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Magic Recuperation of Galveston “Kingdom of Million Elephants”
^ Following Its Utter Prostration
WILLIAM>E. CURTIS in Chicago Record-Herald.
Articles'on this interesting topic have previously appeared in The Sunny
South. This unbiased appraisal by an outsider will, however, have a peculiar
interest and confirmatory value for southern people.
Holds Gaudy Coronation
HE city of Galveston, wtileh
was so nearly destroyed tiy
a flood In September. 1900,
Is gradually recovering from
the disaster, although the
population Is not yet as
large, real eetftto values aie
still below normal and the
business of the o!*y has not
yet been fully restored.
The storm cost Galveston
8.000 lives and 820.000,000
In property, which can
never be recovered; 4,131
buildings were destroyed. The people
were so frightened that at least 8.000
moved iiway, about as many were drown
ed, and the population was reduced al
together about 16,000 out of a total Of
40.000. A good ninny of those who left
are now coming back, and there are many
newcomers. The population is estimated
today all the way from 30,000 to 3b.-
000. The receipts of the street car com
panies, the business of the post otnoe,
which are accurate thermometers, have
Increased gradually year by year until
they are about as large as they were be
fore the flood, and those best qualified
tw judge estimate that the volume of the
mercantile traftfc, both Jobbing and re
tail. is within 10 per cent of high water
mark in former times, while the export
trade is very much larger than it ever
was before.
The people of the city are still engaged
In the work of rebuilding. The business
portion was not seriously .affected by the
flood nor were the larger and more sub
stantial residences materially injured.
It was the cheap and unsubstantial
dwellings occupied by the poorer elasses
that were swept away, and they are be
ing rapidly rebuilt In a more solid mati
ns.
FORTUNE FOR PROTECTION.
Seven millions of dollars Is being spent
to proteet the city against another llnoil.
It has been pretty well determined that
the disaster wan not due to any subter
ranean convulsion, tidal wave or other
freak of nature,_but that the great rising
of the waters by which the pity was sub
merged was caused by an ordinary Hur
ricane such as sweeps over the West
Indies two or three times every year.
This particular storm originated In tne
vicinity of Martinique five or six days
before It struck Gnlveston, and tne
weather bureau at Washington has a rec
ord of its j>»ogress and the meteorologi
cal disturbances which attended it with
in the gulf area. The wind attained a
velocity of 120 miles an hour in a direct
line towards Galveston and rolled up
before it the waters of the gulf until
they were eigiit or nine feet higher along
the coast than was ever Known before
A similar storm blowing across l.ake
Michigan would have destroyed Chicago,
or if it had struck New York would
have submerged that city.
While the chances are that Galveston
will never be attacked l-jj such a storm
again, the situation of The city, upon an
island of sand only a few feet above the
level of the sea, makes it necessary to
provide permanent protection. Galves
ton is entirely cut off from the main
land. The only communication Is by
boat or by a. single railroad bridge owned
by the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe
load, which is now used by all or the
railways entering the city. Previous
to the flood there were several trestles
for railways and one tor wagons but
now there Is no way for a wagon or car
riage to reach Galveston from the main
land unless It Is brought on a railway
train or a boat. It Is pivposed to build
a causeway across the bay for ordinal-y
traffic. but that is not really necessary,
because upon the mainland Is a strip ot
swamp and sand about 14 miles wide
which is practically uninhabitable, and
there is very little demand for teaming.
PLANS CAREFULLY LAID.
As soon as :lie citizens had recovered
their tranquility after the Hood a board
of engineers, consisting of General Rob
erts. of the T'nited States army; Alfred
Noble, ol’ Chicago, and H. C. Ripley,
were appointed to submit a plan for the
permanent prafSCfion of Galveston, and
in accordance with their recommenda
tions the island is now being surrounded
by a sea. wail, and the grade of the entire
city is being raised from 6 to 18 feet,
both streets and houses, above the former
level.
Tho sea wall Is a little over 3 1-2 miles
long. 16 feet wide at the base, 5 feet wide
at tho top, and 17 feet above the mean
low tide. The foundations rest upon
four rows of round piling 12 inches in
diameter and driven 4 feet apart into
the ground to u depth of 24 feet through
•the sund into the clay subsoil. There is
also a row of sheet piling outside of the
wall driven 26 feet into the ground be
low mean low tide to prevent Lhe water
from undermining the wall, which is still
lurther protected by an apron of riprap
ping and solid granite blocks 27 feet
wide and 4 feet deep along the beach at
the base of th#- wall. The wall proper
is made of solid concrete, composed of
crushed granite, sand and cement, mixed
■by immense machinery (designed and con
structed especially for this purpose), and
laid in sections. The concrete is rein
forced by a steel frame work 9 feot
high, placed within the wall.
The government of the United States
pays for I mile of the wall and the city
and county of Galveston pay for 2 I -2
miles. The entire cost of the work will be
about S3.000,000. The funds were raised
by an Issue of bonds authorized by spe
cial act of the legislature, which have
all been subscribed for at home and are
issued aa money is needed to carry on the
work. Congress has already appropriated
S691.000 to pay tho governmental share
of the expense.
GENEROSITY OF TEXAS.
The grade of the city Is being raised
at a cost of about *4,000,000, one-balf
of which Is paid by individuals and the
remainder by an issue of bonds author
ized by the legislature. The state of
Texas has ‘been liberal if not generous,
to Galveston in her trouble, and has not
only authorized 4tio loons necessary’, but
has remitted the state taxes for eighteen
years. In other words, while the same
assessments are to be made as before
and the taxes are’To be collected aa usual,
the share which formerly went to the
state government now goes into a fund
to pay tho Interest and provide a sinking
fund for the redemption of the bonds as
they mature.
The work of raising fTie grade la being
done under tile supervision of a commis
sion appointed by the governor, who are
assisted by Captain Riche, of the United
States army, and H. T. Wilson, a local
engineer. The scheme is novel and un
precedented. All of the houses and othei
buildings in a certain part of the %(;y
are being elevated from 6 to 18 feet,
according to their location. Those in the
most exposed portion of the city are lift
ed 18 feet. Tho average elevation Is 9
feet. The elevation of the streets and
public buildings and grounds Is being
done by a firm of New York contractor'’
upon a basis of 18 1-2 cents per cubic
yard of earth, the total price being
$ 1,938,175. The property owners are at
liberty to use their own method of ele
vation. and. Indeed, there is no way of
compelling them to raise t heir grades.
Many of them have not done so, and do
not intend to for various reasons. Many
cannot afford It. One-third of tile In
habitants lo-°t everything they had in the
flood and few of them have been able to
recover during the four years since.
Therefore. public sentiment opposes
coercion and for many years Gal
veston is likely to have a peculiar ap
pearance. the residences and other build
ing? at different grades—some 6 to 10
feet below the street level and others
even with it. 'But eventually, no doubt,
all of the lots will be filled in.
A UNIQUE METHOD.
T he filling of the streets is done by
an ingenious method. In the first
place, a canal was dug through the
city, intersecting all of the princ-ipa'
streets. The houses which stood upon
tl'C route were demolished or removed
and the land occupied by the canal
was leased by the city from the own
ers at a reasonable rental. When tho
vverk Is completed, the canal is to be
filled up and the houses that were
preserved will be taken back to the lot?
which they formerly occupied.
The material used for filling is exclu
sively sand, brought by self-loading and
self-propelling dredges from the bottom
of the bay. When a dredge is loaded
it steams through the canal to one of
the. distributing stations at the foot of
rne of the strees, along which Immense
iron pipes have been laid. These pipes
are ataehed to the dredges and the
sand is forced through them by hy
draulic pressure and distributed over the
streets until they are brought up to tho
reoulred grade.
The same contractors are filling most
of the private property by tiie same
method. They can do it much better
and more economically than any one
e’se. and i; is done with extraordinary
rapidity. Each of tho giant dredges can
carry enough sand in. a single jpad to
bring nn ordinary lot up to grade. The
houses are first elevated to the required
■height by jack-screws and other famil
iar methods, and rjew foundations are
placed under them. Then lije pumping
machinery is set In motion, and tons
upon tons of sand, which was scooped up
from the bottom of the bay only a few
hours before, begins to pour through
the pipes until the lot is filled and
brought up to the grade of the street
A sufficient allowance is made fig- pack
ing and settling^ and the owner of
th* property can exercise his taste in
completing the job. In nmo cases the
sand Is covered with r.. !i soil and sod
h’ought, from the mainland, but there
is very little turf in Galveston.
THE OLEANDERS.
" Tt lias been difficult, and in most case?
impossible, t° preserve the palms and
other trees, for which Galveston has
been famous. They can not be raised
like the houses. Several of the streets
ore lined with rows of oleanders which
bloom the year round. Galveston is
called "The Oleander City.” and when
’il of the plants are In blossom, the
cflc-ct Is not only beautiful, but unique.
Many of the oleanders were destroyed
by the flood, but fortunately more were
left uninjured and have been carefully
preserved while the streets are being
eievated. Other plants and flowers have
also been taken care of in the same
way. Rich residents have restored
their grounds at an enormous expense
s-> that Gplveston will not lose all its
beauty.
Galveston has a peculiar city govern
ment. It formerly had a mayor and
a hoard of twelve aldermen, but the
municipal administration went to pieces
at the time of the flood. The state au
thorities took command and at 'th*
next meeting of the legislature a spe
cial act was passed providing for a
centralized government composed of four
commissioners, who elect a president
fiom among their own number. He ex
ercises the functions of a mayor and
they divide the labors and responsibili
ties of administration between them.
This plan has been so successful and
popular that both San Antonio and
Houston have since adopted it. and Dal
las is alking of trying it also.
USING SURPLUS OIL.
Comparatively few of the streets here
are paved, and it will be a long time
before the taxpayers will be able to
provide for pavements. The streets are
nf sand, which aggravates the situation
and makes teaming difficult and heavy.
The board of commissioners lias adapted
the plan of sprinkling the surface with
ciude petroleum, which has proved very
successful. The oil keeps down the dust
ana the wheels of the passing vehicles
pack it as hard as asphalium. so that
after a few sprinklings an excellent
prvement is secured. The odor is not
pleasant, but It is said to be very health
ful. which is some compensation. 'lac
use of oil In keeping down the dust is
becoming quite general in the larger
cities of Texas, and the Santa Fe rail
road sprinkles Its tracks, which is a
gTeat blessing to travelers. Crude pe-
ti oleum is very cheap. Indeed, there
is no other use for the lower gra»*s,
which are produced In enormous quan
tises throughout tl«- entire Beaumont
district.
A GREAT ENGLISH MUSICIAN.
(From Leslie’s Weekly )
Great Britain’s present most widely
known musician Is Sir Edward Elgar,
who recently arrived In this country to
receive a degree from Yale university.
Sir Edward's success and fame w r ere
achieved within the past two years. Dur
ing that brief period musical composi
tions by him of a high order have been
presented In England, America, Ger
many and Franc . and have won wide
appreciation. Th have been nine per
formances of his larger choral works In
New York alone, and most of his orches
tral works also have fceen played there.
Sir Edward, who is 43 years old, was
practically self-educated. He Is an “ad-
round” musician, as well as composer.
N March 4, when the fore
most republic In the worli
was assisting by every
known means of Joyous en
thusiasm in Inaugurating a
president, on the other side
of the world the French
republic was crowning a
king. The photographs of
■this remarkable event have
just been received, for
Luangprabang, which Is
the short name for this
kingdom of the Far East,
is a rather inaccessible place, and such
modern means of conveyance as steam or
electric "railways have not yet marred
its pristine scenic splendor.
Luangprabang is the oddest and most
modest realm in the universe, and its
new king is a young man with progress
ive ideas, who intends that the world
shall become better acquainted with his
quaint little kingdom.
The full name of this French Indo-
Chinese province is euphonious and de
scriptive, but, alas! it is unfitted for the
modern commercial and busy world.
When the king makes his speech to the
senam, or the upper assembly, he refers
f<»'lingly to his country as Lanesang-
Itornhaomuong-Duangprabang, which to
a casual listener, unacquainted with the
beauties of the Laotian language, seems
to be the acme of forceful profanity. But
it is no such th'rtg; nei her is it any
more a statement of fact than the poeti
cal reference to the state as the "king
dom of the million elephants anil of the
white parasol.” There Is no doubt of the
white parasol. It Is a concrete substance,
but the million elephants is simply an
Oriental exaggeration, intended not to
deceive, bu; to ornament a prosaic tale.
HAS POPULATION OF 40.000.
The little kingdom, which lias an area
or about 10.000 square miles, or little
less than that of Belgium, has a popula
tion estimated at 40,000. it is officially
under the protection of Prabang, the
miraculous Buddha, and for centuries it
has disputed with the kingdoms of Siam
and Vientiane the supremacy in the re
gion of the Thais of the Indo-Chinese
peninsula.
Ills majesty, Sisavong Von, king of
Luangprabang, has Just passed his twen
tieth birthday, and although a younger
son of the late King Zacharine, who died
last year, was selected by the French
government as a ruler, owing to several
reasons. The chief of these, naturally,
was that the young prince had been edu
cated in France, having spent two years
in tiie Ecole Coloniale, Paris. He speaks
French fluently and ha* imbibed French
ideas, and it is these ideas the French
government hopes to see him plant among
his people to the mutual advantage of the
king and the French republic, which ex
ercises the authority of a protectorate
over the kingdom.
Another reason given for the selection
of '.Sisavong over Tias Malta Oupahal,
called the second king of the country
of the Laos, was that Oupahat did not
necessarily stand to succeed the old
monarch and that King Zacharine desired
that his younger son should be his suc
cessor. Notice of the selection of a
king was given to the senam, the high
assembly of the realm, which was per
mitted to believe that it had made the
selection itself. In Its choice the senam
received liint3 as to the line of its pro
cedure from the French commissioner,
who Is a kind of ambassador to the king
from the French governor of the Laos.
GREAT FESTIVITIES.
So, when tile assembly of Luangprabang
finished its work hnd reported it had
elected a king, word was sent to Mount
Vientiane, where the governor has his
residence, and preparations for the coro
nation quickly made.
As usual with coronations or with royal
weddings in the east, especially with Indo-
Chinese and Malay potentates, there was
a display of splendor and extravagance
lining the kingly role at Sisavong's as
sumption of the throne. The act of
crowning the king was performed in
Luangprabang. tho capital of the king
dom, by tiie French governors, who had
to travel over '.he mountains which al
most inclose tlie little state on three sides.
The journey had to be made on horse
back and required eleven days.
All the French dignitaries in the French
colony, including those of the neighbor
ing provinces, attended, as well as the
secretary general for the colonies, who
has charge of the organization of the
French Indo-Chinese territories.
The fetes lasted a week and were, in
deed, considered marvelous by the French
spectators In the country, where the civili
zation and splendor of the east have
left thicif Imprint. There were such
dit ejgioras as professions, dances and
banquets, and they qCntlnued with little
interruption until the guests had a sur
feit of this Oriental entertainment.
BORNE IN GORGEOUS PROCESSION.
The coronation ceremonies and the ac
companying festivities were held in the
capital which bears the name of the
province and has a population, entirely
native, of about 12.000. it is situated
at the confluence of the great Mekong,
“the mother of seas," which has Its rise
In the Thibetan plateau, and the Namkan.
In the center of the town Is a high hill,
upon which stands the extensive roval
palace.
The young king was carried to the
place where the peculiar-shaped crown
was put upon his brow with much cere
mony. He was elevated upon a kind of
throne and borne through the palace
grounds on the shoulders of the grandees
of the kingdom. It was an adaptation of
the ancient European practice of carry
ing the king upon the shields of his chiefs
and very likely this part of the pro
gramme was prepared by the king’s
French advisers.
It was a very different procession from
those similar ones in ancient Britain
and France, for Instance, for this young
monarch of the east was accompanied,
by fanbearers and the insignia of his
high rank—the opera-bouffe royal umbrel
la. After lie had been borne through
hosts of admiring natives, he was the
recipient of a curious ancient Laotian
salute—that known as powguleu-maguieu
the ancestors of the Laotians greeting
the new king.
GROTESQUE NATIVE DANCE.
This is nothing more nor less than a
grotesque yet graceful native dance. Tt
Is really a ballet, for it )« descriptive, and
In a measure a kind of primitive native
drama. Two of these ancestors are rep
resented with an enormous mask of a hu
man face, colored a brilliant red; another
is a fantastic animal. Intended by the
Laotians for a monkey, but called by
some of the French guests a lion. All
were covered with a towlike grass. The
quaint dance was performed by the king's
own troupe from the Theater Royal, Lu
angprabang.
King Sisavong. although educated In
Paris, wears knickerbockers, but, then,
■this Is a native garment in Luangpra
bang and Is not confined to the king
alone, but to royal persons generally,
both men and women. In dress, In hab
its and customs, us In language, there
is little difference between the people of
Luangprabang and those of Siam, from
which country laoe Is separated only by
the great Mekong river.
in former times, and even now, there
has been much Intermarriage between
the natives on the border, but with this
differences at present, that all of such
marriages do' not make the bridal pair
subjects of the king of Slam. At one
time this was the case, and the Laotian
maidens were considered partilcuJurly
charming by the bronze young men of
Siam.
Until France began her colonial scheme
in the Indo-Chinese peninsula, which so
far has been without profit either to
France or the native states she subju
gated, the Ijaotiun states were com
pelled to pay tribute to Siam. Now
France controls the Indo-Chinese pen
insula, her Hag flying over Tonkin, Cam
bodia, I>aos and Cochin-China, and her
influence Is admitted in Siam.
If was not until 1893 that France an
nounced tier protectorate over Laos, in
which the province of Luanprabang lies.
Three years later, by agreement with
England and Siam, the west bank of the
Mekong, above slam, was admitted to
British territory, and -.he west bank be
low, through Laos, Was admitted as
Siamese. The east bank, from the Shan
states to Cambodia, which includes the
watershed of the Mekong, was by treaty
decided to belong to France.
ANCESTORS OF THE JAPANESE.
The Laotians, to whicu the subjects of
King Sisavong belong, have been called
the near ancestors of the Japanese. There
Is some similarity in language and relig
ion, and to some extent a physical re
semblance, but tlte connection between
the two peoples must have broken off at
a remote period. The present day na
tives, like their ancestors, are a busy,
peaceful people. They arc mainly agri
culturalists, raising rice and cultivating
silk worms. The country has not been
thoroughly explored, although an exten
sive hydrographic expedition was scut
up the Mekong, which appears to he
navigable for nearly 1,000 miles from
the sea, but just below Luangprabang
are dangerous rapids, which have not so
far been overcome.
Last year the young' king paid another
visit to Paris, especially to study the
trade of printing. Having sufficiently
mastered the art, ho purchased presses,
type and supplies and went back to his
native kingdom with the firm intention
of releasing himself from the tyrannical
grasp of the "publishing trust” in Bang
kok. whijli has had the monopoly of the
native printing. As the new king will
be the only printer in his kingdom the
senam will he under no necessity of
providing libel laws to protect his sov
ereign dignity.
The Sunny South
Humble Blackberry a Neglected
Source of Income
(Continued from Second Page.)
This is another of the common mistake*
concerning blackberries. Of course, if
the new shoots _ are permitted ■*> grow
r.n the sides of the rows they will soon
spread, but a little hoeing and light
plowing now and then will prevent this.
It. is best, however, to plant the black
berries in a spot where they will not
be very close neighbors to other plants
or trees. They are ambitious, and,
moreover, blessed with a good appetite,
and their roots reach out far and wide,
peeking for something to devr^r. If
they get the chance, they are none too
honest to appropriate the food intended
for others.
Let no one think, because wild b.aolc-
htrries are plentiful, that it will not.
pay to cultivate this fruit. The berries
borne by the latter arc so much finer
and more delicate in flavor that they
will find a ready sale everywhere at
paying prices. Not only is it well wort l
while to raise the blackberry for the pur
pose of selling it, hut even If one wants
it only for home consumption, it is still
well worth tho trouble. No one who has
tasted the cultivated berry will willing
ly go back to the wild one. no matter
bow extra choice the latter may be.
There Is a delicacy and rich tenderness
given It by proper food and care, tnat
tbc wild herry can n<*i-er attain. But
as an income maker, the taming of
the wild plant has only to be tried to
prove iis helpful qualities. The few
who have so tried. have found it a
task arduous, yet grateful, to keep pace
with the growing demand.
The Jirt of Good Conversation
(Continued from Second Page.)
■'asides,” until, at length .one of the
•ounge ones cries: “Cannot wo b,v*» h
game of “bridge?” Whereupon every
face relaxes, and the situation is saved.
But even anyone would admit that
Ctt'd-* y*'T* no I honored hy being intro
duced as .in antidote to a soporific mono
logue on vegetarianism, or smoke abate
ment. The fact is that good talking im
plies good listening, and the best con
versationalist is usually an attentive
hearer. True, the well-informed man or
woman may not gain much knowledge
in even a well-selected company, but hu
man intercourse has others and even
higher ends in view than the acquisition
of Knowledge.
T’ ith, good sense, good temper and wit,
these are the essentials of conversation;
anil, surely, they are attainable by most
0 r us. The best talk invigorates llKe
ozone. Much will bepnrdoned in the full
and ready talker whose themes are of
general interest; as for the bore, espec
ially If he be a cynic in a small way. he
will be voted a nuisance In any sensi
ble company.
Our subject is full of suggestiveness.
We must leave it with a few parting
merits as to the virtues of proportion
In the case of the average man or wo
man, conscious of no shining talent, but
resolved to improve the powers pos
sessed or latent. Society, when rightly
organized, affords real opportunities to
the most eager aspirant after excellence.
We cannot all take the lead in company
like a well-arranged hand, wherein van-
ous instruments have their place. A
happy company will harmonize the quali
ties of mind and heart distributed among
Its members. Moreover, the receptive
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Prosperity is today so general throughout the
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or more literary magazines. Most thoughtful
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In addition it is conducting a photographic,
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THE SUNNY SOUTH, Atlanta, 6a.
mood will he its own reward; silence
may often be golden when speech is but
silver, as the proverb says. After all,
there is a subtle language that reveals
more than the lips can convey. It dis
tils from eye, and feature, and motion;
the life within will be en rapport with
similar lives. The spoken word may <ie-
ceive, but the charm of wholesome per
sonality will rarely fail to impress and
evoke an answering charm.—New Orleans
Picayune.
FIRST HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN.
(From The New York American.)
The new $650,000 woman's hospital
which has been erected in One hundred
and tenth street, on an imposing site op
posite the Cathedral of St. John the Di
vine. will soon be ready to open Its door&
Plans for the opening are already under
way, and Miss Frances E. Fowler, the
superintendent, is looking forward with
pride to the event which will put In ser
vice the only hospital In the world de
voted exclusively to the treatment of dis
eases peculiar to women.
Mrs. Russell Sage, vfee president and
chairman of the ladies' assistant board;
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, Miss Helen
Gould, Mrs. Howard Gould, Mrs. Levi P.
Morton, Mrs. Charles B. Alexander, Mrs.
Morris K. Jesup, Mrs. Astor, Mrs. O. B.
Potter, Mrs. Robert W. de Forest, Mr
W. Eugene Parsons and Mrs. Washingto
A. Roebling were some of the wome
who made liberal donations enabling th
board of governors, headed by John F
Parsons, to build the splendid granit
structure on Cathedral heights. Mrs. Ar
drew Carnegie gave $10,000. the estat
of Andrew J. Garvey .gave S 10.000, Mrs
Malcolm Graham gave $5,000. Mrs. A. I
Juiliiard, $5,000, and Mrs. D. O. Mill:
$5,000.
In some respects the hospital will b
the best equipped institution of its kin
in the world. Apparatus and fixture
approved by the most advanced science
have been procured. The operating room
are all on the top floor, and there I
an attic above for the kitchens. Th
laundry, pathological and sterilizin
rooms are also on the upper floors
There are six stories In all. The firs
floor will be occupied by the exeeutiv
offices, and quarters for the superintend
ent and medical staff. There will als
be a chapel which will extend to th
second story. The second story will b
devoted to a training school for nurses.
WILLIE’S EXPECTATIONS.
(From The Chicago Record-Herald.)
“Well, wane.” asked the preacher
“what are you going to be when yo
grow upT*
“A man.”