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Sketches of Southern Literature. Bt JUDGE WILLIAM ARCHER COC&E NOT~u. JobnstonS Narrative « OP MILITARY OPERATIONS, DIRECTED DU RING THE LATE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES, General Joseph Eggleston Johnston was born in the state of Virginia. Iiis father was a dis tinguished jurist, and presided for many years over a circuit court of Virginia. He was named after Mai. Joseph Eggleston, who being a stu dent at Wm. and Mary College in 1776, his vouthful heart stimulated by an early earnest, yet well developed patriotism, laid aside the cherished classic page,and with twenty-six oth er students, young and tender, determined to broach the storm of the battle field, for the cause of liberty. Among the gallant little band was James Monro, James Lyons, four of the Ran dolphs,comprising Edmond and Peyton and oth er names historic in the families of the Slate of Virginia. Joseph Eggleston fought through the Revolutionary war, and was a distinguished member of the first constitutional congress. Gen. Johnston was educated at West Point; served with distinction in the Mexican war ana commanded, ‘during the late war between the States,’ with a success that has placed his name most deservedly, among the great military men of the age. Gen. Johnston says: ‘I offer these pages as my contribution of materials for the use of the future historians of the war between the states. It is by universal consent, a splendid offering from a man with no superior in the military or civil departments of the Confederate States Government It bears on its every page the indelible stamp of truth. It is the narrative of n man incapa ble of misrepresentation, and of one too accu rate, pains taking and minutely careful to fall into error in relating what passed under his eye, or in describing events of which he might have said, without injustice to his delicate sense of modesty, and with equal confidence of one of old, ‘magna parsfui.’ Among the most deserving of military histo ries is that truly great work, ‘Napier’s Penin sular War.’ Lord Napier was a soldier and a scholar, with a cultivated genius that made him one of the first commanders and writers among those brilliant men who figured in that war, which was illustrated by the names of Napoleon and Wellington. It has been said that Napier's history of the Peninsular war was a favorite, and instructive study with Gen. Winfield Scott; had he lived a few years longer, he would have found a work from the pen of his cherished friend, Joseph E. Johnston, in every respeot equal to the celebra ted work of the historian of the Peninsular war. It may be said without exaggeration and in the eye of a fair and just criticism, in some respects Johnston*8 style is superior to Napier’s. The ‘Narrative’ is written in faultless English, sim ple, precise, accurate, every sentence as clear as the author’s own unclouded perception of truth which beams on every page, pure as the unclouded sunlight. The distinguished author has a reputation for executive capacity; for talent of the highest order, indeed for genius, harmoniously ming led with every high and honorable virtue which so justly place him among the most eminent and upright of the good men of the United States. It is known that unplersant relations existed between Gen. Johnston and Ex President Da vis. In the ‘Narrative’ nothing egotistic or pdk- sonal or in any harsh style or humor reflects on the Ex President; nor is malice shown toward any one. The author of the ‘Narrative’ can rest satisfied, the truth of history will sustain on the one band and condemn on the other, according to its own inherent force and incontrovertible power. There was no occasion for acerbity of feeling an the part of Johnston against Davis,on account of his removable from the command of the Army of Tennessee. The injury in removing John ston and placing Hood ir command, was to the cause of the Confederacy--not to Johnston. This is the voice of the country. The affection and gratitude of the poeple will sustain John ston. Gen. Johnston acted with promptness in obey ing, at great sacrifice, a sense of duty, m resign ing the office of a Brigadier General, in the Uni ted States Army, and joining the Southern Con federacy; he was the only officer of equal rank that did resign. The position he occupied was Quarter Master General of the United States Ar my. The passage of the ordinance of secession by the State of Virginia, in secret session, on the 17th of April, was not publicly known in Wash ington until the injunction of secrecy was re moved ; though it was sent by Telleyron to Wash ington, by a not very honerable member from West Virginia, immediately after the votes were taken. On Saturday, Gen. Johnston wrote the resig nation of his commission as officer in the U. S. Army; on Monday morning it was offered to the Secretary of War, and immediately accepted. We are forcibly impressed with the true princi ple ot the political and constitutional philoso phy expressed by Gen. Johnston and the sound ness of his views as contained in his work. The author is uniformly and consistently practical. He contends, and truthfully, that Virginia did not secede on account of the election of Lincoln to the Presidency; at least two-thirds of the members of the Convention assembled in Rich mond, in the spring cf 1861 to consider the ques tion of secession were elected as ‘Union men.’ It was the determination to ‘ coerce ’ the se- ceeded States, and the requisition from the Pres ident of the United States on Virginia to fur nish her quota of the troops to be organized for the purpose that influenced the veto of the State in favor of secession. No statesmen, or writer has expressed the true principles on which the origin and course of the war ought to be based, and on which it can be justified than has the writer of this work. We quote the author's language. It can be im proved neitheir in style or matter. Virginia had seceeded. ‘War being then inevitable and the Convention compelled to decide whether the State should aid in the subjugating of th6 other southern States, or join them in defense of prin ciples it has professed since 178‘J—belong to the invading party, or to that standing on the de fensive—it chose the latter, and passed its or der of secession. The people confirmed that choice by an overwhelming vote.’ The question of secession; the mere politic, metaphysical abstraction of the politician, in which but few statesmen coincided in sustain ing the right thereof, is thus clearly and truth fully sustained by Gen. Johnston, and in a few lines, equal in force and brevity to Cmsar or Tacitus. He says: ‘I believed like most others, that the division of the country would be permanent; and that apart from any right of secession, the revolution begun was justified by the maxims bo often repeated by Americans, that free gov ernment is founded on the consent of the gov erned, and that every community strong enough establish and maintain its independence has right to tasert it’—Narrative, p. 10. This is political philosophy, independent of, and uncontrolled by constitutional law, it is moral and practical trath, dependent only on, and invading those human rights, whiefi no laws, no constitution, no government can in vade, suspend, nor suppress, except by the hand of usurpation and outrageous violence. In a few words, does Gen. Johnston make an un answerable argument in behalf of the South: ‘Apart from any right of secession.’ Great military genius is often characterized by equally remarkable powers for reasoning—it is the power of such minds that enables them to see truth quickly and directly, and men thus endowed with military capacity often become the first writers, or statesmen, of this age. This was true of Julius Cresar, of Frederick the Great, of Napier, of Napoleon Bonaparte, of Welling ton, and others that might be mentioned. It was said of Napoleon Bonaparte, that, after or dering a convention of learned lawyers to com pile a code ot civil laws, he often presented himself before the convention and by a few words of clear logic, made his position appear right and satisfactory to the most learned of the law, in the very face of elaborate discussion, and reports of commitees. This also frequently appears to be a striking feature in the mind of Gen. Johnston, as is illustrated in many para graphs and sentences of this remarkable work. The pure, high-toned honor and unselfish sentiments which actuated Johnston in relin quishing his honorable position in the United States Army, is beautifully expressed in the fol lowing sentence, which follows tl e quotation made from page 10.—‘Having been educated in such opinions, I naturally determined to return to the State of which I was a native, join the people among whom I was born, and live with my kindred, and if necessary tight in their de fence.’ General Johnston was winning laurels in the field, and sustaining himself in the estimation of the army and of the whole people with the exception of President Davis and his sightless minions, and doing effective service in the most judicious manner with that noble and patriotic army under his command, when he received a telegram from Gen. Cooper, dated July 17th, 1864. ‘Lieutenant-General Hood has been com missioned to the temporary rank of General un der the late law of Congress. I am directed by the Secretary of War to inform you that, as you have failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta, far in the interior of Georgia, and expressed no confidence that you can defeat or repel him, you are hereby re lieved from the command of the Army and De partment of Tennessee, which you will immedi ately turn over to General Hood.’ The great blunder committed by the above order is now universally acknowledged, as it was at the time generally condemned. Its very terms exhibit weakness. Orders transferring the command of the Army to General Hood were immediately published. General Johnston issued an address to the Army on bidding it farewell. It does not appear in his narrative. It was dated, July 17th, 1864. It said: 'I cannot leave this noble Army without con fessing my admiration for the high military qualities it has diplayed so conspicuously—ev ery soldierly virtue, endurance of toil, obedi ence to orders, brilliant courage. ‘The enemy has never attacked it but to be se verely repulsed and punished. You, soldiers, have never argued but from from your courage, and never counted your fears. No longer your leader, I will watch your career and will re joice in your victories.’—Lee and His Generals by Capt. W. P. Snow, p. 300. The next morning Gen. Johnston replied to the honorable Secretary’s telegram; ‘ Your dis patch of yesterday received and obeyed. Com mand of the Army end Department of Tennes see has been transferee! to Gen. Hood. As to the alleged cause of my removal, I assert that Sherman’s Army is much stronger compared with that of Tennessee, than Grant’s compared with that of Northern Virginia. Yet the enemy has been compelled to advance much more slowly to the vicinity of Atlanta, than to that of Richmond and Petersburg; and penetrated much deeper into Virginia than into Georgia. ‘Confident language by a military commander is not usually regarded as evidence of compe tence.’—‘Narrative,’ p. 349. This dispatch, historically and logically, should have confused the Executive Department at Richmond. Why the President was ‘hood winked’ into Johnston’s removal has never been unbandaged. The telegram just quoted, com plains that Johnston had ‘failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta.’ Did the President improve his plan of defence after the appointment of Hood ? It has not been forgotten how rapidly Sherman advanced south, and into the interior of Georgia after the ap pointment of Hood, and the execution of those plans which removed daily the difficulties out of the way of the advance of the United States Army into the interior of the Confederacy. We attach no censure to Gen. Hood, it is presumed as a dutiful officer that he obeyed the orders of the Commander-in-Ghiel. History has demonstrated how the executive, after his complaint against Johnston, and his re moval; unintentionally, no doubt offered every facility to Sherman in his onward march, and effective attacks against the very life of the Con federacy. We say ‘unintentionally,’ for it is not supposed that the President of the South ern Confederacy was tired of the war, nor that he did not sympathize with the noble endeav ors of Georgia, if he was dipleased with her dis tinguished governor, Joseph E. Brown. The XL chapter of the ‘Narrative’ is a full just ification of Gen. Johnston, and shows that ‘The army of Tennessee did fight, and effectively, and probably inflicted upon the enemy greater injury in proportion to that it received than we read of in the history of any other campaign of the war, unless in Gen. Lee’s operations in May of the same year.’ Narrative, p 356. The above is the language of the author. It is mild, gentle, and only offensive or satirical because it is true. The correspondence between the President and Joseph E. Brown. Governor of Georgia, pub lished in chapter XI. of the Narrative, reveals important history, somewhat against the capac ity of the chief executive officer of the Confeder ate States Government. Chapter XIV. of the Narrative contains a state ment of what is known as^Mr. Davis’s ‘nnsent message;’ and Johnston’s reply. This chapter places the President in an unpleasant attitude. Johnston is entitled to the truth of history, by which tne author, doubtless, is willing to stand or fall; his pen is proven to be as pure, keen, and polished, yet as severe, as his untarnished sword. We will make no further allusion to it; the reader should examine it carefully and he will be fully satisfied of the unintentional in justice done Gen. Johnston. The Narrative is not as full of the justifica tion of history as the author deserves. His per fect satisfaction in an honest, efficient, success ful, patriotic course, sustained by the highest authority is the gilded way of modest and un surpassed merit. We will make an extract from a well received author, whose statements can be verified, and which were withheld by the author of the Nar rative, from a delicate sense of modesty: ‘Johnston was shelved by the executive author ities, until the state of affairs was suoh, under Sherman’s successes in South Carolina, that the public voice almost demanded his recall. Ac cordingly, at the end of January, 1865,the South ern Congress signified to the President that it was the wish of the people that Johnston should be restored to his command. Still there was de lay; a singular degree of opposition was mani fested by certain members of the Senate, and some of the official authorities.’ Lee and His Generals, p 30. The popular wish prevailed over the whim of the President. He yielded, but it was to recall the distinguished chieftain too late, and only to manifest his great skill in gathering the golden fragments of the broken bowl. He came in at the surrender and was the presiding genius of capitulation. The Narrative is written in a pure style, re markable for simplicity, precision and brevity, and will compare favorably with some of the most approved writers, ancient or modern. An examination of the work under consid eration will satisfy the most critical student that the author is not only a man of a high order of military genius, but has uniformly exhibited unusual soundness of judgment in all matters relating to public as well as military affairs, to the council business of the army, as well as to the conflict of the battlefield. His advice in military matters having often shown a pres cience sustained by subsequent experience. Almost as soon as he was reinstated, his nego tiations began with Gen. Sherman. The terms of the armistice, and the convention exhibit skill and wisdom, not only as a military man but as one thoroughly conversant with those public interests which belong to affairs of State, Chapter XIII. On the Causes of Failure, Miss- application of Means: Insufficient Financial Sys tem; Bad Impressment Laws; and kindred topics; bears unmistakable evidence of a high order of statesmanship. He says with great force: ‘The cause of the subjugation of the Southern States was neither want of wealth and popula tion, nor devotion to their cause That people was not guilty of the high crime of undertaking a war without the means of waging it success fully. We had ample means, which, unfortu nately were not applied to the object of equip- ing great armies and bringing them into the field. A full treasury was necessary to defray the expenses of a great war. The South had the means of making one in its cotton alone; but its government rejected those means, and limit ed its financial efforts to printing bank-notes, with which the country was flooded. The neces sity of actual money in the treasury, and the mode of raising it, were generally understood in the country. It was that the government should take the cotton from the owners and send it to Europe as fast as possible, to be sold there. This was easily practicable, for the owners were ready to accept any terms the government might fix; and sending to Europe was easy in all the first year of the Confederacy’s existence. Its government went into operation early in February. The blockade of the Southern Forts was proclaimed in May, but not at all effective until the end of the following winter; so that there was a period of about twelve months for the operation of converting four or five million bales of cotton into money. The sum unpaid in that way would have enabled the War Depart ment to procure at once arms enough for half a million of men, and after that expenditure the confederate treasury would have been much richer than that of the United States. By ap plying the first money obtained in this way to the purchase of arms and military accoutre ments, or using for the purpose of credit which such an amount of property would have given, the War Department would have been able to equip troops as fast as they oould be assembled and organized. And as the Southern people were full of enthusiasm, five hundred thousand men could have been ready and in the field had such a course been pursued at the time when the first battle was ujstually fought—the 21st of July, 1861. Such a Three placed on the North ern borders of the Confederacy before the Unit ed States had brought a fourth of the number in the field, wouldppiobably have prevented the very idea of ‘coercion.’ Such a disposition of such an army, and the possession of financial means of carrying on war for years would have secured the success of the Confederacy.’ ‘Nar rative,’ Chap. XIII. This chapter on the causes of failure exhibits evidence of the highest order of statesmanship. It is too long to be copied in this sketch. IV e are satisfied that all well informed readers will agree with the author that, ‘The timely adop tion of such financial system would have secur ed to us the means of success, even without an extraordinary importation of arms, and the im mediate organization ol large armies.’ Narrative p 423. The careful examination of the statements in chapter XIII, in relation to the management cf military affairs of those entirely out of the field and exempt from military duty, except voting for conscript law, and advising the executive how to execute them, will convince every can did man, that the cause of the Confederacy fail ed on account of mismanagements and the want of capacity in the government, notwithstand ing the miraculous skill and genius of the com manders in the field, and the unparalleled brav ery and endurance of the soldiers. We have no desire to censure the Legislative and Executive departments of the late Confed eracy; but history should be known, and its truths appreciated; political philosophy is al ways full of lessons of wisdom for succeeding generations, if its fruits are properly preserved and judiciously used. DR. A. L. HAMILTON, President. CUTHBERT, GEORGIA, This old and popular institution is still doing noble service in the great work of education. The spacious and comfortable Boaiding House and College Building* have jnt>t been repaired and reiurniehed in elegant style, and will bear favorable comparison with similar estab lishments in any part of tne country. The corps of teachers—nine in number—for thoroughness and effi ciency. cannot be surpassed North or South. The Course of Study was prepared with great care, and it is fully up with the requirements of the times. It em braces equally, the physical, mental and moral cultiva tion of the pupils. The Discipline is very mild, hut Arm, systematic and exacting. The Terms have been reduced, so far as possible, to meet the necessities of the times, as will appear from the fol lowing exhibit: PER SESSION OF NINE MONTHS, REGULAR COURSE. Preparatory Department. ....$30 00 Academic Department 45 00 Collegiate Department 60 00 For extra conrse, as mnsic, vocal and instrumental, modern languages, painting, ornamental work, the pries has been put down as low as possible. Boarding Department.—Room handsomely fnmished, washing, lights and fuel, at $15 per month, or $135 for the scholastic year. Payments—quarterlv- in advance, unless by special agreement otherwise. Location—Cnthhert is the most beantifnl little city in Georgia; is approachable from all directions by railroad; and for good morals, good health, and cultivated society, is unsurpassed in the United States. f^“The College is thoroughly non-sectarian. tip Boarding arrangements in the College are first-class. ¥??~Tupils received at any time, and charged from date entrance. 141-tf DYKES' BEARD ELIXIR <"« it. and will do itbu the ,uiobCho,t fH«:a I More |Uo 2».W0 Toon* n>r A1.READY WEAR HEAVY MOCtVTA€I!B AND BI’.aRD. haiir* n~4 toons 1 to3 Park*§». NaioJarj. E«i l*appkd.CfTtM “ t. I’«. kafefS't-8 directions di.Vrt«i..7 fat L. L. eflltH ACO. Pol iona. ThopuMio will uaoa TISl V/ SANFORD^! 52? g FUR DISEASES Orf v UVERSTDMACH Ji BOWELS OUfiRHE - erwaTipwm For Pamphlets address Dr. Sanford, New York. 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Business men and others expecting to go to France for the WORLD’S FAIR, now opened in Paris, ought to take advantage of this opportunity to acquire a correct pronunciation, which cannot De learned bat irom a native. VOCAL MUSIC In all its branches, from the most ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES to SIGHT-SINGING, as taught in European schools. BEST QW REFERENCES. Jalr .Uth-iat Washington, Georgia. Will practice in all the counties of the Northern Ciroult- Business solicited. Offifte Over Green Bros- Confectionery Store Will attend to business in any part of the State. 138—tt Uj‘,’7 P7 H 4:7 7 a Week to Agents. $10 outfit ret wOO ^ i 4 p.o. VICKERY. Augusta. Maine. MtiT SH1RPC61LEGE Reduction of prices in the acknowledged “ Woman’s University of the South,” aud the pioneer of the higher education of woman : Board and tnition, washing included, for term of five months, in Collegiate Department, only *97 50 Tuition only, live months. In Collegiate Dep’t 30 00 Tuition, ffve months, in Intermediate Dep’t... . 15 00 Tuition, five months, in Primary Dep’t 10 00 Next session will commence September 5th. Every facility is afforded in this institution for the most efficient and practical culture in both the solid and orna mental branches of an education. G-W- Johnston, iate able and successful President of the Brownsville Female College* hat resigned his position Professorship of Aucient Languages in* IJkarpe. The entire Faculty is composed o skillful and experienced teachers. v The Department of Music is unsurpassed anywhere. Gocd instruments furnished, and the best of instructors. A superior vocahst has. been procured for the next year. For catalogue or farther information, apply to the j President, z . C- GRAYS