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»-***** *• t^fl HUii' 4 THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL ATLANTA, GA., 5 NORTH FORSYTH ST. Entered at the Atlanta Postoffice as Mail Matter of the Second Class. JAMES R. GRAY, president and Editor. SUBSCRIPTION PRIOR Twelve months 75c Six months 4° c Three months ... * * 25c The Semi-Weekly Journal Is published on Tuesday and Friday, and is mailed by the shortest routes Tor early delivery. ii contains news from all over the world, brought by special leased wires into our office. It has a staff nf distinguished contributors, with strong departments c* special value to the home and the farm. Agents wanted at every postoiflce. Liberal com mission allowed. Outfit free. Write R. R. BRAD LEY, Circulation Manager. The only traveling representatives we have are J. A. Bryan, B. F. Bolton, C. C. Coyle, L. H. Kim brough, W. W. Blackburn and J. W. Brooks. We will be responsible only for money paid to the above named traveling representatives. NOTICE TO MTBSCRIBERS. The label used for addressing your paper shows the time your subscription expires. By renewing at least two weeks before the date on this label, you insure regular service. In ordering paper changed, be sure to mention you old, as well as your new address. If on a route please give the route number. We cannot enter subscriptions to begin with back numbers. Remittances should be sent by pqstal order or registered mail. Address all orders and notices fo this de partment to THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL. Atlanta, Ga. Not every man who wins a diploma is a diplomat- Huerta should consider the defeat of Tammany and take warning. Democratic doctrine still jeems to prevail in sev eral* sections of the country- in fact, President Wilson won in every election 3*e6terday where he happened to he the issue. The Downfall of Tammany. In one of the most important elections in the municipal history of America, Tammany and its can didates were repud.ated Tuesday at the polls of the 'city of New York. The oldest political machine in the nation was defeated. For that result, all good Democrats will return much gratitude. Tammany has masqueraded under the colors of 'democracy during many years of power. Few are not acquainted at least generally with Tammany’s works. Few have forgotten its insolenee in the Baltimore convention that nominated Wood- row Wilson for the presidency. That occasion marked the height of Tammany’s tide of success. By the breadth of a hair, Charles F. Murphy^ the organiza tion’s chief, missed nominating a presidential can didate- From then the powtr of Tammany has grown steadily less. Perhaps never will it be possible to extirpate the roots of Tammany from New York's soil. They - have grown deep', and a mere clearing at the surface will not remove them- But for a time, at least, Tam many Is down. I.ts defeat may have a chastening effect upon it. Where it has fattened upon public spoils and fed the pap to all its loyal ones, it now faces leaner ■ times, and reorganization upon healthier principles becomes a necessit; if it is to survive. It is said that Murphy is to he deposed as leader. Tammany’s present misfortune is charged in many quarters to him. He is held guilty of the heinous tactical blunder of leading Tammany out to fight in th.e open, where it has been attacked front, flanks, and 'tear. Since the time of Aaron Burr, Tammany’s principle of warfare has been Fabian—to fight de fensively, make the enemy wear himself out on you, be patient under any condition, be silent always ' under criticism. To Murphy is charged the viola tion of that rule observed so rigidly by his prede cessors—Wood, Tweed, Kelly and Croker. To Mur- ■ phy’s loss of temper and patience when Governor “ Sulzer turned on ’ him last May is ascribed the pressnt situation; for then it was that Murphy, drunk, with power, rancorous under the trouble that Mayors McClellan and Gaynor had given him, smart ing under the cold disapproval of Democracy’s true leader at Washington—then it was that Murphy de termined to make one terrible example of Sulzer as a warning to all of Tammany’s creatures who might wish to defy it. There came the tactical blunder, from Tammany's viewpoint. H« might have waited until Suizer’s term expired, and then -ignored him. Instead, he charged into the open with Tammany. The man Murphy is an interesting personality. I son of immigrant parents, he first drove a horse car n New York, then became a bartender, graduated rom that into saloon ownership, and so entered pol- tics as a precinct captain and then a Tammany dis trict leader. In the disorganization following upon the retirement of Croker, he rose rapidly to the ehieftancy of Tammany Hall. He gets no salary in that office. He has no other business than politics. Yet he is said to live at the rate of more than $30,000 a year. He owns a toWn house and a country home, but makes his real home and his real headquar ters at an expensive hostelry in New York. Nowhere save in that city could a man like he, holding no office and with no visible means of support, crack the lash over the backs of governors, mayors, judges, legislators and plain citizens and rule a great city and a great state with king-like autocracy. Tuesday’s ^election means at least a temporary snd of this. It means sad times for Tammany. New York city’s patronage is said to he greater than that ot the president of the United States. The loss of it hits Tammany hard, for Tammany cannot flourish without patronage. But the organization is a business concern, its business being politics and its commodity votes. It is busy at politics twelve months of the year, as against the two or three months that its enemies play at the game. Some day it may come back; but if it does, it will be as a better and a cleaner Tammany, with its real leaders the men for whom the people are asked to vote. , • The egotist thinks he has a good “I.” A man never knows what he can do until he tries —then he may be sorry he fopnd out. It looks as if the rebels would solve the Mexican problem- The next Mexican jail victim will probably be Huerta himself. \ THE ATLANTA SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL, ATLANTA, GA., FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1913. Huerta Must Go Victoriano Huerta, dictator of the harrassed Mexican republic, must quit his office. President Wilson's ultinjatum was conveyed to him Sunday. The fact has just become known. It commits the United States definitely to the elimination of Madero’s betrayer, the man with the slain president’s blood upon his hands. Peace and good government in Mexico, and perhaps peace in the western hemisphere, demand his retirement either under suasion or compulsion. That the issue between the United States and Mexico now has been reached is evident. Wednesday is the last day upon which, under the Mexican consti tution, Huerta can validate the recent farcical elec tion. If Huerta declares the election valid, he declares himself president- Anticipating the moment, President Wilson has informed him that not only must he quit the presidency without loss of time, but that also he must not leave Blanquet or any other member of his official family as his suc cessor. There are few citizens of our own country who do not hope that the cause of upright government can be served in Mexico without intervention by our armed forces. The attitude of the United States is most unselfish in the matter. We have nothing to gain in Mexico save the recognition of abstract prin ciples which benefit all nations equally in the two Americas; and we have much to lose there. Yet the Monroe doctrine, whose integrity we must preserve, compels us, who proclaimed it, to intervention of some sort, peaceful or with arms, in the interest of order. Huerta has not yet replied to President Wilson’s ultimatum. Those who know him best believe he will refuse to accede to it. That refusal will mean its enforcement. What we then will do no one knows save the high and capable officials on whom rests the responsibility. It may be that plans have been per fected for stopping Huerta’s supply of money, which even how is short enough to trouble him considerably. Perhaps the constitutionalist or. rebel cause may be recognized by Washington, thus permitting it to im port arms and ammunition from the United States- It may be that our troops will cross the border and our marines will land on the coast; but that will be the last measure and the least desirable, t A well bred child never reproves its parents in public. New Wealth in Corn. Some three thousand or more exhibits are expected to make up the 1913 Georgia corn club show, which will be held in the capitol in Atlanta from December 2 to 5. J- Phil Campbell, state, agent in charge of this work, believes that the number of boys who have tilled their acres of corn under club rules this year is at least 50 per cent greater than it was one year ago. A semi-official estimate last year stated the in creased corn yield due to these clubs at an almost incredible figure. This year the figure will be in creased perhaps by half, if Mr. Campbell’s expecta tion is fulfilled. Constructive work like this is what Is building Georgia for a destiny greater than could have been hoped thirty or even fifteen years ago. The corn club boys themselves add to the state’s riches at once when they cultivate their individual acres of ground- The spirit of emulation which their ex ample stirs in older farmers adds so much more. But the bigger results are coming when the corn club hoys are men, and when they grow not one acre, but many acres of corn, and make each yield a bounteous harvest. With the boys’ corn clubs are allied the girls’ canning clubs. The latter, in their own sphere of influence, are doing a work just as great and just as important as that of the former. Where the corn clubs teach the conservation of energy and resource by making less land yield more corn, the latter teach the conservation of energy and resource by storing that which the land has yielded and wasting none of it. A farmer who works must be fed. The clubs teach the young farmer how to work intelli gently in the cultivation of one great staple food, and teach the young women who some day will he farmers’ wives how to keep the pantry full of good things for the table. The encouragement which the Atlanta chamber oP- commerce has given in the past and will give again this year to this movement is directly in line with its purposes. The cordiality with which the city as a whole has indorsed the chamber’s activity, and the hospitality which her residents have shown to the young workers gathered here at the show each year, are but feeble expressions of Georgia’s appre ciation of the work that is being done. People who talk the most disseminate the leaBt wisdom. Mr. LaFollette’s Fairness. It is refreshing to hear such open and frank ap proval of the administration from a Republican party leader as that which United States Senator Robert M. LaFollette, of Wisconsin, uttered in Atlanta Wednes day,’ Mr. LaFollette expresses high admiration for "the skillful and diplomatic way” in which President Wilson is handling the delicate Mexican problem. He asserts confidently that if the Mexican question reaches the crisis of force, the president will have behind him the unanimous support of congress with out regard to party. Mr. LaFollette says that President Wilson seems to have won the confidence of the entire country and so to have stilled the criticism once made of him that he was not sufficiently aggressive. In that the Wisconsin statesman is eminently right. Congress ^and the people whom it represents are together in the feeling that the very serious situation between the United States and Mexico is being guided on our side by a strong, sure and conservative hand. Mr. LaFollette, whq came to Atlanta to lecture in the Alkahest Lyceum course, improved the opportu nity further while here to predict that the currency bill will be strengthened, not weakened, in the sen ate and that it will j ass the house as amended. More than usual interest attaches to what Mr. LaFollete says in regard to these matters, because he himself occupies a unique and free-thinking posi tion in politics. It was he who laid the foundation on which others have reared what is termed the progressive party, yet who stayed with the regular Republicans to lead the progressive movement there. It was his vote from the Repub lican side of the senate which helped to pass the tariff bill. After all our fright about probable intervention in Mexico, comes Bryan’s calm denial that an ulti matum has been delivered. BOGUS REPUBLICS BY DR. FRANK CRANF. (Copyright, 1013, by Frank Crane.) It was Gilbert Chesterton who forged the sharp say ing that the world had not tried Christianity and dis carded it, but that the world had never tried enris- tianity at all* It might with equal truth be said that the world has never yet given democracy a fair trial There is no genuine democracy extant. England, France and the United States come nearest it; but all three are governed, not by the people, but by parties; and parties exist, not to do the will of the people, but to provide plunder for the lew. There can be no democracy without general intelli gence, thorough organization of the entire community (not a part of it), and a considerable development of civic conscience. The form of a republic can be used to cover tne greatest tyranny. The Caesars were adepts in this in ancient Rome; the *aedici in Florence kne- f - the trick perfectly. Many of the so-called republics of today are intol erable autocracies. The republic of Mexico is. and always has been, a joke. Porfirio Diaz was a more unlimited monarch than any ruler in Europe, possibly excepting the Czar of Russia. The amicable Huerta Is just now giving us a sample of how a blood-thirsty autocrat can carry out his pur pose perfectly under the form of popular government. Ostensibly a government by the people of Mexico is controlled by organized brigands. The people have no real votes. Officials have no real responsibility. The republic of China is a melodrama. Yuan Shi Kai, the president, is an absolute dictator. He owes his position to the fact that he owns the army. He is a shrewd diplomat, and one of the most skill ful rascals that ever mastered men. He is a *horough Machiavellian. He betrayed the Manchus when he found he could do better for himself with the republicans. In turn he betrayed the repub licans and repressed them with the most cruel fire and sword. “A fierce cat,” says Charles Pettit of him, “he ca resses his prey with a velvet paw before he tears him with his sharp claws.” Witness him giving a grand dinner at the Hotel d^B Wagon-Lits in the legation quarter x of Peking, with enthusiastic toasts, floods of champagne, and plenty of good cheer, in honor of two generals he wished to get out of the way; after dinner as the two were go ing home they were surrounded by soldiers, backed up again a wall, and shot. With exquisite politeness he expressed his regret at the unfortunate accident, sent the corpses of the murdered men home in gorgeous coffins and funeral trains, and ennobled their ancestors. The city governments of New York, Chicago and other great American cities are almost as great farces as the governments of Mexico and China. The reason Americans have little real democracy is because they do not want democracy. They want to get rich. They are mad with individualism. They don’t understand team play. For this reason a small group of men, wnose sole interest is in getting office, manipulate the people. - The only remedy is to teach democracy and organi zation to children, and to develop the civic conscience. Without these there can be no democrac3 r . Huskin’ Time You may talk of jolly April and of May time in the trees, With the buds a burstin’ open, and the little honey bees Wadin’ ankle-deep in sweetness and a-singln' up above Where the breezes are a-blowin’ and a-whisperin’ o’ love. But therejs somethin’ more appealin’ in the rustle and the chime When the katydids and crickets are a-callin' “Huskin' time!” There’s the labyrinthine srtiftimer with its blooms a-run- nin' wild, And the brooks a-laughin’, laughin' like a happy little child, And you think it ’most completeness, but it isn’t aft er all, For there’s somethin’ more appealin’ in the rustle of the fall, When the katydids and crickets in the pastures are a-chime With the sweet content of heaaren, and you know it’s “Huskin’ time!” * O the harvesters are happy with their brown arms full o’ sheaves! And there’s somethin’ in the color of the corn that In terweaves * With the hazy hangln’ distance, that no poet has exprest. It’s a sense of satisfaction like the blessed boon or rest; And there’s somethin’ most appealin’ in the rustle and the chime When, the katydids and crickets are a-callin* *‘Huskin’ time!” , —HERBERT RANDALL, in the Hartford Courant. When You Dine With King George Dinner at Buckingham Palace is never later than 8. King George, unlike King Edward, plays the part of listener rather than talker at the dinner table. The rule that no guest should touch on a subject of talk that had not been first introduced by the royal host and hostess is now out of date. At a private dinner party the king and queen are addressed as “sir” and “ma’am,” and never as “your majesty.” A rather curious rule that concerns the serving of wines which are not decanted is observed at the king’s dinner table. The name of the grower or shipper of the wine is always removed from the bottle berore it is taken into the royal dining room. The reason of this is to avoid giving the grower or shipper the big advertisement of his wines appearing on the king's dinner table. It dates from the reign of George III. Major Gillette’s Misfortune. Senator Hoke Smith’s point in the case of Major Cassius E. Gillette is well taken. The former army officer, after resigning from the army several years ago and going to Mexico, applied recently for rein statement in the nation’s military service. Senator Smith introduced a bill to reinstate him. In a speech the other night Major Gillette assailed the adminis tration’s Mexican policy. The next morning Sena tor Smith withdrew the bill. Major Gillette will not return to the army. He must find another job in which he can talk to his heart’s content and criticise anyone who displeases him. “His act was not that of a patriot,” Senator Smith is quoted as saying. "If he were now in the army, he would be courtmartialed for what he said.” The senator continues by 3aymg that the former major s conduct entitles him to no special consideration from the president or congress, es pecially since he seeks reinstatement in that branch of the government which might be involved most actively in a sett ement of the MexiCon problem. “This Is a time when all friends of the country should uphold the president’s hands,” says the sena tor. In no sense has Major Gillette been punished by the withdrawal of the bill in his favor. That with drawal followed as a natural sequel, as a matter of course, after he had atacked the administration- By his own superfluity of talk he disqualified himself from service under the flag. He made his own mis fortune. ouHtfcy a, j E* YlKELTY OME topics Conducted w.m&'WHJriro/i POISONING THEIR HUSBANDS. If we might judge of this subject by the very sen- Rational court trials of the present year, we might feel authorized to say there has been an epidemic of poi son cases. Mrs. Eaton and now Mrs. Crawford’s trial to come on next week, etc. When they are acquitted there is a muttered com ment that they did not get what ought to be coming to them. In my long life-time I have never seen or heard of such a continuous succession of legal trials where women were suspected and arraigned for poisoning their husbands. As a rule with but few exceptions the husbands arc arraigned for shooting their wives. Taken altogether it would seem that the sexes dl- “vide on methods and weapons when they also decide to rid themselves of unwelcome mates. To be perfectly serious, it is getting to be hazard ous for a woman to dose out medicine if the husband dies, because she might make a mistake, or what is more dreadful, somebody who disliked her, might con clude to accuse her of the crime of poisoning. If there is a will that excites envy or indignation, or If there is considerable money or life insurance at stake there seems to be a rush to the courts for a poison case. Granting that there are some evil-minded wom en who do not hesitate at the crime of murder, when they are tired of their husbands (and we hear every day of men getting rid of their unwelcome wives), it nevertneless appears that there is a public disposition to suspect, to injure, to start sensational court trials, as a sort of public excitement. Human nature, unre strained, likes the horrible, the mystery that goes with horrible crimes and suspicious and mysterious death. And when a story is set a-going the thing widens and spreads with exaggerations. When a poison plot is discoursed all sorts of cir cumstantial proof will loom up. The further it goes the more tragic It gets. Is it that the world is grow ing morbid as well as suspicious? x * • • THE WONDERFUL. RADIUM. It is proof of the coming wonders, not yet discov ered, that it was only in 1896, seventeen years ago, that anybody knew or had heard about radium. Now it is reported to be the only absolute cancer cure known to medical science. In this stated year 1896 a scientist, by name Becquerel, in experimenting with uranium found a metal that had the power of produc ing photographic or electric effects by a process simi lar to radiation. The discovery was titled “Becquerel Rays.” In the year 1898 Madam Curie, by the same process, discovered that the compounds of thorium possessed the same quality, and with further effort she, with other diligent scientists, reported radio-activ ity in radium, a metal or radiator, hitherto unknown to the scientific world. Radium is derived from piten- blende and exists in exceedingly small quantities. The process of collecting radium is exceedingly te dious. One or two kilograms of radium were after wards obtained at a French laboratory, still impure, and the operators used a ton of pitchblende to secure the fragment after an extended process covering two and a half months. x In the year 1911 the price of radium salts was *o0 a millogram, almost infinitessimal. But its wonder ful power enlisted hundreds of scientists. It was discovered also that radium had the power to effect diseased tissues in the human body. In January, 1910, a radium bank was begun in Lon don for lending radium to investigators, and $200 was charged for the use of 100 milligrams for a single day. A safe was built to hold the precious stufr, a steel shell covered with a lead jacket three inches thick was built by one corporation. The late King Edward instituted the London Radium Institute. An insti tute in Vienna is the possessor of three grains of ar- dium salts. These radium salts have a luminous prop erty which they can impart to other salts of like na ture. This luminosity dies away aftet* continued use. The present excitement over radium and which Is extending all over the medical world, is its power over human tissues that are diseased and cancerous. It seems to eradicate cancer germs without the use of the sur geon’s knife. It is different from what was called Roentgen or X-Rays. It is far more wonderful. WHO WANTS THE SWORD? Dublin, Ga., Nov. 6, 1913. Mrs. W. H. Felton, Cartersville, Ga. Dear Mrs. Felton—I have a Union sword found or captured by my grandfather, Captain G. W. Bishop, in the Civil war. It has engraved on one side “N. P. Ames, Cutler, Springfield;” on the other “United States,” and also has engraved on the hilt what looks like “I. M.” I would be very glad to find the original owner or his descendants. O. BOYER. If Man Were Only As Big as An Ant If man were much larger or much smaller than he Is he could not have accomplished many of the most Important feats of civilization, says a writer in the World Magazine. For man, by his stature, is just the right size to make the best use of everything around him. In an article in La Nature, Georges Claude points out some of the reasons for this. If man were the size of an ant, for example, he could have made none of the machines with which he has conquered the world. The dimensions of such ma chines as he could have built would condemn them to uselessness, as the surfaces upon which friction musi take place would be out of all proportion to the Vol ume of the apparatus. Such a man could not make a balloon that wouh' float in the air. The delicacy of the materials he would have to employ would prevent this, for when a certain point of tenuousness is passed the gas diffuses quickly through the envelope. He could not build ships that would cross the ocean or float on any large body of water, because the dimensions of such vessels would have to be so inferior to the length and lieigm of the waves as to make certain the immediate swamp ing of the tiny craft. He could not even produce great heat, because the external surface of his furnaces would be so large in proportion to their volume tnat most of the heat would be lost. This would cut him off from all the chemistry that involves high temperatures, and there fore from metallurgy and mechanics. But a ch-nge in the size of human beings would not make their existence impossible, nor would it pre clude a high civilization. This, however, would be a very different civilization from ours, perhaps one evolved from some such primitive beginnings as those of the ants. Cows Pose as Deer (Monticello, N. Y., Dispatch to the New York World.) The deer hunting season in Sullivan county has opened, and will continue for fifteen days. There are probably neatly 1,000 hunters in the forests near For- estburg and Highland. The farmers in the deer country expect to reap a harvest from New York and Brooklyn sportsmen, who are unable to distinguish between a cow and a deer. Last year a number of cows were shot, and the owners received fancy prices for them. This season they have purchased extra cows and turned them loose—each with the name of the owner on a metal tag tied around the animal’s neck. The first accident of the season occurred when Chester Lupton, of Monticello, was shot in the mouth by Joseph Newkirk with a rifle. The boys were play- irg “deer hunting.” Several of Lupton’s teeth were knocked out, and the bullet passed through his tongue. RURAL CREDITS V’—State and National Rural Banks. B. FREDERIC 2. HASKIN. In the Fletcher scheme of organizing a national rural banking system, the local banks of each state will form a banking association which will act as the link binding them to the big central institution which will be located in Washington. As soon as thirty lo cal banks are formed in any one state they will be ad vised by the government that a meeting has been callled for the purpose of organizing a state bank. Each local bank will send one o*f its directors as a del egate to this meeting. Here they will organize a state bank will serve as a -Searing house for its with power to indefinitely increase • it, the shares of which shall h-ve a par value of $100. The charter will be for fifty years with power of reriewal. The stock of the bank will be owned by the local banks of that state exclusively. • • • In addition to having general banking powers, tlfe state bank will serve as a clearing house for its members and serve them as a reserve agent. It Will rediscount their paper, and may act as a broker In selling long-term farm bonds which bear the guaran tee of a local bank as well as Its own O. K. It can buy such bonds in its own name, and it can also deal in the government securities of the United States and of foreign nations, as well 0 as of states^ counties and municipalities. • • • The management of a state bank will be vested In a directorate of at least nine members, chosen by the local banks, one vote to each bank, no proxy voting being allowed. There will be the other usual banking officers, the president and two vice presidents being elected from the board by the local banks. No mem ber of the state bank board can be a member of a board of any local bank. The profits shall go first to the payment of expenses, then a 6 per cent dividend on the stock, and then to the creation of a surplus. When this reaches one and a half times the capital' all further profits shall go Into annual dividends. • • • This bank must always maintain a reserve of one- fifth of Its check deposits and a tenth of its time deposits, of which one-half must be in cash in Its own vaults. The balance may be deposited with the national rural bank or*with other banks approved by tne treasury department. It may establish branch banks, and enter into reciprocal relations with other banks with the consent of the treasury department. • • • The national bank is to be known as “The National Rural Bank of the United States," and each state bank must Invest one-fifth of its capital ln_the stock of tne national bank. This national bank shall begin with a capital of half a million dollars, in shares of $100 each, and it shall have a charter for fifty years, re newable ot the option of congress. In addition to the usual banking functions It will act as a clearing house for all rural banks and co-operative societies, whether they be organized under state or federal laws, and also will serve as their reserve agents. • • • It will also act as a depository bank for the fupds of the United States government, particularly for pos tal savings bank funds, paying interest on them and relnvestiftg them under appropriate safeguards. It will rediscount paper for the local and state rural banks, and guarantee both as to principal and Interest mortgage based bonds or notes guaranteed by these banks. It will also rediscount farm loans held by national banking associations under the provisions of the federal reserve act. • • • In addition to these functions the national bank, it is proposed, will be allowed to Issue debentures to run for not exceeding fifty years, and to be secured by trust deposits of farm mortgage one and a fourth times as large as the face value of the debentures. These must be distributed as nearly as possible over the five great sections of the United States. It may also purchase and sell on Its own account farm loansi that have been guaranteed by the banks below, and may operate branch banks. The surplus must be brought up to one and a half times the value of the stock, after paying a 6 per cent dividend, and there after all extra earnlngB will go to dividends. The bank must always have one-fifth of Its deposits In re serve, half of the reserve In its own vaults. • • • i It Is proposed that the management of this national bank shall be-vested in a board of nine members, four of them appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate, to serve for life or during good behavior, and the other five to be selected by the stockholding banks, one for four years, two for six, and two for eight. Thereafter the banks may fill any vacancies that occur in its quota, and the permanent term shall be eight years. In choosing the directors allotted to the banks each state bank may cast a number of votes equal to the number of local banks by which it Is con stituted, and the local banks may Instruct the state banks for whom to vote. Out of the nine directors appointed th e stockholding banks shall select two out of the five elected by them and one from the four ap pointed by the president, and from these the president will name the president and the two vice presidents of the bank, who will serve for eight years. The sala ries shall be respectively $15,000, $12,000 and $10,000 for president, vice presidents and directors, all of whom shall devote their entire time to the business of the bank and glv e bond In a penalty of $100,000 for the proper performance of their duties. • • • t A temporary organization for this national bank is proposed in the Fletcher bill. Under it the rural banking board, created under the bill, and consisting of the secretaries ot the treasury, agriculture and labor, will select a board of five directors, making one ot them president and two vice presidents, all of whom shall serve till the permanent organization Is effected. A half million dollars Is set aside out of the treasury to be used in buying stock of the national bank, this sum, with interest, to be repaid as the state and local banks take the stock of the central institution. • • • The whole rural banking system will be under the immediate supervision of a division of rural banking, to be established by the treasury department. It will exercise the same functions with reference to the ru- fcral banks that the comptroller of the currency exer cises over the national , banking system. He will serve for a term of twelve years. He will have the power of examination over banks, and of forfeiture of charters whe nthe laws are violated. The whole scheme outlined by Senator Fletcher is one that endeavors to combine in one system all of the meritorious principles of the German system. It combines the functions of the land mortgage banks or Germany, such as the Landschaften, with those of the personal credit banks, such as the Reiffelsen banks and the Schulze-Delitzsch banks. It is not limited to farmers as are the Reiffeisen banks, or mainly to wage earners as are the Schulze-Delitzsch banks. It aims to afford every possible form of credit to the small borrower that has been proved by experience to be sal^ to the lender and advantageous to the bor rower. It seeks to place the creators of wealth—the people who produce it by their physical labor—on a credit par with those who mainly enjoy its fruits. * • * It is not to be expected that this Fletcher bill will become a law with the dotting of an “1” or the crossing of a “t,” but that it embodies? the general principles that will within a year or two become the law of the land, seems to be accepted on every ^and. That it will encounter opposition from present bank ing interests is probable. The savings banks opposed the postal savings banks upon the belief that their creation would be a great blow to the savings’ bank interests. But in practice it has been found by the savings banks that the postal, savings banks get busi ness that they could not command, and teaching the art of saving and frugality to new people, have be come a help rather than a hindrance to the ordinary savings bank. The friends of rural credits say that the existing banking system, of the country will have the same experience—that for every dollar they lose by tlie operation of the rural credit banks they will make two out of the financial independence of the farmer growing out of the law.