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VOL. 111.
WEEKLY} *
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I Letters addressed to the Edi
•'Off v mutt ’ bt host paid.
~H--r>iTiiWiTi7r iiwTT' }
Letter front Iho mas ffefferson, on the
subject of American Manufacturers* in
answer to one he received from Benja
min Austin, of Boston,
MoWicello, January 9, Igi 6.
I?F.Ait Sin—l acknowledge w ith plea
sure your letter of the 9th December
last. , 4 . *
Your opinions on the events which
h?ve taken place iivFrance are entirely
just, so tar a* these events are yet de
veloped. But we have reason to sup
pose* that they have not reached their
ultimate termination.—'There is still
an awful void between the present, and
what is to be the last chapter of that
history ; and I fear it is to be filled with
abominations as frightful, as those
which have disgraced it. That nation
is too high minded, has too much in*
Date force, intelligence Sc elasticity, to
remain quiet under its present compres
sion. Sampson wUI arise in his st rcugth
and probably will, ere long, burst asuu-v
der the cords and the webs of the Phil
istinesi But what are to be the scenes
of havoc and horror, and how widely
they may spread between the brethren
of one family, our ignorance of,the in
terior feudfancl antipathies of the cuiln-.
try, places beyond our ken.—Whatever
may be the convulsions, we cannot but
indulge the pleasing hope, they will end
in the permanent establishment of a
representative government in which the
will of the people will be an effective
ingredient. This important element
has taken root in the European mwd,
and will have it's growth. Their rulers
sensible of this, are already offering this
modification of their governments, an
’ derthe plausible pretence, that it is a
Voluntary concession pn their part.
Had Bonaparte lised his legitimate pow
kr honestly for ,the establishment and
support of a free government, France
would now r have been in prosperity and
rest, end her example operating for the
benefit of mankind ,* every nation in
Europe would eventually have founded
a government over which the will of the
people would have had a powerful corf*
trol. Ilis improper conduct, however,
has checked the salutary progress of
principle ; but the object is fixed in the!
eye of nations, and they will press to
its accomplishment, and to the .general
amelioration of the condition of man.
What a germ have the freemen of the
United States planted, and how faith
fully should they cherish pareut
treeVt home.—Chagrin and mortifica
tion are the punishments our enemies
receive.
You tell me, lam quoted by those
■who wish to continue our dependence
on England for manufactures. There
was a time wheri I might have been so
quoted with more candor. But within
the thirty years which have since elap
sed, how are circumstances changed?
• we were then in peace—-our indepen
dent place among nations was acknow
ledged. A commerce which offered
the raw material, after receiving the
last touch of industry, was worthy the
attention of all nations.—lt was expect-”
ed, that these especially to whom-man
nfacturing industry was important,
would cherish the friendship of such
by every favor, and particu
larly cultivate their peace by every act
of justice and friendship. Under this
prospect the question seemed legiti
mate, whether with shell an immensity
of unimproved land, courting the hand
of husbandry, the mdststry of agriculture
or that of manufactures would add most-1
\iytb I the national wealth l And the ‘
ATHENS, THURSDAY, MARGIi 21*1816
dbubt on the utility of American man
ufactures was entertained on this consi
deration chiefly, shat to t>e labor of the
husbandman a vast addition is made by
t£ie spontaneous energies of the earth
on which it ts employed; For one
jft’ain of wheat committed to the earth
she renders 20, 30, & even SO fold—
whereas the labour of the mannfactur*
er falls in tnoM instances vastly below
this profit Pounds of flax in his hands
yields but penny weights of lace. This
exchange, too laborious as it might
seem, what a field did it promis e for the’
occupation’ of the ocean—what a n»rrse s
ry for that class of citizens who were to
exercise and maintain our equal rights
on that element ? This was the.state of
things in 1785* * when'the notes on Vir
ginia were fifnt published ; when the
ocean’s being opened to all nations, and
their common right in it acknowledged
attd exercised Under regulations sanc
tioned by the assent and usuge of all, it
was thought that the doubt might claim
some consideration. But who ir\ 1785
could foresee the rapid depravity which
was to render the close of that century
v ; t disgrace to the history ot civilized so
ciety ? Who could have imagined that
the two distinguished in the rank
b<t nations, for science and civilization ’
would have suddenly descended from
that honorable eminence, und getting at
defiance all those moral lisws establish
ed by the author of nature between man
and man, would coyer earth and -sea
with robberies and piracies, merely be
cause strong enough to do it with tem
poral impunity, and that under rim dis
bandrpent of nations from social order,
we should have been de-polled of a
thousand ships, and have thousands of
our citizens reduced to Algerine slave* <
ry ?—And all this has taken place. The
iiriush imerdifcled to our vessels all
harbors of the globe, without having
proceeded to someone of hers, there ;
paid a tribute proportioned to ihc cargo,
and obtained her license to proceed to
the port of destination. The French,
declared them to be lawful prize if they
had touched at the port; or been visited
by a sh«p of the enemiespiattoiu Thus
were we (completely excluded from the
ocean. (Compare this state of things
that of 85, and say whether an
opinion founded in the circumstances
oidhut day, can be lairly applied to
diosTof the present. We have expe
rienced what we did not then believe,
that there exists both profligacy and
power enough to us from the
field oi interchange w"ith other nations
r— L hat to be independent for ike comforts
of life y we must fabricate them out selves.
• We must now place the manufacturer
by the side ‘of the agricuhwest . The
former question is suppressed, or rather
assumes anew form. Ihe grand en
quiry now is, shall \ve make ohr own
Comforts, or go without them at the
wifi of a foreign nation ? Be therefo e,
who is now against domestic manufactures
must be for reducing us either to depen
dence on that nation , or be clothed in
skins, and to live like wild beasts in
dens and caverns. lam proud to -say,
lam not one ot these. ExpeiLnce
has* taught me that manufactures aye
i now as necessary to our independence
as to our com tort—and if those uho
quote me as ot a dfierent opinion will
dteep pace with me in purenasing noth
ing fofeign, where ah equivalent Ot <lo»
mestic fabric can be obtained, without
regard te difference ol prtec, it will not
be our fault and we 410 not soon fiave
supply at home equal to our demand, &
wrest that weapon oi distress from the
hand which has so long wantonly, wtel?
ded.it* if it shall be proposed to go
beyond our own supply, tqe question
of 85 will then recur, viz : —VYUII our
surplus labor be then more beneficially
employed in the culture oi the earth or
in the fabrications of art ? .We have
time yet for consideration before that
question will press upon us ; and the
maxim to be applied will depend on the
-ciicninstances which shall then exist
For m so complicated a science as po
litical econauiy, no one axiom can be
; laid down as wise anti expedient dor ail
t|ji es and circumstances, inattention
to this is what lias called for This expia
nation to answer me ouvds of the uncan
did, who use my tenuer opinion only as
a sulking horse to us m etern'aj
vassalage to a foreign and unfriendly na
tion.
f salute you with assurances of great
respect and esteem
1 TH. JEFFERSON.
Benj ami ic Austin, Esq. V
,From the National Intelligences *
. ||* to THE EDITORS/ -
Bv the report of the committee on
commerce and manufactures, it appears
that 10 000 men, 66,000 girls, and *4,-
000 boys are employed in 4he manufac
turing establishments of cotfen. As
the boys and girls are paid for their
labor, they and their parents, and all
who sell tp them goods* &c* enabled
|to consume more. It is stated, that the
value of manufactured cotton in the U.
States, including the price of the raw
material amounts 27,300 000 dollars. I
will strike of the 7.300,000 dollars for
„ the original cotton,. and estimate the a- v
mount gained by domestic industry at
twenty millions of dollars. The ques- ;
tion now arises. whether the men, boys
and girls thus employed in cotton man
natures, could have been otherwise
employed ? If not, they would have
. been idle or dissipating ,* and their; la
bo* obtained by industry ehables theta
to dress better to live better, and to eiv
joy more comforts, in short, the wagqtK
of their work enable them them to con
sume nriore—and as the price of all pro
ducts depends on consumption, the ag
riculturalists benefit by it. Suppose
for a moment, that there was not a
grist null m the United States, and that
all the wheal were sent to Europe to be
ground, would not the expense of ex
portation and of importation, and of the
toll for grinding, be a loss of so much
valuable labor to the nation at large ?
The manufactures of the United
States are stated, after much laborious .
research and minute investigation, to
amount to two hundred millions of dol
lars. D» # they diminish commerce?
In my opinion, certainly not ;for more
sugar, coffee, silk, wine See. r the pro
ductions of foreign climes can be con
sumed by those who have labor saving
machinery, and much manufacturing
industry* Many errors in reasoning a
rixe, because we stop short at the . first
effect, and do not pursue that, , effect ,
which produces ultimate consequences
Thus a merchant vie ws cotton exported -
and manufactured goods returned, and
immediately concludes that if the * cot
ton were manufactured at home, there
would not be much exported, very ,
little trade. - But he does not consider *
that the consumers abroad would re
quire almost as much as usual, and that...
would be consumed at homfe.. if
10,000 bales be sent abroad, not
fourth comes back in a: manufactured
state. X will suppose, therefore, 75,000
bales sent abroad, and 50.C00 bales sent
to be manufactured in the Eastern,states.
Is not commerce increased thereby l
Excuse me for attempting to demon
strate what every day’s experience
blight to have established as an acxnowi*/
edged axiom. That industry produces
the wealth of a nation, arid that nations
would be without comforts and wealth
if they were all agriculturalists.
Protecting duties are useful to en
encoiiiage incipient manufactures ; but
if the duties are very high, the ingenui
ty ofiman soon introduces; smuggling,
and defeats all the argils eyes of the cus
tom-master. Tims, therefore, they o
perate injuriously on the manufacturer,
and corrupt the morals. Where a pro-’
hibition Can be introduced of a manu
facture with safety it ought to be issued.
It fnay be urged that this measure ena
bles the manufacturer to levy a tax. on
his fellow citizens ; how long will, it
last ? The profit induces many to en
ter into branch of business, Sc com
petition soon reduces the price to that .
which only y ields what if usually term
ed a living profit. Cl Via.
: AGRICULTURAL.,
OkCHAKDsT
Our ancestors ei red'greatly in plant
ing trees m orchards t'ou twenty
feet was though* by them to be a pro
per distance. But they seemed not to
consider that in a few years tnc brantn*
es of each free would touch tue next!
prevent them from
and fruit. At that distance rpiama'ion
of trees must in a few years become
like a wood and prevent cither grass or
vegetables from being,cultivated . under
them. Not in Huch a situation will three
trees produce as much as one* if at the
distance of 40 or 50 feet.
In planting an orchard, care should
always be taken to fix on a situation
sheltered as much as possible agamst
the violent north West and north east
winds. Plant the largest growing trees,
such as Priestly’s, on the north’ side,
and so decending towards the south
that there may be a_regular gradation
of height, and that the tall trSes may*
not overshadow the smaller.
Apples and pears, for an orchard,
ought not to be planted ht less ‘bstanco
than in rows at about forty feet, and.
each tree in the row at 30 or 35 feet a
part. Pears alone may be 30 by 25, and
these in^ general, spread less and grow
more erect than apples. Cberies, the
larger growing sorts at 80 by 20.
Peaches, apricots and nectarines at 15
feet. I
‘Nothing in the various parts of agri
culture and gardening U so little under
stood and consequently neglected, as
the plaining of trees* The root is gen
erally forced into a small hole', and af
terwards left to chante, without the
slightest attention either to pruning or
manuring. $
The ground designed for an orchard
should be m tillage one year at least
before planting ; and if well manured
so much the better for the trees. The
holes should be dug ; a foot deep, and
at least five feet over, and left to lie it
lew days to receive the inlluence of the
If you are to buy the trees, procure
them from the nearest nursery you can
for the sooner trees are, planted, after
Jpeing out ofihp ground, the better if
the small fibres are not dried, they need
not be cut off, but if dried, as they al
most always are in carrying, a distance,
they should be trimmed off, otherwise
they will mould and do certain injury
to the tree, anffoften entirelV|destroy it*
. . Always keep the.roots as long’ as con
venient, which will give them a dispo
sition to run horizontally, from which
tne roots being more under rh e influence
of the sun the sap >is richer and p* odu**,
ces the sweetest, fairest fruit* Nursery*
men, in taking up trees, are, in gener.
al, not sufficiently attentive to give them
a good spread of root.
AU bruised and broken roots—all
such as are irregular and cross each o
tue", and all downright roots, should
be pruned smooth off.
As to the top, the small branches
should btf pruned close to w here they
are produced, as aUo the irregular ones*
which cross each other ; and ail such
as have by-any nu?ans been broken or
wounded, should be cut down to the
next good eye, but by no means take off
thq main leading shoots, whfi?h are ne
cts ary to attract £he sap from the
ri pots, and thereby promote the growth
.of the free. ,
(jbsei ve tfie utmost care not to place
ffee tree too deep in the earth. More
mischance to a pew plantation of tiees*
arises from this source than all the o
thers combined* The best rule is to!
place the tree in the hole *o that tne
roots may be about the same depth as
they were before takeff up.
Place ail the roots in their natural po
sition as near as may be, but rather
horizontally than otherwise, break the
earth fine, and scatter it in the hole'lh
that it may fall between every root, that;
there may be no hollowness* l hus fill
up the hole* and gently tread down the
earth with your foot, but not too hard
which is a great fault, especially if the
ground be strong and wet.
Newly planted trees should be well
staked and defended from /cattle ; and
it is best to keep the land continually
in tillage till the Uees have nearly at
tained their lull growth, hilt great care
piust be taken that the roofs be not ‘dis
turbed by plougning, nor the barn of
the trees wounded* Ahe ground oear
tue tree, which the plouga leave* should
be mellowed with *t spade lor two or
two or three years, Deiure the roots h<*'o
far extended. \ x
no. m
-i W. H >" Vy^ •.