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TO FARMERS
Mr. Nesbitt Calls Attention to
the Advances of Anthrax.
IHE GREATEST DANGER EXI3TS
CommlMloner of Afrlcnltnre Urges That
Steps Be ItfiUen at Once by Stock Raisers
and Tillers of the Soil to Prevent the
Spread of the Oanyerooi Disease Some¬
times Called Charbon.
Department of Agriculture.
Atlanta, Ga.,
Among the inquiries for this month
Is one, which we deem of such para¬
mount importance, that we have given
place to it, to the exclusion of our usual
monthly letter. We refer to that in re¬
gard to Anthrax, its symptoms, treat¬
ment, etc. The advances of this insid¬
ious perceptible disease to are the so naked gradual and that so farm¬ im¬
eye,
ers and other stock owners are apt to be
lulled into a feeling of security, when
in reality there is the greatest danger.
We trust that our note of warning will
be heeded, and that greater care will b6
exercised in the use of disinfectants,
Und in the total destruction of all bodies
Df animals, which have shown the
symptoms belonging to Anthrax.
WORK FOR THIS MONTH
has been emphasized in previous letters
A matter of great importance to be de¬
termined now, is the areas for the dif¬
ferent crops, which are to be grown dur¬
ing the coming season. To be on the
safe side, take care of the provision
question supplies first, arrange for ample home
of meat and bread—we are then
at liberty to plant all the cotton, which
we feel that we can successfully man¬
age. In the matter of
FERTILIZERS,
we would advise that as far as possible
they be mixed at home. Ascertain the
kind of plant food best suited for your
purpose, purchase the concentrated ma¬
terials and thus save the cost of freight
nnd manipulation. We have heretofore
written at length on the suitability of
different fertilizers to different soils,
crops, etc., and we refer parties inter¬
ested to those letters. Of course all the
home manure should be carefully saved
and either hauled out at once and spread
on the land, or composted and thor¬
oughly covered with earth, to prevent
|he escape of its valuable constituents.
By no means allow these precious ele¬
ments of fertility to waste in the open
lot, or to be leached away by winter
rains. R. 3 ?. Nesbitt.
ANTHRAX.
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.
lately Question.— I have heard a good deal
of a dangerous disease called
Anthrax, which is said to be very con¬
tagious, and very fatal to animals and
kneu. Is there any preventive, and
what is the treatment, if there is any,
that is effective? Piease give me the
symptoms as they appear in mules, hogs
and cows. Is the disease of recent ori¬
gin? How is it communicated?
Answer.— Your questions are very
important in view of the recent out¬
break in different sections of Anthrax,
or charbon as it is sometimes called.
This fatal disease had its origin hun¬
dreds of years ago, but until very re¬
cently little was known of its nature or
the causes of its communication and
dissemination. The investigations of
the world renowned Koch as to this and
Other diseases arising from the develop¬
ment of spores and their transforma¬
tion into bacilli, are of untold value
land have thrown a great deal of light
on a subject, which has for centuries
been clothed in darkness. Replying to
your questions in order; preventive in¬
oculation, which has been extensively
and successfully used in European coun¬
tries, has been found the only certain
preventive. As in inoculation or vac¬
cination, to prevent smallpox—the An¬
thrax vaccine is carefully prepared and
applied, and while producing only a
mild fever in the animal, will protect it
against contracting the more fatal dis¬
ease. It 13 not always possible, how¬
ever, to procure the vaccine or to prop¬
erly apply it, when therefore there oc¬
curs an outbreak of this dread disease
among farm animals, those not affected
$hould be at once removed from the in-
fected cases—and not, as is so often
done, left in the infected quarters,
While the sick are taken out, thus
fepreading the disease. All the drop-
pings and refuse in the infected lot
should be burned, and the quarters or
Stables, thoroughly disinfected bv "other the
TO* oflime, crude carbolic acid or
yowerful disinfecting agents. These
should be spread over the ground, and
ell woodwork given a thorough coat of
« wash composed of lime aud water
mixed with crude carbolic acid; 1 pint
of the acid to about 3 gallons of the
whitewash. To prevent the attacks of
fieas. which are industrious dissemiua-
tors of the disease, make an emulsion
follows and annlv to all narts nf the
animals; hard soapi pound, hi fish oil,
o gallons. Dissolve the soap 1 gallon
boiling water, and while still hot add
the fish oil, stirring constantly until
thoroughly use" mixed and cold. When ap-
plied, one part of this emulsion
thoroughly mixed with from 8 to 15
partsof cold water and apply all over
the animal, which can be done best with
a sprayer or a large sponge. All these
measures are in the nature of prevent¬
ives, and so far, seem the most success¬
ful remedies. ’ If an animal could be
treated promptly with proper remedies,
some cases might be saved, but the dis¬
ease acts so quickly, iLtifc tho eubjeo* is
^usually past hope before anything is
idoae. In Northern Louisiana, wher3
ing extent in ten parishes, there was
scarcely found a single satisfactory rem*
edy, the only successful treatment was
found to be, not curative, but prevent-
ive. Of all the healthy animals, which
were vaccinated in the beginning and
received the second inoculation, only a
small per cent died, while, of the un-
vaccinated cases, scarcely one survived,
Work animals were found to be pecu-
liarly susceptible to the disease. In re-
ply to your second question, we give the
symptoms as taken from a recent bul-
letin issued by the Louisiana Experi-
ment Station.
symptoms op anthrax in horses or
MULES.
High fever, accompanied by chills and
convulsive contractions of the muscles,
external temperature irregularly dis¬
turbed, mucuous membrane of eyes,
nose and mouth, dark colored, and
weeping sometimes from both eyes. Ex¬
pression sad. The animal is stupefied
and the gait is staggering. In some
cases there is cerebral excitement. Ab¬
dominal pain, which in some cases is
accompanied by a liquid, bloody dis¬
charge from the bowels. Breathing
quickened and laborious. Death, which
is indicated by profuse perspiration, oc¬
curs within from six to 30 hours. Re¬
covery is rare. External tumors are
developed upon the abdomen, chest, in¬
ner surface of the limbs, the scrotum,
external , genitals, ....... etc. This form , has , a
somewhat slower course than the pre-
ceding, its average duration being from
two to three days.
SYMPTOMS OF ANTHRAX IN HOGS.
Enlargement of the throat, intense
fever, copious flow of saliva, nausea,
vomiting, discoloration of the mucous
membrane of the mouth, difficult and
quickened breathing, wheezing and rat-
tling respiration, etc. Death occurs as
ft rule by asphyxia.
SYMPTOMS OF ANTHRAX IN COWS.
The acute form without external
swellings is the most frequent. High
temperature, accelerated pulse, (80 to
100 per minute) small and impercepti¬
ble. The mucous membranes of the
nose and mouth are red and often dark
colored. There is sometimes a flow of
tears from the eyes. Weakness and
stupefaction are very pronounced, the
appetite is gone and the animal does
not chew the cud. The gait is uncer¬
tain; trembling of the body, especially
the flanks and hind quarters. The ex¬
pression of the countenance is very de¬
jected. Sometimes stupefaction is re¬
placed by rabiform attacks; the patient
bellows, scratches the ground, pushes
against obstacles, etc. The gastric trou¬
ble includes constipation, slight bloat¬
ing, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, expul¬
sion of bloody matter, etc. The urine
often contains blood, or is highly stained
with the coloring matter of the blood.
Blood stained liquids may be emitted
from the natural openings, viz: Mouth,
eyes, nostrils, anus, vagina. General stu¬
pefaction, coma and weakness continue
to increase, and death follows in con¬
vulsions within from 12 to 48 hours.
Charbon tumors are sometimes observed
as primary accidents—at other times
during the couse of acute or subacute
Anthrax. They may appear upon the
head, neck, chest, shoulders, abdomen,
sheath, milk glands, flanks and limbs.
HOW ANTHRAX IS COMMUNICATED.
In order to answer your third question
as to how the disease is communicated,
we must explain something of its nature
and peculiar attributes. In the bulletin
referred to it is defined as “a specific
power affecting animals and communi¬
cable to man, and which is dependent
upon the introduction into the system
of a specific micro-organism, the bacillus
anthracis.” We are also told that there
are three recognized ways by which the
germ may penetrate into the animal
body, viz: 1st, the alimentary canal;
2nd, the skin; 3rd, the lungs; but it is
exceptional for the disease to be trans¬
mitted from a diseased to a healthy ani¬
mal.
This bacillus anthracis cannot live
without oxygen, which during the ani-
mal ’s life is supplied through the lungs
with every breath that is drawn,
After death, if the infected animal is
a t once burned, and none of the excre-
tions from the natural or other openings
be allowed to escape, all possibility of
infection from that animal at least is
destroyed. But if the carcass is muti-
lated, or left exposed to the ravages of
carnivorous or other animals, or if the
body fluids or excrementitious matter
containing the baccilli be exposed to the
air or allowed to escape, these organisms
coming m contact with the oxygen of
the air will form spores which are
served on the surface of vegitation or of
the soil itself for an almost indefinite
time. Animals grazing over these con-
tamiuated spots become infected, and
grain or forage crops raised on such
places being infected with the spores of
the disease will produce Anthrax when
fed in the stable to perfectly well ani-
mals. I* is needless to say that animals
feeding on infected carcasses are in turn
infected and become the vehicles for
conveying the disease, not by actual
contact, but by their droppings and
other means mentioned. Besides the
three mentioned other animals are liable
to the disease, sheep, goats, deer, cam¬
els, cats, rabbits, mice, dogs, foxes and
fowls.
The drinking water of pastures, or
even wells, if the surface water is al¬
lowed to flow into them, may also be -
come contaminated. The disease germs
******
ported great distances, causing sudden
and unaccountable outbreaks of this dis-
ease. After the disease once gains a
foothold there can be no doubt that flies
become the chief agents for spreading
it. Heuce the imoortance of using the
fish oil emulsion After sucking the
blood of an infected animal, if they
alight on a healthy animal for a similar
purpose they convey the germs of the
disease by direct transmission and thus
inoculate subject after subject. When
these flies, containing Anthrax blood,
die, the bacilli may begin to sporulate
on the ground, and in this way also con-
tamiuate the pastures. Certain soils are
also peculiarly fitted for the development
of Anthrax, notably such as are rich in
organic matter of a swampy, turfy char¬
acter, or where lowlands are exposed to
submersion and become partially dry
daring the hot season. The three forms
of Anthrax as given in this valuable bul¬
letin are, first
INTESTINAL ANTHRAX.
When the disease is taken into the
system through the alimentary canal
it is termed intestinal Anthrax, and is
usually produced by spores which are
swallowed with the food and drink.
Second,
EXTERNAL OR CARBUNCULAR ANTHRAX.
This condition is usually found where
animals having wounds, came in con-
tact with the bacteria when lying in in-
fected pastures, or are bitten by blood-
sucking insects, which have been feed-
ing on infected living or dead animals.
Even after death, a diseased animal con-
tains baccilli, and then, if they are not
destroyed, will by contact with the air
form spores which do not decompose,
but remain intact, after the carcass de¬
composes, and thus multiply indefinitely
the causes of disease. For the same
reason baccilli deposited on the soil in
the droppings of diseased animals, ba¬
come prolific sources for the spread of
the disease. The third form is produced
by inhalation or through the lungs; in
this the spores come in contact with the
mucous membrane of the air tubes of
the lungs. We have replied to your
question at length, in order to call at¬
tention to the careless methods which
have heretofore been in common practice
in regard to disposing of the bodies of
diseased animals. The usual plan has
been to dump them at any convenient
place m the woods, and leave them
to deposit their deathdealing germs.
Sometimes such animals are skinned
and their hides sold, again multiplying
the chances of infection.
BURNING THE CARCASSES
is the only effective method of disposing
of them in order to prevent infection.
Pasteur discovered that even where
such bodies were buried, the spores, or
germs of the disease, found their way
to the surface through the agency of
our common earth worms. After reach¬
ing the outer air these germs may be
disseminated through various mediums,
winds, waters, plants, etc.
TO BURN ANTHRAX BODIES
effectually, the most convenient method,
as advised by the Louisiana Experiment
Station, where they have had consid¬
erable experience with the disease and
its dire consequences, is to dig a trench
similar to a barbecue trench. In the
bottom place the dry wood and kind¬
ling, on which a little kerosene may be
poured. Across the top of the pit lay a
sufficient number of green poles, on
which place the carcass. Dry wood and
kindling may be piled above and around,
and when the fire is lighted the work
is finished expeditiously and thoroughly.
Great care should be exercised in hand¬
ling the carcass to prevent the escape of
blood, fluid or excrement, and all ar-
tides coming in direct contact with
the carcass should also be burned. We
have written at length on this
DREAD DISEASE, ANTHRAX,
because of the recent outbreak of Lou-
isiana, and because of several sporadic
cases, which have come to our knowl-
edge. Scientists, in different parts of
the country, are urging the importance
of taking care in these details lest we
have introduced among us an epidemic
which has heretofore carried off thou-
sands of the human race, as well as un-
numbered hosts of animals of different
kinds.-—State Agricultural Department,
TJie cabbage Maggot.
Question. —I had a fine crop of ruta-
bagas, when in September I noticed
they began to wilt and die Upon ex-
^ch laid thelggs^the Jte™ ol^the
plants, and when they hatched the
worms or maggots ate their way down
the stems of the plants to the roots eat-
the ruta-bagas. I send one of the flies,
p e n me the name, and a remedy for
them.
Answer. —The cabbage maggot (Au-
thomyia brassicoe) is the name of the
pest which destroyed your ruta-bagas.
They are a two-winged fly, and look
something like the common house fly.
The eggs, as you mention, are laid on
the st§ms of the plants, and soon hatch
out small whitish maggots. • These bur-
row down the stems into the earth, and
there feed on the roots of the plants. In
from 20 to 23 days after hatching the
maggots pupate, and a few days there-
after appear as adult flies. There are
three or more broods each season. Many
unsatisfactory remedies have been sug-
gested for this insect. Perhaps the best
is the kerosine emulsion applied about
the roots which kills the maggots. Dr.
Riley has suggested the use of slacked
lime or ashes as a probable remedy.-
State Agricultural Department.
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A FREE GIFT.
To Every One who W.ll Inves-
tigate.
We want to demonstrate to every
one who is afflicted with Catarrh,
Bronchitis, or Asthma that we have
the best remedy that has ever been
discovered for these diseases, and
to do this we will give a free trial
sample to every sufferer applying
at our office or writing to us. We
have found that the only practi-
ca ble way to apply a remedy so as
to rea ch fully all the parts affected
b y Catarrh is by smoking it in a
pi pe< Our remedy is free from to-
bacco, and has no unpleasant ef-
f ects> It destroys Catarrhal germs,
the mucous membrane,remov-
es the unpleasant and annoying
symptoms, and makes a radical cure
even i n t4 ie -worst cases, The rem-
e( j v> a fter the free sample, costs
. 00 for a months treatment
Dr. J. W. Blosser & Son, 12 &13
Hnni RnilHlno- fl rumpr RmnH dnd
Marietta Stree Atlanta> Ga ,
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city of Toccoa. Then we would be glad to receive a TRIAL ORDER
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pair of our Shoes is WARRANTED, as to quality and workmanship,
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MATTESON’S NEW STUDIO,
Times-News TOCCOA, GA.
a - JMEATMA RKET and
I RESTAURANT.
G. W. DEAN Has just opened*; at the stand on Doyle street
lately occupied by H. L. Loden, a first-class
market, where he will keep always on hand the finest and most neatly
dressed
BEEF, PORK, MUTTON, SAUSAGE, 6tc., AND QN
SATURDAYS FRESH FISH and OYSTERS.
In connection with the market there is also a first-class
RESTAURANT of the best cooks
Where meals can be had at all hours, prepared by one
in this section, and the tables are supplied with the best the market
affords.
Give me a trial and be convinced that I have the best establishment
in the city.
THE STAR
Livery, Sale and Feed Stables,
HOGSED & GARLAND, Proprietors.
We constantly keep on hand splendid teams and ve-
gliicles for the accommodation of the traveling public and
our local custom. Prompt and polite attention paid to all
orders—none too small nor none too large for us to fill.
Horses and Mules for Sale.
1 We keep for sale or trade Mountain and Western
mules, which we will sell for less cash or good notes
than anybody else can afford to .do—for dealing in horse
fiesh is our business.
BUGGIES New Second-Hand, _ , TT 1 always t m stock , , *. at . which ...
— or prices
simply defy competition.
“Just Any Old Kind,”
But Good pictures. W hen our customers are not suit¬
ed, they know where we are and what we propose to do.
Now, then, Listen:
We make all the regular grades of work at the popular
prices, and its good enough for nine tenths of the people,
but there is one tenth left who want something better and
are willing to pay a little more for it. To them we say we
i * Have Something to Show You.”
Please Call In.