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“Buffalo Bill” Answers Call of Primeval Wild Baring His Vacation Months f
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F the thousands of people
to whom the name of Colo
nel William F. Cody (Buf
falo Bill) is familiar, very
few are aware how this
idol of the Amerlean
small boy spends his time
out of the show season.
Only Colonel Cody's inti
mate friends are aware
that the happiest months
of the famous scout’s life
are those which he spends
in the wilderness near the
thriving town of Cody.
Colonel Cody has two splendid stock
ranches on tho beautiful Shoshone, or
Stinking: Water river. One of them, 15
miles from Cody, is a horse ranch of
some 10,000 acres, on which the colonel
raises many broncos for use in his great
show, or for tho purpose of supplying the
steady demand for good western horses.
This ranch is named for Carter moun
tain, under whose shadow it is situated,
and Colonel Cody, as soon as his Wild
West show has closed its season. Imme
diately heads for his Carter ranch to
prepare for hi s annual hunting trip. Sev
eral miles up the south fork of the Sho
shone i3 another Cody ranch—tho T. E.—
named for the brand which is put on the
cattle of that outfit. Both ranches are
Ideal retreats. There are several sub
stantial outbuildings and corrals, all built
of logs, as are the long, low, rambling
houses. With the giant fireplaces in the
Carter or T. E. ranch house filled with
blazing logs, and with Colonel Cody dis
pensing hospitality to the guests who
are always to bo found at his right hand
and his left, these Wyoming strongholds
of the famous scout and Indian fighter
are. Indeed pla'ces of good cheer. From
them Colonel Cody always leads a happy
hunting party every fall, and tho silver-
haired host is always happiest of the
lot—glad as a school boy at the oppor
tunity of again hunting big game in his
beloved Wyoming mountains.
GUEST IS PRIVILEGED.
To go with Colonel Cody on one of
these hunting trips is indeed a privilege.
Not only is one sure to get big game, but
ho is also certain to hear a vast fund
of entertaining stories of Buffalo Bill's
scouting days—days in whichTie traversed
tile Big' Horn mountains and scouted un
der tho shadow of the Tetons, when
there were hostile Indians on every side
end when Untile Sam’s soldiers had hard
ly begun to play their desperate game of
war with the fierce northern tribes. It is
historic ground which Colonel Cody hunts
over. In Jackson’s Hole, not 50 miles
from the T. E. ranch, one of Lewis and
Clark’s side expeditions was attacked by
Blackfoot and slain in the early part of
the nineteenth century. Since that time
tlie blood of many a white man has red*
dened the soil In northern Wyoming,
while a comparatively few miles away,
over the Montana lines, are to be found
tlie clustered white monuments of the
Little Big Horn battle field, where Gen
era] Custer and his soldiers met the
death of brave men.
But if it were for no other reason than
the opportunities offered for killing big
game, a hunting trip with Colonel Ccdy
Would be something out of the ordinary.
A Great Discovery
DROPSY
CURED with veg
etable remedies; en
tirely harmless; re
moves all symptoms
of dropsy In 8 to 10
days; SO to CO days
effects permanent
cure. Trial treat
ment furnished free to
► every sufferer; noth-
fine fairer. For clr-
fculars, testimonials.
etc., apply to
“Dr. H. H. Green's Sobs. Box X. Atlanta, Oa.
A Good Shot.
A Hunting Party, with Pack Horses,
Fording a River in Jackson’s Hole.
in the Winter Time the Elk Come to
the Very Doors of the Ranches.
to see that the state lawsjre not vio
lated. All this has result* ;n making
Wyoming a paradise for th oik hunter.
The animals have been -illed off in
great numbers, it is true, b: they have
not been slaughtered indiserninately, as
in Colorado, which state is suffered
more than any other on acmnt of in
sufficient game laws and ix adminis
tration of those which are 1 effect. In
winter it is possible to go.ul in the
Yellowstone forest reserve, )r jn the
Jackson’s Hole- district, andount hun
dreds of elk standing out likeiark spots
against the white snow. IVUn-g partic
ularly cold and snowy wiijrs it is
nothing for the elk to comyown out
I ofi the heights to the very doors of
ranches, fairly begging for food. In
Yellowstone park the government actu
ally feeds large bands of elk in this way,
raising alfalfa for no other purpose.
Sometimes the ranchers of Wyoming feed
, the elk that thus come to their doors,
although as a rule the Wyoming farm-
; er seldom has more than enough alfalfa
; to feed Ills own cattle through a hard
winter.
| Where elk are in such abundance, there
the hunter can find happiness, and the
visitor to Wyoming seldom enter?! a
| cabin in which there is not at least
one rifle and in front of which there is
| not a collection of elk horns. Hunters
' from all parts of the country are at
tracted to Wyoming during the elk sea
son, and it is estimated that, with tho
present license continuing in effect, the
state will, In the next few years, derive
an enormous revenue from this source
'alone. At the same time, the elk are so
l well protected by government employees
and by state officials that the animals
. are in no danger of extermination. Wy
oming will thus rank with Maine in the
wise application of its game laws. Maine
has not only derived a large income
from the big game in its woods, but it
■has managed to keep the moose con
stantly increasing instead of decreasing
, —an example which Wyoming has not
] been slow to follow.
j Colonel Cody has entertained many
men who have hunted all kinds of bis
game in all parts of the world, but they
unite in declaring that northern Wyom-
! ing, with its wealth of forests, and of
mountains peopled with antlered game,
is the ideal retreat for the follower of
the rifle. Tne preservation of such a
haunt of big game is something which
is naturally of more than local interest.
Colonel Cody and other true sportsmen
who have been instrumental in bringing
about the present ideal hunting condi
tions in Wyoming, are to be congratu
lated for the part they have played in
bequeathing this stronghold of the elk
. to posterity.
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4
Col. W. F. Cody and Col. D. Frank Powell, in Carrm
the Big Horn Mountain.
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The famous scout is a keen sportsman
and his familiarity with every part of
northern Wyoming gives him an advan
tage! over most of the professional guides
of”that regian. A few miles to tho west
of Colonel Cody's ranclte is the enormous
Yellowstone forest reserve in whose vast
stretches of timber can be found thou
sands of elk, bear, mountain lions, moun
tain, sheep and other big game. To the
southwest is Jackson’?* Hole, In which it
is claimed the largest herd of elk in the
world makes its headquarters.
Usually, when starting out on on,-* of
his hunting expeditions. Colonel Cody
travels by pack train. To the “tender
foot" it is a revelation to see one of
these pack trains ready. From the skill
ed employees of his two ranches, Colo
nel Cody will select two or three cowboys
Who are especially adept in the art of
packing a bronco. For that this is an
art no one can deny after seeing a train
ed master of the pack build his pyramid
of camp implements and bedding on the
back of a half broken bronco, anil then
deftly secure the. formidable looking pile
by what is known as the diamond hitch.
The pack saddle, -which is cinched to the
horse’s back, is merely an affair of wood,
shaped not unlike an ordinary “saw-
buck." Over the projecting horns of this
saddle are hung panniers of canvas in
which are kept the cooking utensils, can
ned goods, and other heavy and easily
packed -wares. Over the ’broad founda
tion thus formed, is thrown the bedding
and mayhap a few boxes, until one is as
tounded at the size of the pack on the
horse's back. Then a long rope is thrown
under and across and back again, and
with a few tugs here and there the
whole" pack is so securely fastened to the
horse's back that neither bucking nor
kicking can loosen it. Horses have even
fallen from the trail and have rolled hun
dreds of feet into a canyon, yet the pack
has remained solidly strapped in position
-But when it is desired to loosen the pack,
such is the arrangement of the loops and
twists that a single tug at the lujfjt will
suffice.
With ten or a dozer, of these horses
heavily loaded, and with as many s-add.e
animals carrying a cavalcid, ot hunters,
the start of onu of Colonel Cody s hunt
ing expeditions is a remarkable sight
and one that is never forgotten by any
person luclcv enough to be included in
the narty. Usually Colonel Cody takes tlie
lead and it is not long until he has for
saken the! main road and is leading his
party along some obscure trail, which
is as faintly marked as in the days of
’the Indians who first made it. Once in
the wilderness there is nothing to do
but hunt, fish and tell stories in the
ruddy glow of th, .oamp fire, and sleep
sr.u* and warm under the tarpaulin beds
of the cowboys, for Colonel Cody always
sees to it that the drudgery of oamp work
is done by experts hired for that pur-
nose.
Recently, in order to better protect its
big game from the ravages of thousands
of hunters, and at the same time to de-
! rive an income, the state of Wyoming
has made it necessary for outside hun
ters to pay a tax of S40 apiece. The elk
I season opens September 15. at whien
j time the animals are well up in the
mountains. The government plays its
part in protecting the big game by hiring
'forest rangers, part of whose duty it is
CaKsaaAHsad
Odd Artillery
E are told that ithe ac
tion of Red Idol r g e the
Thibetans used abt twen
ty cannon and ji«is. The
fact would be simply
amusing if sevei hun
dred of the poor -etches
had uot been sh down
with magazine rt, an d
Gatlings and t in tain
guns. That spoils e f un
of the annour m e n t.
Though our gener and
soldiers are biame^, to
the public it seems almost as cq as
the- massacre of unarmed men. -ither
guns at best take rank with bo and
arrows—so we are apt to think these
days of scientific weapons. But tl d e -
trivance would be useful. A cannon of 1 as ic*. It has been used, nevertheless, [forty tons of these miscellaneous projeo-
leather, strongly bound with iron, could
be turned out any dimensions required
in a couple of days and it would bear at
least fifty discharges. Accordingly Gus-
tavus made great use of them. Provid
ing an extra supplv before the battle of
Leipsic, he silenced Tilly's artillery and
I t hough not exactly for warlike purposes,
j Some fifty years ago a number of terra
I cotta guns, with a store of terra cotta
[balls, were found in a tomb upon the
island of Cliimal, in southern Mexico.
Yhey were good imitations of Spanish
won the day. Scotch soldiers returning ; pieces in the time of the conquest, nearly
home, when the religious troubles began,
did not forget this useful invention. A
son of the earl of Haddington set up a
foundrv of leather guns for the equip
ment of the covenanting array in 1639.
At Newtownford they proved their value.
The works raised by Charles to protect
his passage of the river crumbled before
them, art! the English soldiers, delighted
with the- excuse, quietly walked away in
different directions. But John Everlvn re
cord a a tradition that Henry VIII used
“greate leatherne guns” at the siege of
Boulogne; i n fact, the things themselves
were shown at the tower in his time.
pends on the-manufacture and t use j Everlyn a^ds: "Lord Herbert in his his-
1 ° _ 14 , trtrv ^/-inVi+c* »* T Rprhprt writing
made of them. As regards the me r
point, we have no information y«tj U t
the Thibetans contrived to maint, n
“continuous fire” for no small sps c f
time apparently. They began n»>on
as theWroops came in sight and ; se _
vered through a snow storm that t ec j
an hour. If the balls had hit they Slid
have done their work as effectiv®'. as
the best rifled ordinance. But “a.l'. 10
missiles fell short.” That was no| e _
essarilv because the guns were mat,f
leather. One of the most import
battles in historv or the world wajjk.
cided by such artillery and the strijj^
between king and parliament In ji s
country might have assumed an|.
form hut for leather guns.
The credit of the invention Is
to Robert Scot, a scion of the housi
Beautrie, who levied 200 men for f;
service of Gustavus Adolphus. That
soldier always welcomed novelties
Scot speedily convinced him that hi®
tory doubts.” But if Lord Herbert, writing
early in the seventeenth century, refers
to leather guns whether used by Henry
VIII or another, it is clear enougir that
Scot was not the first inventor.
The strangest material ever used for ar
tillery is no doubt ice. but wo arc assured
by the most serious historians that four
guns and two mortars so constructed were
fired six times without bursting. It was
at the marriage of Prince Galitzin, one of
the brutal jests which amused the Em
press, Annes of Austria. The prince, an
amiable and Intelligent veteran, was her
favorite butt; as a crowning stroke of
hunior she married him to a poor woman
tiles in a shower, covering a space of 200
or 300 yards. The crew of the stoutest
ironclad would be very uncomfortable
when that shower of bowlders descended
from the sky like a volcanic eruption,
even if the vessel were not seriously
damaged. But tlie contrivance was never
tested apparently.
M e recall the invention of Napier of
Merehiston. which was guaranteed to
elesir an area of 4 miles circumference,
annihilating all objects thereon above 12
inches high. Sir Thomas Urquhart says
that it was rashly tried on a large plain,
when "many sheep and cattle were blown
into space." But it is not made clear
that Urquhart saw the wonder with his
own eyes. whi®h is pretty strong evidence
feet long. It Is suggested that the
Indians made them after Cortez had pass
ed through the country hoping, perhaps,
that when they had cannon like bis ap
pearance by some mystic power the
things would "go off” and e:., --:e.
Of fjoldcn artillery there are several
examples. The Gaekv.-ar or Baroda has
two. which would not' be ineffective prob
ably for they ora lined with steel, but
the casings of turd are substantial enough
to be valued at £10,000 each. Devout
Mahrattas travel far to "do poojah” be- ’ be did not.
fore these precious engines. We never . According to Napier’s own description,
heard of wooden guns, excepting "dam- • , 7*j as a "shot which ranged abroad
mies,” such as the Chinese government W ,, n tbri f PPOinted space, not de
mounted on the walls of Pekir. But Car- , n ®’ * OI d b Bll it had executed its
ly.ie mentions a protect for manufacturimr , , i .,?. trer V rth bjr destroying those that
them,.submitted to the committee de salut r" b< V lacis said P ,ace ”
public: “One citizen has wrought out discoverer of logarithms was a most
the scheme of s w™ Qt , ? U J? responsible peisonage, whose assertions
France shall exclusive]!- nront jT' bl f b aTyi not to be lightly dismissed, but we
lirst nstanoe l l K th “ r " a,h ' cannot accept this. Another in-
by the cooaersio.' ( lc ?mde of staves [yention was a mirror like that of Arch-
ber but uncertain boundless call- j imedes. but “improved to reflect artifi-
The Knights of Malt *? sfr< ? n 5 tb - -cial fire.” A third was a closed and for-
Of ar«ll P rv^i? f th | U invented a species tified carriage to bring arquebusiers into
'^ le aI , 1 * helr own- We have a 1 the midst of the enemy. Yet another
1 i nt - de£ t r ^ of 11 in “ Br ydone’s was “a device for sailng under water.”
J/aveis, a book deservedly renowned in [ ht *t perhaps he did not complete this,
its day, not yet universally forgotten. Ha which is numbered among the “strata-
saw Malta when the rule of the knights Ferns of harming th
I - „ enemy which, by
was just coming to an end, and very | the grace of God and the work of expert
curious are his observations. Upon the craftsmen. I hope to perform.” On his
top of the cliff, wherever an enemy might deathbed, however. Merehiston refused
land, the engineers sank holes in the 1 . to te " tbp s,,crp t of these machines, sav-
wiiich must have been uncommonly enmy, 1 living rock—gigantic mortars as it were th<,t " m “"* r -»*>*'•'—
bride and groom were undressed and laid i In some eases the diameter was as
upon a nuptial bed of ice. while the four ! much as 6 feet and the smallest held a
guns and two mortars outside, also of barrel of gun powder. Upon the charg'e
ice, discharged salvoes. So they remained
shut in till morning. The jest proven
killing to both. But terra cotta, as a ma
terial for cannon. Is almost as strange
lay a wooden cover, exactly fitting, on
which were placed stones, cannon balls
■ ing that "too many devices for the ruin
and oB-erthrow of man have been framed
already.”
This was the last year of the sixteenth
! century. Two of the inventions descrlb-
j ed are actually in use how—armor-plated
carriages and submarine boats—but wa
J M . . , — . _ 1 "UW MIU11
yJLa the whole ram- flare not conclude, unfortunately, that
med tight The biggest would discharge iKapleg forestalled science 300 yean ago* -
AUGUSTU, 190*.
WE SUNNY SOUTH.
FIFTH <PAGE
Quaint and Curious and Truthful Illustrated Tales from Everywhere ^ I
..►0*0-.-0*0*0*0*0*0*0*,*,* | * f< , |4 , f , !i|<t ^ #<
“Teddy” Roosevelt, Jr., Who Has Just Sixteen-Year-Oid World
Become a Teacher of Sunday School Champion Under-Water
Class of One Dozen Little Ones. Swimmer, T. M. Smctzer.
TEDDY ROOSEVELT, JR., TEACHES
BIBLE CLASS.
NE of the most interesting
Sunday school classes in
t'ne United States is that
taught by Theodore Roose
velt, Jr., the 17-year-old
son of President Roosevelt,
located at Oyster Bay,
New York. The member
ship of this class is com
posed of twelve little lads,
who are devotedly at
tached to tlieir young
teacher, who never fails j
to be on time regularly
every Sundgy to greet and instruct the
juvenile class in Biblical history. The
latter generally occupy a corner In the
chapel of the Episcopal church of Oyster
Bny, with the young teacher in the
center.
Tho boys in his class are all about
eight or nine years of age, and they are
K.'l rugged and sunburnt. The most of
•them are sons of men who make their
living in Oyster Bay. Two are the sons
of caretakers of the homes of summer
residents -out near the president’s place.
One is the son of a clerk in a grocery.
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] land again 1n the autumn to try for the /
I under-water 'swimming record tot the
world.
CANINE WINS FAME CARRYING
DAILY LARGE SUMS OF MONEY
TO DEPOSIT IN BANK.
“Rags" is the name of a littlo mon
grel dog, not .prepossessing In appear-
! arret?, owned by Mrs. John H. Morrison,
; whose husband is a bookkeeper In a
tannery at Middletown, N. Yr, where
| the canine spends much of his time, but, i
; nevertheless, this dog, owing to his re- I
i markable intelligence. Is highly prized by !
! his mistress. i
j “Rags” makes a dally practice of visit- !
ing tliu local bank where he deposits I
1 the money of tlie firm where Mb. Morri
son is engaged. He has developed an
instinct almost human. He will not al- .
low any one to handle the deposit book j
after once taking it In his mouth, save i
the bank officialls and his master at j
tlie tannery. Rolls of bills 1n ”Rag3’ ” I
mouth are much safer by far than in |
hands of many men, who would be trust- !
I ed with this important errand. j
j Another pnstimo of this remarkable
[ dog s to visit a pond near by his home, !
: and with pole in mouth swims out to I
[ middle of stream and tiiere fish for speck
i ments of finny tribe.
Superintendent Harry M. Hayes, of the
itanneery, was walking past (he pond re-
I cenlly. when he thought to have a little
I sport with “Rags’’ by pretending to hurl [
something into (he pond for the dog to j
go after. The dog jump? d in and, savim- i
mlng to tlie center of the pond, was seen |
i to plunge about for a minute and then
start to swim back.
Tho action of the dog excited Mr.
i Haynes’ curiosity. ITe- came to the con-
[ elusion that. “Rags” had suddenly be-
! come ill and was upon the point of go-
I ing to the rescue when in the mouth of
! the dog he save a long pole from which
a. line was trolling. Now and then there
I was a violent jerking of the pole and line
which almost pulled the, dog from sight,
! but the plucky little fellow finally reach-
I ed the bank in an exhausted condition.
I In its mouth was a 15-foot pole and a
! line, on the end of which was a large
! catfish.
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••Rags” on His Way to Ban!
The father of two of them are Oysier j
Bay storekeepers, and two are tlie sons j
of men who work on Long Island rail- [
road trains. 1
Young Theodore lias made it his prac- .
tice. during the short time that ho has
had the class, to give the boys a talk 1
each Sunday on some of the noted [
Biblical characters. Tills is entirely |
aside from the regular lesson.
A few Sundays ago he talked to them |
about David and Saul. Tho lesson was j
about the arrest of Si. Paul. The boys
were told how St. Paul got permission J
from the captain of the Roman soldiers
to speak to the people from tbs castle !
stairs; bow they listened to him patiently |
at first and then attemnted o mob him. .
and how he was saved by being brought
into the castle and then scourged. Al! j
the boys listened to what the teacher j
had to say with close attention.
LAD HOLDS CHAMPIONSHIP FOR
UNDER-WATER SWIMMING.
Sixteen-year-old Thomas M. Smutzer. |
of Denver, Col., has startled the swim
ming world by bis remarkable perform
ances In swimming great distances under 1
water, remaining submerged for nearly j
four minutes in a recent sensational
feat performed in London, England, he j
was able, by reason of his extraordinary
lung power, to swim the distance of
112 yards 5 inches, In tlie remarkable
time of two minutes, three and one-half
seconds, thus giving him tiltlc of world’s
amateur championship.
The management of baths in London,
where this wonderful feat took place,
considered i.t presumptions on payt of
such a youngster to aspire to break
world’s professional record held br Pro
fessor Finney, who swam under water a
distance cf 113 yards and 1 inch, hut
as he was a stranger they agreed to allow
him to test his abilities.
Ho desired that the lyntcr should he
regulated at a temperature of 75 degrees.
Plunging in he did M2 yards 5 inches.
;fo the amazement of the att< ndants and
others who came, from other parts of tlie
building to see k m. He boat Finney’s
records for time this .dist,nice. s
also worthy of notice that while Smultzer
had the water at a temperature of 75
degrees. Finney’s record was made at
SO degrees, which is considered among
swimmers as of great advantage to the
latter Jt is.*also pointed out that it tho
Denver lad had essayed the task from
the deep, instead of the shallow end of
tlie bath, he would have beaten the
world's record.
Young Smultzer is going over to Eng-
Oidett Bell in America, Recently Acquired by Govern
or Otero.
Oldest Existent Pharmacy in the World. ' ■*
ANCIENT CHURCH BELL DISCOV
ERED BY GOVERNOR M. A. OTE
RO. OF NEW MEXICO.
The oldest bell in the United States
has just been acquired by Governor
Miguel A. Otero, of New Mexico, it hav-
j ing arrived recently at Santa Fo from
i Algondenos. This bell was cast, accord
ing to inscription, in 1355, and is there-
: fore 549 years old, antedating discovery
of America by one hundred and thlrty-
1 seven years. It contains much gold and
silver, ns it was the custom of olden
j times for devout persons to cast their
personal adornments >f gold and silver
I into bell-metal melting pots.
The ancient belj was brought over
i from Spain by one of the first expedi
tions to Mexico. As the centuries wont
by, it was hung successively in a mis-
1 sion church in one of the seven cities
! of Cibola, next at Gran Quivers and
! finally In the church at Algondenes,
I where it has rested until now'.
{oldest EXISTENT PHARMACY IN
WORLD, ESTABLISHED 1720.
j The oldest existent pharmacy in the
I world, the fact of its priority never hav-
; ing been disputed, is the quaint and con
spicuous building located in the old town
jof Knaresborough. on the Nidd river,
i Yorkshire, England, which pharmacy was
established in 1720. At the date named,
it was in possession of James Beckwith,
since which time it has been occupied by
six other chemists in succession, the pres
ent owner and occupant being William
Pierpont Lawrence.
How much older the business conducted
in this apothecary shop is, cannot defi
nitely (be determined by the present phar
macist. but after careful investigation he
has discovered that the shop is undoubt
edly four or five centuries old.
This ancient pharmacy, which fronts
the market place, is as old as the cas
tle of Ivnaresbow itself, which was
built after the Norman conquest. Other
buildings in the town were erected a
short time after the Scots had burnt down
tlie town and the church in the year
I3I9. The earlier structures would date
back to Saxon and Roman times, coins
[ of those periods being found when un-
! earthing the old foundations,
j The quaint building is remarkable for
[the curious character of its architee-
I ture and for its old-fashioned square-
| paned windows, which project over the
I pavement, being supported by oak .pillars
| beneath. The framework of the house is
.of massive oak. The ceiling has oak
beams 12 and 14 inches by 3 to 4 inches
j exposed. These are kept -well varnished,
| and are as sound today as when they
j were erected centuries ago. Some of the
j beams bear evidence of having been used
jin former structures by having holes and
| sockets not necessary in their present po—
j sitions.
j Tho old building possesses numerous
professional relics in the shape of old
j herbals, bottles, mortars and phials,
j which have been handed down from or.a
1 proprietor to another as sacred heirlooms.
! These ‘have been exhibited at the Royal
I College of Physician on the Thames em-
j bankment.
One tnc of the most interesting of these
| relics, now on exhibit in the old phar-
! macy, and which is at present in almost
daily use, is a marble mortar. The pestle,
j up to some sixty years ago, was forked
I by turnspit dogs, in a manner much as
a spirrel turns its cage.
Formerly dogs were used to turn meat
[ spits and to draw the carts of green
; grocer, costers, milkmen, catsmeat men
I and any light vehicle, such as children's
i earts. This custom was very common ia
1 London seventy-five years ago. The work
' tho dogs did in the old pharmacy shop in
those days was principally to make
unquentum hydrargyri, which was after-
! ward diluted and largely used as an ap
plication to sheep before the invention of
sheep dips.