While considerable attention is di
rected to the cultivation of the spring:
garden, little effort is made, compra-
tively speaking, to maintain a desirable
autumn garden. In the spring of the
year conditions for growth are general
ly more favorable than those which
prevail in late July, August and early
September, and probably this accounts
for the neglect of one of the most im
portant and desirable adjuncts of the
home no matter where situated. By
taking forethought, however, unfavor
able soil and climatic conditions can
often be overcome and the ground put
in condition to germinate y great variety
of seeds or provide a sufficient amount
of moisture for the growth of a num
ber of hand-set crops. There is often
a more or less protracted drought at
the period of the year mentioned, but
in nearly all instances there are times
when there are one or more heavy
showers and the succesful gardener
must take advantage of the moment
and improve the condition of his land
and save the moisture essential for 'the
growth of his crops.
All garden soils should be rich in or
ganic matter, and the more of this
element tliey contain the less likely
are they to bake and crust and to lose
moisture with such a degree of rapidi
ty as to prevent the germination of
seeds. Gardens may be enriched by one
of two methods, either through the
plowing under of legumes or the appli
cation of yard manure. Manure wil!
generally be found more satisfactory
because the area of the average garden
is small, and since quick results are
desired, the soil can seldom be spared
for the length of time necessary to
grow a green crop to be turned under
for its enrichmet. The old method of
maintaining gardens was through the
exclusive use of yard manure, and any
where from twenty to 100 tons per
acre were frequently applied. Natur-
aly those who used manure came to re
gard it as the most desirable material
to apply for even where forty tons were
used per acre there would presently
become available in the soil 400 pounds
of nitrogen and potash and 200 pounds
of phosphoric acid. To supply these
amounts of plant food in a commercial
form called for an application of more
than one ton of nitrate of soda. 200
pounds of muriate of potash and 1,250
pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate.
One who would advocate the application
of these amounts of commercial plant
food would be deemed an extremist,
and in fact such large amounts would
seldom if ever be necessary for a gar
den. On the other hand, as yard ma
nure is not a well-balanced plant food,
a combination of manure and commer
cial fertilizer will be more economical
and desirable for many reasons, one
of the most important* being that in
many instances gardeners can not ob-
• tain t.^e quantity of yard manure which
has been found desirable.
Those contemplating* the establish-
men of a fall garden should arrange
to apply to the soil a good top dressing
of organic matter, preferably yard ma
nure. In its absence, leaves, compost
and dead stalks, vines and other ma
terial may be used. Incorporate this
as completely with the soil as pos
sible, but do not try to plow it under
when the ground is too dry. Wait for
a shower. Then the land should be
so cultivated as to compact it and pre
serve a dust mulch. After every show
er cultivate again. Thus the storage
of wdter in the soil is promoted against
the time of planting. Moreover, fre
quent cultivations hasten the decay of
the vegetable matter. Plant immedi
ately after or just before a rain. Be
sure in any event to break the crust so
that the seeds may germinate quickly.
On all truck crops commercial plant
food should be applied with freedom. As
most of these crops can be cultivated
from time to time all of the fertilizer
should not be put under the ground,
but a part reserved to use as side appli
cations say at intervals of ten days to
two week. On some crops several side
applications may be made with
profit. Among the crops which
should be planted in late July and early
August are rutabagas. These not only
produce tops which make excellent
•greens'* but the root is a most desirable
and palatable vegetable. They have
the great advantage of growing from
the time they are seeded until extremely
cold weather sets in. This crop, like
all of its class, should be fertilized at
the rate of 600 to 1,000 pounds per acre
with a formula containing 8 per cent
of phosphoric acid, 4 per cent of nitrogen
and 10 per cent of potash. A sample
mixture necessary to obtain these re
sults is as follows: 250 pounds of
nitrate of soda, 100 pounds of sulphate
of ammonia, 350 pounds of tankage con
taining not less than 6.5 per cent of
nitrogen and 9 per cent of phosphoric
Reid, 900 pounds of acid phosphate, and
400 pounds of muriate or sulphate of
potash. The sources of the material
suggested • can of course be varied; but
this will be found a good general-pur
pose formula for all loamy or sandy
soils. Those which have been made ex
tremely rich through long continued use
and heavy applications of yard manure
may not require quite as much phos
phoric acid or nitrogen. On extremely
sandy soils the formula need not be
changed materially, but the amount ap
plied should be increased. This com
bination of plant food will be found not
only useful on turnips, but on begins,
beets, onions, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes,
radishes, collards, and all other crops
adapted for planting in late July, Au
gust or early September.
As all know who have had experience,
It is necessary to grow vegetables quick
ly in order to secure the proper degree
of succulence and other desirable quali
ties, such as crispness, texture and fla
vor. Garden crops must therefore be
grown rapidly, and to accomplish this
end the soil must be prepared with un
usual skill and care, and the cultivation
and fertilization carried on in a scien
tific manner. It is important to re
member that in dry spells the frequent
stirring of the soil is of the utmost im
portance. Light applications of fertil
izers on such occasions are often quite
beneficial, though, of course, they can
not in any sense take the place of a
uniform and well distributed rainfall.
Those who have had success in the cul
tivation of spring gardens can by tak
ing care and thought so handle their soil
and manipulate their crops as to have
a remarkable measure of success with
fall gardens as well.
Few things can add so much to the
comfort and luxury of the home as an
abundance of fresh vegetables. The
market demand for any surplus is al
ways much in excess of the supply.
There is an opportunity to add millions
of dollars to the revenue of Georgia
farmers through the successful estab
lishment of a system of fall gardening.
Thp investment required is very slight.
Attention to details and the utilization
of good judgment will do more to pro
mote this neglected industry than any
thing else. The importance of fall gar
dens is so clearly defined that this mat
ter will surely receive a larger measure
of consideration in the future than has
been accorded it^n the past.
BOTS IX HORSES.
E. H. W., Rome, Ga., writes: r have a
four-year-old mare which Is troubled with
bots. Would like to know some way to get
them from her. She sometimes seems to
have the colic.
Bots are the larva of the bot fly. The
female is about the size of a honey bee.
During the summer she is frequently
seen flying about and depositing her
eggs on the hair of the legs, breast and
other parts of the body of horses. As
these eggs become moistened
from biting them they hatch
out. The young larva make their
way from the horse’s mouth down the
throat and attach themselves to the
mucous membrane of the stomach. Here
they remain until' the late fall, when
they loosen their hold and the fly
emerges, and after mating, the cycle of
life outlined above is repeated. Bots
are frequently found by the hundreds
attached to the stomach of horses, yet
practicaly no bad effects are observed
from their presence. In some in
stances they may block the passage
from the stomach to the intestines, but
so far veterinarians have not been able
to attribute disease directly to, them.
There is no known treatment that will
remove bots, and they are extremely
resistant to substances applied to their
bodies. The only practical treatment
is a preventive, by destroying the flies
as soon as they are observed, and scrap
ing the hair with a sharp knife once a
week.
The chances are that your animal is
suffering from some form of indigestion
as evidenced by the colic referred to in
your letter. Give her a fairly good
purge, and then a dose of Jamaica gin
ger for several times, and feed her on
bran mashes and other light laxative
foods for a few days. Do not overwork
her, and the chances are she will quick
ly regain her normal condition as to
health.
WILL SULPHUR INJURE PLANTS?
H. L. K., Benevolence, Ga., writes: One
source of the nitrogen in my fertilizer is
from sulphate of ammonia. I have been told
by agents that sulphur is injurious to the
soil. Is that a fact? If so, why is such
a brand allowed to b e sold?
You are laboring under a misappre
hension in your opinion that sulphur
as contained in sulphate of ammonia is
injurious to plants. As a matter of
fact, plants require sulphur for two
distinct purposes in their economy. In
the first place, it is related to the de
velopment of protoplasm and also of
proteids. These are essential basic
compounds v out of which are evolved
many of the important elements con
tained in plants. In the absence ot
sulphur plants do not grow well. Sul
phur is also known to have some rela
tion to the characteristic odor in plants,
imparting the flavor to the oils of cru
ciferous plants, and to the oil of on
ions, garlic, leeks, etc. The form of
sulphur which is injurous to plants
and to which you refer is known as
sulphur dioxide generated in large
quantities in the manufacture of sul
phuric acid. It apparently exerts an
injurious effect on certain types of
plants due to its overproduction in
their particular vicinity. Many tthings
that are good for plants would injure
them if used in too large quantities.
The nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia
is quickly available and readily soluble
in water, quite as much so as the ni
trogen in nitrate of soda, but. of course,
nitrogen in the form of ammonia is not
supposed to be so readily available as
in the nitrate form. It is certain that
the ammonia contained tn nitrogen is
changed quickly into the nitrate form.
Since sulphate of ammonia tends to
cause lime to leach out of the soil, it
is best to use this material on soil to
which liberal applications of the sul
phate have been made rather recently.
It- is an excellent source of nitrogen,
however, and you need not hesitate to
use it oil account of any fear of injury
from the sulphur it contains.
NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF
LIME.
A. A. N., Atlanta, Ga., writes: I would
like some information in regard to the use
of ground raw lime rock for agricultural
purposes. In your opinion is this product
preferable to burnt slack lime for agricultur
al purposes?
BY PETER RADFORD,
Texas Fanners’ Union.
The recent action of the Wells Fargo
& Company Express in tendering the
good offices of that powerful organiza
tion to the producer in the distribution
and sale of farm products, is in my es
timation the most important single event
of its class in the industrial life of the
country during the last quarter of a
century. At least it will reach that dig
nified zone when their precedent is fol
lowed by other common carriers, which
I have reason to believe will be done
at a very early date.
When the marketing plans as formu
lated by the Farmers’ union are adopted
by the transportation companies, it
should move at least two billion dollars’
worth of perishable farm products that
now •annually rot on the ground, or is
dumped at destination, and it will in
crease the efficiency in distribution of
nonperishable products at least 30 per
cent. It is the most weighty economic
project now before the American people
and the most giagntic co-operative plan
that has ever been submitted in which
the prosperity of the producer, carrier,
dealer, consumer and all the people, is
mutually and equitably involved.
FIRST AID TO THE PRODUCER.
While the detailed plans announced by
the Wells Fargo people are considered
only first aid to the producer and are
subject to such modification as experi
ence may dictate, they contain two car
dinal principles of co-operative market
ing which should be carefully studied by
carrier, shipper, and buyer, to wit: In
formation and assistance. To express
the plans in the language of the farmer,
they will, first, establish a market bu
reau which will estimate production and
consumption and keep a check on mar
ket conditions for the. information of
their patrons; second, they will assist in
tic lime will prove profitable when used
at the rate of one ton or more per acre
and applied as a top dressing either in
the fall or spring, though preferably in
the fall. The lime should be put on
some days before the fertilizer or seed
is put in the ground.' On soils which
have rotated and are in-a high state of
cultivation, it is possible that the raw
rock will give excellent results. There
is comparatively little soil of this type
•in Georgia at the present time, though
the tendency to institute crop rotations
will cause a change in this direction at
an early date. Where raw rock is used,
at least two tons should be applied as
the raw rock has only half the sweeten
ing power of the caustic lime. The ques
tion devolves then largely on whether
you can purchase and apply two tons of
the raw rock at about the same cost as
one ton of the caustic lime. There is
some objection to usiny caustic limes on
lands containing any considerable quan
tity of humus or vegetable matter be
cause there is a tendency for it to burn
up the nitrogen, as it were. On this ac
count, on soils well supplied with vege
table matter, it is probably better to
use the raw rock. The fact of the mat
ter Is, investigations have made so little
progress up to this time that no one can
speak definitely or authoritatively on the
subject.
• * *
INOCULATING LEGUMES IN GEOR
GIA.
in W * t A J- lauta ’ Ga > writes: 1 would
like ail tiie information you can give me in
regard to soil inoculation for different
crops.
boil may be inoculated in one of
two ways, either through the use of
artificial cultures or by securing soil
from a field where the crop you desire
to inoculate has been grown successful
ly Inoculation may be practiced prof
itably with such as some of the
legumes. It has not been practicable
with field crops such as cotton, corn,
etc., up to the present time. Alfalfa
is one of the leguminous crops with
which inoculation has proven profitable.
The use of artificial cultures on red
clover, vetches, beans, peas and garden
crops is sometimes advisable judging
from our experience. Qf course, where
the soil is quite devoid of the bacteria
favoring the effort of these plants to
assimilate nitrogen from the air inocu
lation would be helpful, but as a rule,
large seeded cropus do not require that
the land be artificially inoculated to
anything like the extent of the small
seeded crops. It is possible to buy
inoculated seed of various kinds, but
we would prefer to secure the arti
ficial cultures and prepare them ac
cording to the directions, or better
still, to secure when possible soil from
a field where a crop such as alfalfa
has been growh successfully for a series
of years.
There is one objection to the use of
soil found in the fact that it may
bring to your land weed, seeds or dis
eases of one kind and another which
are non-existent at this time. On the
other hand, inoculation with soil has
in our judgment proven more uniformly
successful th’an the use of artificial
cultures. You can secure artificial cul
tures through any reliable seedsman,
and they are easier and probably cheap
er to handle than the soil, and their
efficiency when used under the most
favorable conditions is often as satis
factory as that of the soil. We would
suggest that where you use the soil
from 200 to 500 pounds be scattered
over the surface of the ground to be
inoculated and worked in with a har
row before or immediately after plant
ing the crop.
TREATMENT OF WJLT IN COTTON.
.7. A. S. T., Burnt Corn, Ala., writes:
Wehre land has been well fertilized for cot
ton, would kninit be sufficient to furnish
the required amount of moisture to pre
vent wilt, or would it be best to use ni
trate of soda, and how much should be
used?
(
securing the best market for farm prod
ucts.
To handle this new feature of their
business, the Wells Fargo people have
established an order, commission and
food products department, and in a cir
cular issued from their New York head
quarters August 1, signed by f\ S. Hol
brook, general traffic manager, and ap
proved by B. D. Caldwell, president,
they announced that they “will make a
specialty of the distribution of food
products through assistance to growers
and producers in finding suitable loca-
them in securing to best advantage, san
itary packages or containers in which
to ship their products, particularly per
ishables. Corresponding efforts will be
made to.serve the dealers and consumer
in placing them in direct touch with
the source of supply,” and the president
of the company has instructed all em
tion, soil and markets, and by aiding
oloyes to co-operate with the new de-
partmnet.
The Wells Fargo will make itself
a factor in distribution by lending as
sistance without charge, and where it
is possible to do so, will send cash
buyers to the producer. They will in
struct the shipper in the kind of pack
ages desired by the markets, how to
pack and crate their products and the
size packages to use in order to secure
lowest rates.
The common carrier has, in many in
stances, been satisfied to look upon
the distress of the farmer with indif
ference and has given small concern
to a glutted market. He usually gets
his before the stuff is dumped and
sends a glib-talking agent to express
sorrow to the producer and collect any
balance due on the freight and then
sets about to encotfrage an increase in
farm tonnage next year, but now these
mighty agencies of commerce are look
ing toward the marketing side of the
farmers’ problems and the common car
rier never faced more golden opportu
nities for usefulness than now confront
him.
A GOOD SERVANT.
The common carriers are public serv
ants and like all faithful laborers,
should endeavor to render more than
a mechanical service. The servant who
does only what he is compelled to do
will never gain favor’ with his employer.
To be worthy of esteem and merit pro
motion, our public servants must do
something more than work out court
sentences. Ability, efficiency and vis
ion will always receive a prompt re
ward.
The common carrier can make no bet
ter financial investment than to estab
lish* a market bureau for the informa
tion of the producer and could not do
more to popularize his services than
by bringing the buyer and the seller
closer together. He possesses the ma
chinery. the facilities and the ability
for rendering a most useful service to
associate industries. The farmer asks
no favors, but is seeking only co-opera
tion on a basis profitable to all parties
engaged in the transaction. On no other
foundation can business be permanently
built.
The nation’s business is suffering
from individual selfishness. We need
to study each other’s problems and
understand our relationship and recog
nize community responsibilities. We
should get closer together.
THE PLOW HANDLES MAKE US ALL
KIN.
The condition now confronting our
transportation system^ is one that justi
fies the deep concern of every producer
and makes the highest call upon the in
telligence of our citizenship. Our common
carriers have made mistakes. They have
endeavored to become masters and sit in
the councils of the great and they, have
paid the penalty fod getting out of their
place. They are the teamsters of civili
zation and belong in the servants’ quar
ters. The politician has been making a
saddle horse out of the common carrier
anti riding into office; the courts have, in
some instances, whipped him repeatedly
and the commissions have cut down his
rations, but he will never have peace of
mind or ease of body until he returns to
the barnyard and eats out of the hand of
his master—the producer. He will then
be properly protected, sheltered, clothed
and fed and given such privileges and
favors as belong to faithful and efficient
servants.
The heads of these great institutions,
whose giant intellects illuminate the path
ways of commerce, should come back to
the soil and renew their acquaintance
with Mother Earth. They should occa
sionally swing a scythe, wield an axe and
plow a round or two so as not to forget
their raising. A touch of the plow han
dles makes us all kin. The heads of
street raildoads cannot look out of a pri
vate car window and comprehend our
problems; neither can they acquire under
standing by sending a messenger with a
standing collar and a long title to make
typewritten reports. Two heads of these
institutions must get back to the soil and
take hold of the plow handle if they
want to feel the heart-throb of agricul
ture.
GOVERNMENTAL AID IN MARKET
ING.
The federal agricultural department has
received its initial appropriation for the
study of distribution and with the com
mon carrier now going to market, we
have at work on the selling side of agri
culture, the most powerful agencies in
the land. These gigantic forces, with
their keen vision and clear understanding,
can work magic in the solution of our
difficulties, but the problem is not going
to be solved today or tomorrow. Many
seeming impossibilities will appear and
disappear and there will be failures and
disappointments. First of all the farmer
must co-operate. He can only help him
self or be helped by others through or
ganization and co-operation. He must be
in a position to co-operate and receive
co-operation of other agencies. Let all
farmers join the union and get together
in an organized effort to uplift agricul
ture.
Trade and Crop Re
ports from the South
—From Bradstreet’s.
Charleston, S. C.—While trade in gen
eral is till- quiet, some little improve
ment is noted among jobbers, who are
optimistic about present crop condi
tions. Several bales of new cotton were
sold this week. Collections continue
slow.
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Reliable Tailoring Co.. Dtp! 9132 RtfabhBldg.,
Much of the cultivated land in Geor
gia is no doubt acid. The investigations
made in our soil laboratory up to this
time would indicate this to be due in
an unusual degree of the lands In some
sections o,f the state. Of course, our
investigations were only instituted on
the first of January, and comparatively
little progress has been made in survey
ing or acquiring anything like an accu
rate knowledge with reference to a state
containing approximately 60,000 square
miles of territory. In the few experi
ments we have made up to this time
caustic lime has only been used and the
results obtained from 1 it on acid soils
and those in bad physical condition have
been quite encouraging. The deficiency
in lime in our soils has no doubt ac
counted in some measure for the bene
fits secured from the use of caustic lime
on corn and other field crops. Of course,
lime containing the element calcium may
be a source of plant food to growing
crops, particularly to legumes. On soils
that are in very bad physical condition
and containing but little vegetable mat
ter, we are disposed to think that caus-
Wilt in cotton is due to the infesta
tion of the plants by a specific fungus
which grows up through the water ducts
and chokes the plant to death. This
disease can not be controlled by fertil
izers. but only through the use of seed
resistant to this trouble. Of course,
keeping the plants healthy and In a vig
orous condition will help them to throw
off the injury done by wilt. The
rushing or shedding of cotton may be
lessened to a considerable extent by the
use of kainit at the rate of 100 to 200
pounds per acre if it is applied early
in the season as a top dressing and
worked into the soil. The rusting of
cottdn is often due to a deficiency in
potash. Nitrate of soda is also helpful
in stimulating a vigorous growth and
enabling the plants to resist disease and
to tide over drought periods when shed
ding is liRely to be unusually severe.
Nitrate of soda as a top dressing
should generally be used at the rate
of 75 to 100 pounds per acre on cotton.
Ordinarily it should be put on in the
northern part of Alabama not later
than July 1. In an unusually late sea
son you may apply it possibly with
safety as late as July 15. The time
at which one should cease the use ot
nitrate of soda as a top dressing de
pends much on the seasonal conditions
which prevail in the autumn, and no one
can forecast what these will be. Ni
trate of soda should not be mixed with
the soil but applied strictly as a sur
face application .
Cunning Pfeifers
Many a New Home will Have a Little
Sunbeam to Brighten it.
There is some dread in every woman’s
mind as to the probable pain, distress and
danger of child-birth.
But, thanks to a re
markable remedy
known as Mother's
Friend, the period is
one of joyful antici
pation.
Mother’s Friend is
a penetrating, exter
nal application. 11
makes the muscles of
the stomach and ab
domen pliant so they expand easily and
naturally without pain, and with none of
| that peculiar nausea, nervousness and
I other symptoms that tend to weaken the
prospective mother. Thus Cupid and the
! stork are rated as cunning plotters to her
ald the coming of a little sunbeam to glad
den the hearts and homes.
Thousands of women know from experi
ence Mother’s Friend is one of our greatest
contributions to happy motherhood. Sold
by ail druggists at $1.00 per bottle. Espec
ially recommended as a preventive of- cak
ing breast.
Write to Bradfield Regulator Co., 231
Lirtnar Bldg., Atlanta, Ga., for their val
uable boob to expectant mothers.
Chattanooga^—General rains this week
have relieved weather conditions, and
prospects for the corn crop are good. A
few bales of cotton have been put on
the market, and the growers are look
ing forward to a good yield. Little
change is noted in general trade condi
tions, though a few fall oreders are
beginning to come in and wholesale
dealers are optimistic. A few fall sales
are eing made in the retail trade, and
prospects are good. Collections are still
slow.
Memphis.—Wholesale trade is fairly
active, with prospects good for fall.
Retail trade is quiet: Collections are
slow. Dry, warm weather has been
good for cotton, tne condition of which
is excellent.
Atlanta.—Wholesale dealers In all
lines report good sales as the result
of the outhern merchants’ convention
just ended. Collections continue slow.
It appears that all that is needed, to
Improve conditions here is*the move
ment of the crops, which are in good
shape.
Savannah.—-Trade in all lines con
tinues quiet, with collections slow, but
the cotton crop is practically made and
there is optimism. However, there
seems a tendency to await develop
ments. i
Birmingham.—Iron market is firm
at $11 for No. 2 foundry, with demand
fairly steady. Lumber continues un
settled, with prices varying. Jobbers
of groceries, produce and similar lines
report a slight decrease in business
from last week. Retail dealers in dry
goods, clothing and notions -are stimu
lating trade by special sales.
Mobile.—Wholesale trade is seasonably
normal, except that mill supply houses
report a shortage of orders for August.
Crop conditions remain favorable. Col
lections are slow.
MONTGOMERY.—Continued dry weath
er with high temperature has caused cot
ton to deteriorate badly. Rains are need
ed as the critical stage of cotton has
been reached. Trade in all lines is quiet
and collections are poor.
JACKSON.—Wholesale trade Is fair, hut
retail is quiet. The corn crop outlook Is
good. The cotton crop is in better shape
than for two years.
NEW ORLEANS.—Retail tr'ade is fair,
due in a measure to trade excursions to
the city. Jobbers are likewise booking
good orders in almost every department.
Collections are a little backward, but are
saiistactory as a rule. Crop conditions
in the territory tributary to this city are
good. There has been sufficient rainfall
to nourish the crops, and at the same
time the precipitations do not interfere
with field work. First bales of cotton
are showing rather freely throughout the
cotton region, and it is anticipated that
a rather general movement will com
mence somewhat earlier than last year.
The yield will be good in this section, lit
tle damage having been done by boll wee
vil. Rice havesting is commencing, and
there is a large crop, which seems to be
of a good quality, but it is coming in on
a market burdened with a large carry
over from last year. Sugar cane Is doing
well, and there is a promise of a large
yield of corn of good quality.
' DALLAS.—Wholesale trade is, as a rule,
good in all lines and especially so in dry
goods, millinery and hats and caps. Col
lections are fair. No rain of consequence
has fallen in this distdict for three weeks,
and cotton on the thin and upland fields
is badly injured, but on the black land
and bottom lands it is holding its own.
FORT WORTH—This section has had
no rain of consequence, except In a few
spots. The temperature has been exceed
ingly high, and reports suggest wide
spread damage to cotton in this section.
At some points it is stated that it will
take from ten to twenty acres to pro
duce one bale. At the same time all
admit that if rains should come by Sep
tember 1 a material change for the bet
ter would take place. Cotton on the
low lands seems to be doing pretty well
under the circumstances, but on the high
land it is suffering. These reports ex
tend from Fort Worth, along the Denver
and Rock Island railroad to Oklahoma,
and through Texas to Clarendon, west
on the Texas and Pacific to Sweet
Water, and southwest along the ’Frisco
to Brady and San Angelo, with all the
districts between these boundaries. Late
feed crops have been practically de
stroyed, and stockmen are feeling very
apprehensive about stock grass and
water. Even with these conditions, mer
chants agree that the territory Is in bet
ter condition than at this time last year,
as in most localities small grain has
been produced and quite a quantity of
feed stuff preserved. Locally retail trade
is quieter, while jobbers report a fairly
active business, and all collections are
reported as good. Local building condi
tions are quite active, making the de
mand for lumber and building material
good. Live stock receipts are above the
average.
SAN ANTONIO—Wholesale dealers in
dry goods, groceries and drugs report
trade keeping up fairly well. Fall trade
is opening up a little slowly, owing to
the lateness of the cotton crop. In Iso
lated cases cotton is more or less of a
failure, owing to drought and boll
weevil. The opinion Is expressed that,
taken as a whole, production in south
western Texas will at least equal that
of last year. Collections throughout
this section continue slow, but they are
improving. Retail merchants report
trade dull In town. Collections are
only fair. Future prospects seem fairly
optimistic.
THE CROPS.
Crop reports are rather more Irreg
ular; dry weather is still a subject of
complaint In many sections, and rain
falls are partial, and not the geenral
precipitation whose absence this sum
mer is at the base of the complaints of
crop shortage.
Rains fell in parts of the drought-
stricken regions of the southwest this
week, Missouri and parts of Nebraska
getting the chief benefit; but in Kan
sas, though the heat was less excessive,
the drought stil continues, and north
and west Texas and Oklahoma now re
quire rain if good cotton crop yields are
to be had. Rains helpd corn in Illi
nois, Iowa, Indiana and Ohio and in the
northwestern states, but Kansas gained
nothing, and in Missouri and Nebraska
the relief was only partial. Average
yields are expected in northern Illi
nois, Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota and
Minnsota. In northern Iowa a record
crop is looked for; in the southern
half of the state much damage was
done, and a three-fourths crop is the
prediction. The Kansas crop is placed at
one-fifth of last year, and estimates of
damage in Missouri are heavy, while Ne
braska south of the Platte is a heavy
loser. Kentucky corn crop deterioration
has been checked. The low estimate of
yield of corn is 2,300,000,000 bushels,
the high 2,7000.000 bushels, and the
balance of opinion favors about 2,500,-
000,000 bushels, or about what was rais
ed in 1911.
MAKING THE MOST OF MANURE;
USE IT TO BEST ADVANTAGE
In common with everything that can
be done to promote the growth ot plants,
manure should be used to the best pos
sible a(ivantage. It costs a good deal
to save it and apply it to the land. This
expense is incurred whether it is used
so as to make a large increase in the
yield of the crop or is applied in a man
ner that causes it to be of but little
benefit to the plants. It is plain that
if the cost must be borne there should
be an effort to secure adequate return.
One of the efficient means of making
the most of manure, and one that is
applicable in all fields, is the thorough
fining of this material in the soil. Of
course, the manure should have been
made very fine before the planting was
done. In mtmy cases it was put into
pretty good condition. In a larger num
ber of instances it was not as fine as
it should have been. But, with very few
exceptions, whether it was fine or coarse
when it was spread upon the land it
can be more thoroughly pulverized. This
can be accomplished by frequent culti
vation. Aside from its effect upon the
manure, this work would be liberally
paid for by the increase of the crops
which it would insure. Consequently,
whatever gain came from the improve
ment in the mechanical condition of the
manure would be in addition to that
which cultivation secures in soils that
have not been manured. Before plants
can make use of the manure to the best
advantage it must be finely pulverized.
As long as there are coarse lumps of
manure, either upon or underneath the
surface of the ground, the man who
owns the crops is not getting as much
financial benefit from it as he should
obtain. He will not make the most of
it until he gets it thoroughly pulverized.
Another meansof hastening and increas
ing the efficiency of manure is by main
taining a proper degree of moisture In
the soil. This is not always possible to
do in its full extent, but something in this
direction can usually be accomplished.
Upon some fields a great deal may be
done along this line. As plants cannot
take their food in a dry state, the impor
tance of having a sufficient supply of
moisture in the ground is apparent.
Therefore, in dry soils, and especially in
seasons in which the rainfall is deficient,
care should be taken to conserve moisture
by keeping the surface of the ground al
ways covered with fine dust. This can
be accomplished by the processes used in
fining the manure. Thorough cultivation
will thus serve two important purposes at
one and the same time. But, while a cer
tain amount of moisture is absolutely es
sential to the appropriation of food by the
plants, an excess of water is extremely
Injurious. This is due to various reasons,
one of whl#h is the fact that the exces^
of moisture dilutes the food elements to
such an extent that the plants cannot use
a sufficient quantity, 'therefore, while
food supplies may be ample the plants
may be starving because of the excess
of water In which they are dissolved, I
Where such a condition prevails it is ev- |
ident that the land needs thorough drain- 1
age. This, of course, cannot be attempted j
while a hoed crop is on the ground. But
sometimes furrows may be plowed in j
such a way as to carry off a large part of
the surplus water. In doing this work:
many plants would be destroyed, but the'
remainder would bo so greatly benefited
that the total yield would be considerably:
increased. This is a very crude substi
tute for drainage, and should be adoptedl
only as a temporary expedient to tide
over in an emergency, but it is worth!
while trying In fields In which the plants
are suffering from an excess of water. It|
will prevent the loss of r. ssod aeai of
plant food and will make more effective!
the manure which has been nut upon the 1
land.
One other means for making the most 1
of manure should be noted. This is by,
supplementing its deficiencies, where
such exist. These deficiencies may bo
either in the way of quantity or In that
of quality. If the former, the remedy,
is plain. More plant food should bo
applied at once. Otherwise, what has
been furnished will not be used profita
bly. Small crops have often been taken
from fields that would have produced 1
large ones if a little more plant food ,
had been supplier. There should be 1 * \
food enough to “carry out” the crop as
well as to promote a vigorous growtla
of stalk or vine. Then, too, a deficien
cy in the quality of the manure will be'
as serious an evil as will be a deficien
cy in quantity. If there is a lack oft
either nitrogen, phosphoric acid or pot
ash, the manure cannot be as efficient!
as it would be if these elements were
present in the proper proportions, andi
if the deficiency is very marked the ma
nure may do but little good. It often
occurs that fields which apparently
were well manured fall to produce good
crops. The reason for this failure Is
found in the fact that one or more of
the important food elements had been’
almost exhausted from the soil an dtho
deficiency was not supplied in the ma J
nure. In such cases the application of
a moderate quantity of an immediately
available fertilizer that is rich in tha
elements in which the soil is deficient
would not only supply plant food In it-
sol" but would also enable the cropt
to make full use of the manure. In
many cases this will be both a cheat
and an efficient way in which the farm
er can make the most of the manure
used on his fields.
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Dept. A. J.
Zimmerman Steel Co., Lcne Tree, la
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STORE KEEPER ASSAULTED
FOR NOT GIVING CREDIT
Awaked at 3 o'Clock in Morn
ing, Asked for Credit and
Refused
ROME, Ga., Aug. 28.—When J. L. An
derson, an aged storekeeper of North
Lindale, refused to extend credit to an
intoxicated stranger at 3 A’dock Sun
day morning, he was roundly cursed and
roughly dealt with, as was his seventy-
two-year-old wife. The offender in the
case is said to be a well-known young
white man of Lindale.
Warrants have been issued, charging
him with carrying a concealed weapon,
and with assault and battery. According
to the merchant’s story he was aroused
at 3 a. m. and asked to put up crackers,
cheese and other edibles. When he had
complied with the request, he was cool
ly told to charge them and when he
refused to do so, and retained his
hold on the lunch, he was threatened
with a pistol.
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