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iJNCLE SAM’S JUBILEE. \ SIXTY YEARS OF CROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES. Great as England is, the United States Are Greater—ln Population, Wealth, Mauu actures, Kailronds, Education and Pro ductive Power This Country Lends. The burden of the Victorian jubilee Bong, says the New York World, is the great growth of Great Britain at home and abroad during the sixty years of Victoria’s reign. ! But, in the language of the Man in the Street, “there are others.” Uncle Sam's jubilee, for instauco, •would be very much more impressive even than Queen Victoria’s. The British Empire in 1897 includes a total area of 11,335,800 square miles land a population of 380,000,000, using round figures, While a great part of this vast territory was acquired either : U ; T BRITISH RAILROAD CRQWTH • f | GROWTH Of.BRITISH TAASUFACTURE AMERICAN Ra , lßOao j OROwtm . AMER ' CAN MJkNefAcruRE by conquest, treaty or settlement, in the reigns of Victoria’s predecessors, jyet the population and development thereof have been accomplished mostly within the past sixty years. i . It is not the number of square miles that make a nation great, but the num ber and the quality of the men to the miles. In 1841 (the year of the first Vic torian census) the United Kingdom had 27,000,000 inhabitants. In 1891 )t had nearly 38,000,000. It appears ihat the Queen is ruling to-dny over about 11,000,000 more subjects than she did in 1837. During the same period the United Kingdom has sent out about 9,000,000 Surplus population, one-half of whom have come to the United States. •The actual increase in the number of the Queen’s white subjects at home and abroad appears to have been about 23,000,000. Sir Walter Besant esti mates that, scattered over thewholeof the British Empire, there are now about 50,000,000 people speaking the English language. But the growth of the United States r* l population has been far greater. In 840, three years after Victoria became Queen, the population of the United States was about 17,000,000. In 1897 the population of the United States, according to estimates made for the World by the Governors of the States and Territories, was <?ver 74,000,000. 1/NITEP STATES ' population 6p . YEARS jfeftL owrt K^®V BR|T,sfl 1 l * TiaN While the people who epeak English Tinder the British flag have been about doubling themselves, tk4 people who |jpeak that language under the Ameri can flag have multiplied four and one third times. Putting it most gener ously for our British jubilee friends, we have been adding to our population twice as fast as they have for the past sixty years. Passing now to the comparison of wealth, there are no official figures ' POVVER WEALTH available to show what the aggregate national wealth of the United Kingdom was in 1837. But there are abundant later statistics to warrant the state ment that, great as the growth of British commerce, manufactures, rail roads and the resulting total produc tion of wealth has been under Vic toria’s rule, the contemporaneous creation of wealth in the United States has been much greater. Editor Stead, in the current Review of Reviews, says that the wealth of the United Kingdom has been multiplied four times since.lß37. If he is cor rect, its valuation when the Queen was crowned must have been about 812.500.000.000. " The census taken in 1840 showed that the aggregate wealth of the United States was about $4,000,000,- 000, or an average of $4lO per capita, As last co r.onted, by the census of 1890, the total wealth of this country is $35,037,000,000. That is just about thirty-three per cent, greater than the computed tolai of the wealth'o? Great Britain. England’s total wealth to-day is estimated by her own famous statisti cian, Dr. Robert Giffen, at $50,175,- 000,000. So she is behind the United States in the size of her pile by about $14,000,000,000. Uncle Sam’s farm is worth more than John Bull’s in the proportion of at least thirteen to ten. In the one item of real estate the valuation of this country stands rela tively to that of Great Britain ns two to one. The lands and buildings of the United Kingdom were last valued at about $20,000,000,000, and those of the United States at just about $40,- 000,000,000. The wealth in houses in this “land of the free” represented an annual in vestment of about $12.50 per inhabit ant for the twenty years ending with 1890. The annual average ic. Great Britain represented an annual invest ment of less than $6 per inhabitant for the same period. Inasmuch as economists tell us that the outlay on houses is the surest gauge of wealth, it thus appears that the average accumulation of property in the United States is more than double what it is in the British Isles. Coming next to commerce we find Mr. Stead claiming that British trade and shipping are about five times as ex pensive and valuable in 1897 as they were in 1837. He points to the fact I? fI B ns \tz> p I* m / |';| Cil (to P! BRITISH EXPENDITURE fos education jglHf in if m n AMERICAN EXPENDITURE foa EDUCATION tlyit the value of the annual exports and imports of the kingdom rose from $700,000,000 in 1837 to nearly $3,- 500,000,000 in the nineties. But we can dwarf these figures also. than $200,000,000 per year. Now they are over $1,500,000,000 ayear. While British foreign trade has been multi plying five-fold American foreign trade has multiplied seven-fold. In the matter of railroads, Mr. Stead says truly that the great bulk of Brit ish railroad mileago has been built since Victoria began to reign. Even so, our railroad building record beats it “all hollow.” The total railroad mileage of the United Kingdom to-day is about 21,000 miles. The railway mileage of the United States is more than nine times as large. We have over 180,000 miles of railroads already built, and that is more than the combined rail road mileage of all the nations of Eu rope put together. Coming next to manufactures, Mr. Stead gives a diagram showing that between 1837 and 1897 the value of British manufactures has about dou bled. That is a good lively gait, but it does qot touch the pace at which the manufactures have grown in the United States. Our statistics are not complete enough for close comparison away back iu 1837, but we have the figures from 1850 to 1890. Iu 1850 the gross value of the man ufactured products of this country was $1,000,000,000, using round figures. In 1890 the gross value of the produet .of American manufactures was $9,- : 400,000,000. So that in forty years American manufactures increased -in value nine-fold, as against a two-fold increase in the value of British manu factures in sixty years. Mr. Mulhall, the celebrated British statistician, has pointed out that “the productive power of a nation cau be measured at each census with almost the same precision as that with which the astronomer indicates the distances of the heavenly bodies.” An able bodied male adult bas a daily working power equal to that required to lift 300 tons one foot. On this basis Mr. Mulhall reports the physical power of the A merican nation to-day to be equal to 0406 millions of fopt tons per day. To that he adds the horse-power and steam-power of the country, and re ports the total daily lifting power in the United States at 1.29,806 millions of foot tons. The meaning of this statement is better understood when it is added that, by Mr. Mnlhall’s computation, “the United States pos sess almost as iliuch productive energy AS Great Britain, Germany and Prance collectively." He tells us further that an average farm hand in the United States raises at muoh grain as three farm hands in England, by reason of his superior machinery and tools. Whence we de duct the fact that the daily working power, or capacity for productive labor, of the United States is about three times as great at least as that of Great Britain. Finally, there is the matter of edu cation, and perhaps after all this is the point of comparison of which we have the best right to be proud. The census of 1890 shows that eighty-seven per cent, of our total population above the age of ten can both read and write. In the words of Mr. Mulhall, “In the history of the human race no nation ever before possessed 41,000,000 in structed citizens.” Great Britain is no doubt the lead ing nation in Europe in the matter of popular education, but the United States had a common school system away back when Victoria began to reign and long before, while Great Britain has only had one for about twenty-two years. Even to-day Brit ish expenditure on public schools is only $1.30 per capita, while the United States are spending $2.40 per capita for the same purpose, or nearly twice as much. ” SWAN’S NEST UFON A ROCK. A Unique .Sight in New York’s Great Pleasure Ground. There is a swan’s nest in Central Park, and two big black swans take turns in guarding it. There are four big oval eggs in the nest, and they are very precious, for they are the only swan’s eggs that will be laid in the Park this year. The nest is built on a bare open rock ten feet in diameter and rising but little more than a foot above the water. It is in the lower pond, near the arch of the new stone bridge and only fifteen feet from the wooded and rocky shore. The nest is shallow, but measures five feet across. It is round and is built of large twigs, grass aud leaves. It is in the very centre of the little rocky islet. The female sits on the nest almost all of the time, while the male seeks for food, or lies in wait near by, ready to dash at any enemy that may ap proach the nest. The hatching will be a matter of weeks. Once in a while OIM TpljV, liivj3 - V’ o va+Q frOlll duty, and lakes a turn at ket?j:)kig me four eggs warm while the female flies up and down the pond. Big swans are formidable foes, and when angered by anyone approaching their nest fight with wonderful fierce ness. It is a bold man who dares tc risk his eyes in a battle with them, swan’s nest in central park. But a swarm of little sparrows, as if knowing how easily the big birds are angered, like to hop aud twitter mis chievously about them. The Park keepers are greatly sur prised at the spot chosen for the nest. Last year there was also one solitary nest for the entire season, but the par ent birds, a couple of white ones, made great effort to hide their home, even adopting the remarkable expedient of building,a false decoy nest to attract attention from the spot.—New York Journal. Alttat Killing: Duel. Abet was made at Villa Rica, Ga., a few days .ago between W. H. Barton and John Bass .as to who could kill the most rats in two hours’ time. The two men repaired to Barton’s barn. It was full of corn ; and fodder, and an in viting home for rats. They moved the corn and the rats moved out in great numbers. Each man was armedjwith a club. Barton killed 441 and Bass 436, Barton winning by five rats. In a cotton basket the dead rats were put and weighed an even hundred pounds. —Douglasville (Ga.) Slew South. Minister Born When Wa&kington Was President, This is q picture of a Coldwater (Mich.) preacher, who was born when Washington was President, He was liF.V. W. 1). SPRAGUE. one hnndre and years old on the last day of last February. It was bis ambition to round,out his century and live un der still another Administration. V-A * ~ Sl\*J' wL**.— " 'SS^£2ifc Manuring in the Hill. It is only concentrated manures that can be profitably used in the hill. Whenever stable or barnyard manure is used in this way it aids in drying the soil above, and thus often does most harm just at the most critical period of growth. The roots of all hoed crops will more certainly reach the manure if placed between the rows that if the seed has been planted directly over it. Both corn and pota toes, especially the former, bend their leaves so as to turn the water that falls in rains to the middle of the rows. Scarcely any water except in heavy rains with driving winds can reach the hill whence the stalks grow. A Good Compost for Pot Plants. D. S. tells how she secured a good compost for pot plants: “I want to tell the Housewife read ers how I made and kept on hand a good supply of soil without costing me much except labor. In fall, when the frost comes, I cut’ down vines, canna, dahlia and gladiolus stalks— everything in the garden, in fact, that doesn’t have life in it, and pile it in a corner, mixing with it in layers half rotted chips and refuse from the wood pile, and anything else that seems to contain nutriment. The next spring I pour my soapsuds from washing over it, and frequently turn it over with a pitchfork. By fall I find that most vegetable matter has decayed The next spring I run it through a coarse sieve, and the fine portion, after hav ing some sharp sand mixed with it, is used for potting plants. The coarser portion is returned to the heap to rot for another year. In this way I secure a good quantity of very rich soil, aud manage to keep a supply on hand to draw from as I need it. ” This is a good plan to follow. A sup ply of potting soil to draw from as needed will often lead to our giving attention to plants when it is required. If such a supply is not at hand, in nine eases out of ten the plants will he neglected.—The Housewife. Corn-Fodder for Stock. We have no silos here, as the mater ial for making them comes so expen sive that the farmers are not able to build them. I think that one would be an excellent addition to a farm; but corn sown for fodder, and taken care of at the proper time, makes a good feed for milch cows. Last year I sowed five acres, using the wheat drill to do it with. It was sown twenty-one inches apart, but I did not get it quite thick enough. This year I shall sow one bushel to the acre, and fourteen inches apart and drag it, and I think it will give better results. It was plowed out several times to keep it growing nicely. I cut it before frost came, with a binder. It. was then shocked up and left to dry before stacking. It was stacked close to the barn in ricks. This not only makes good fodder but enriches the ground for grain. Three years ago I had twenty acres of corn; which I sowed the next year with wheat. The yield on this piece was five more bushels to the acre than other grain sown by the side of it. I think it will pay to sow a large_field of corn for fodder, or else plant it for the corn, in order to have a good yield of grain the following year. I think it pays to grow a diver sity of crops, and that the yield will be much better than growing one kind, year after year. This year I shall also try growing the “silver beardless bar ley.” The straw of this is stiff, and does not fall over with high winds which we have here. It is a six rowed barley, and is said never to be affected with smut. When properly harvested it is a silvery-white color and has no beards.—R. A. 0., of South Dakota, in the Epitomist. Marketing; Eggs, At the meeting of the Snow ville (Me.) grange H. B. Howard spoke upon the. question of how to realize the most from eggs. His advice was to get eggs into market within twenty-four hours of their being laid; then there will be no reason to complain of the prices re ceived. If you can seud them to mar- ket in such shape that custemers cau depend on them every time as being s trick Iy fresh and all alike there arc customers who will take all they can get the year round. The egg that is a week old is well on the road of being, if not exactly stale, quite near it. A farmer who has sent his butter to one place for eighteen years always gets a good price, for he makes an extra arti cle, and his customers can depend on the uniformity of its quality. This man had some friends who asked him if he eould not get a market for their eggs at their place. He replied that they eould not send the eggs fresh enough, for the firm kept the man go ing over the same territory every day to pick up the eggs in order to make sure that they were strictly fresh for the table. Many farmers do things which, if they were in the customer’s place, they would be the first to make a fuss about, and they would never trade with one who would give them the same quality of eggs that they carry to market. Small, dirty eggs are not fit to send to the market, as they lower the price for the whole case if there is a dozen of them put in. The price for the whole is made by that one dozen, and it reacts on the whole of the eggs that are sent from that place. If the market calls for a large, brown shell Leghorn egg, furnish that kind. Find out what your market calls for and fur nish it; don't expect to get the best price if you don’t furnish the best goods. In Mr. Howard’s experi ence, in buying eggs for eight years, he has found those who keep the Brahma, Wyandotte and Plymouth Rocks aud their mixtures get as many eggs in the number for the year as those who have Leghorns and a good deal more in weight. He believes that eggs ought to be sold by the weight The I)reatle<l Poison Oak. This beautiful viny shrub is a con spicuous feature of the Hora of the Pa cific coast from Southern California to British Columbia. It is especially abundant in the coast range, where its slender stems, twining about oaks, reach a height of twenty or forty feet, with luxuriant leaves at the top. In the spring and summer, its graceful green adds an indescribably delicate touch to the woodlands, aud in autumn the rich red of its leaves makes splendid patches among the evergreen trees, or lights like a flame the duller shades of deciduous forests. It likes damp soil, and when seen on dry, open ground, Klius is but an insignificant shrub, with scant reddish leaves resembling in shape those of the white oak. Poison oak resembles the poison ivy, Rhus Toxicodendron, of the Atlantic States, and causes a like cutaneous eruption. Many cases of severe poisoning occur where there is no exposure to the plant other than sitting by the open window of a car, or riding in a private con- veyance through canons where it riots gloriously over rotting stump and tree trunk. And again persons equally sus ceptible find their hands and faces break out with stinging pimples just from the handling of wild flowers which were picked adjacent to poison oak; or the poison is transmitted from clothes worn by picnickers. Fortun ately, however, these are the excep tional instances, and ordinarily if one avoids touching the foliage, the danger is averted. The stockman and farmer probably suffer the greatest annoyance from poison oak. The worst cases come passing to leeward of a fire in which it is burning, and grubbing out a range or clearing off a foothill farm necessitates this means of ridding the ground of brush. The hired man who can handle poison oak with impunity lias an added value to the farmer who suffers from the contact with this vexa tious bush. The antidotes recom mended are many hut are well-nigh useless. A few simple remedies, like the application of salt, soda and fre quent hot bathing, can usually be re lied upon to modify the itching and swelling of the parts affected, but the sufferer, if he be no novice, is perfectly certain that an affection of poison oak, like other diseases, must run its course, and so waits, with what stoicism he can command, for the allotted ten or four teen days to pass.—American Agricul turist. "Farm and Garden Nolog. Of course it is better to hatch a few chicks late even of the larger breeds, but they will not pay as layers. For your own table it pays to hatch chicks from February to November, but the number should be limited. Thorough culture saves moisture and invigorates the plant, rendering it less susceptible to the attacks of insects and fungi. The great object on the farm should be to make everything pay, whothr it be livootock or form crops. Are we do ing it? If not, why not? Fifty hens on a farm, ’ properly handled, will pay better the year through than 200 in the same place or roost. Quality rather than quantity should be the rule. ■Cutting off large limbs is best done by first sawing a little on the under side, so that when the limb falls it will not split the wood nor peel the bark down the trunk. Eggs and chicken meat beat salt pork all to death as an article of diet. Use plenty of each. Do not expect that the eggs will pay all the grocery bills unless an abundance is produced. Low-headed trees will bear some what sooner than high-headed ones, for they sooner reaek the proper height of trunk and the sooner de veloped to support a full crop of fruit. One of the most effective means of increasing the profits of gardening and truck fanning is to so arrange the planting that horse power may be utilized in preparing, planting and cultivating. Some faTmers think that money alone should be counted to determine whether a thing pays or not. This is a great mistake. Fruit pays even if we do not sell a dollar’s worth. It keeps down doctor bills in the family. A liberal poultice of fresh cow man ure may not seem nice to tie onto a tree that has accidently been peeled with the single-tree or otherwise, but there’s nothing better to cause the wound to heal over quickly and sound ly- Watch the young trees closely dur ing the spring and summer; pinch back aud cut out where necessary to develop a perfectly formed head. The first years of a tree’s orchard life are the best years for ■ this work, and if it is properly attended to there will be no necessity for severe amputations with the saw in after years. A plot of ground on w'hich a brush heap has been burned is and excellent place to start, plants [for late [cabbage, as the weeds are not liable to bother much here and the ashes, mixed with the soil, cause the plants to grow vigorously and strongly, providing that they have room for best develop ment, the plants standing about an inch and a half apart. Contrary to expectations at the Ohio Station, the best results have been se cured in using medium aud late varie ties of potatoes for late planting. Usually, late planting does not pro duce as large a crop as early planting, but the advantage lie in being able to follow early crops in this manner, and in securing better seed, because of the superior keeping qualities of late grown potatoes. Injudicious slashing of fruit trees will not do; those whose orchards have been neglected and who do not under stand pruning, should get an experi enced man to do the w ork, though, as Professor Hausen, of the S. Dakota Station, says, “a man accustomed to trimming orchards in the Eastern States would better keep his knife in his pocket unless willing to adopt Western methods,” and vica versa, we might add. During last year 42,443 persons vis ited the curative springs at Carlsbad. HER HAIR TURNED GRAY. A WOMAN'S LONG AND LONELY VIGIL IN A LICHTHOUSE. Her Hu.lmnil and Two Sent Hunters Car ried Out to Sen on tile lee, She Kept Great Bird Book Bight Aglow Until Belief Caine Two Months Bator* A tragic story from the lonely light house on Great Bird Rock, far out in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, fifty miles northeast of the Magdalen Islands, has been brought to North Sidney, Nova Scotia, by the Schooner Rob Roy, just in from the Islands. The supply steamer of the Dominion Government, which visits the lighthouses quarterly, called at the rock on May 5. Tho rock is precipitous and rugged, and has no beach, its storm-battered sides sinking perpendicularly into the sea. The supplies are hoisted by a derrick to a ledge of the rock. The skipper of the Government steamer was surprised to see a wan, gray-haired woman standing alone on the ledge. He did not recognize her at first glauce. A closer view con vinced him that she was the wife of the lighthouse keeper, Angus Camp bell. She had apparently aged ten years since the skipper had seen her three months before. Then there was not a trace of .whiteness in her hair, and she was a plump and handsome woman. The skipper looked up from the deck of the steamer, and when he was within hailing distance he shouted: “Where’s the old man?” This answer came back in tremulous tones: “Angus is dead, and so are Jim Duncan and George Bryson.” The skipper said no more, but straightway had the derrick rigged and was hoisted up to the ledge. Mrs. Campbell tearfully told how her hus band and Duncan aud Bryson, the lat ter two professional seal hunters,“had been lost, and how, for more than two months, she had kept lonely vigil on the rock. Campbell and his friends went out from the rock with their spears to hunt seals on the morning of February 27. It was a cold day, and there was no open water within five or six miles of the lighthouse in any di rection. Seals had been seen on the ice the day before. Mrs. Campbell was somewhat reluctant to have her husband go out. “If the wind changes, Angus,” she said, “the ice will break up, and you may be carried out to sea.” “Suppose I am, Maggie,” he an swered, laughingly, “I shall comeback again, and even if I don’t, you are able to take care of the light.” The three men started across the ice. They had not been gone more than four hours when the wind which had been blowing from the eastward, shifted to the southwest. This is a dangerous wind in the gulf in winter, and breaks up the ice with marvellous swiftness. Mrs. Campbell became alarmed and hoisted the danger flag. She soon saw the hunters hurrying toward the rock. They bad doubtless realized their dan ger even before the flag fluttered from the lighthouse. They were within a mile of the lighthouse when the ice cracked in a line running east and west, parallel with the rock and North (ill'll Ruck, about live miles ivest of the lighthouse. Mrs. Campbell was in the lighthouse when the reverberation of the cracking ice impelled her to run out and see if her husband aud his companions were safe. The cracking was followed by the breaking up of the field of ice into floes, which began drifting slowly sea ward. Mrs. Campbell, realizing her helplessness, simply stood on the ledge and cried. Her husband waved his hands at her. She fell on her knees and began praying as darkness set in. Then she waved him a farewell, and he responded. He was then so far out aud the twilight was so deep that his motions were barely visible. Mrs. Campbell remained awake all night, mechanically lighting the oil lamp and attending to the other duties about the lighthouse that were usually performed by her husband. She had hoped to see something of the casta ways at dawn. She swept the hori zon with his glass and saw nothing but stretches of ice-dotted water. The three men were either drowned by the breaking up of the floe or, if it held together, they died of hunger and ex posure. The skipper of the supply steamer asked Mrs. Campbell how she man aged to get through the winter. She said: “I can hardly tell. I know that I have kept the light burning. It was a dreadful experience, all alone on a rock that might just as well have been in the middle of the Atlantic so far as the prospect of getting relief was con cerned. Never a day passed during the first month of my isolation that I did not sweep the sea with my hus band’s glasses with the hope of seeing some vestige of him. Ido not think I slept two hours consecutively since my husband was carried away on the floe. Although I have plenty of pro visions, I do not think I have eaten more than one meal a day. “As you see, my hair has turned gray, and I have grown so thin that I believe I do not _weigh much more than ninety pounds, although I weighed 170 when my husband disap peared. I have seen no living things except sea birds aud seals. The seals gave me some little comfort when they swam up and lay around the base of the rock. I fancy I was just begin ning to go crazy when you came.” Mrs. Campbell consented to stay on the rook until May 13, w hen she was relieved by a man from the Magdalen Islands. She is a native of Prince Edward Island, and is of Scottish de scent. Her husband had been a coast ing sailor before he took charge of the lighthouse, many years ago.—New York Sun. Tropical Plant. The cocoanut tree is the most useful of all plants in the tropical region. Its seed furnishes food and an intoxicat ing drink; the shell gives drinking cups aud vessels, aud a hard material capable of a high polish, from which personal ornaments may be manufac tured; the trunk furnishes wood for dwellings and boats; the leaves make clothing, cordage and ropes; the fibers of the bark and of the nut afford mat ting aud carpets; the buds furnish a succulent vegetable, and from the trunk a palatable liquor is drawn by making an incision.—Cleveland Plain Dealer. WORDS Of wisdom. Reason always walks, hut love runs. The soul fed upon husks, never gets fat. The best men are mother-made men. Fear of offending, enslaves us to other’s evils. A poor free lunch costs more than a good dinner. The cause of our not being esteemed is in ourselves. God pity the man who murders his own innocence. The true life is the life we live within ourselves. The one who fails in character, has made the greatest failure. If there is nothing in a man, his “opportunity” never comes. Sheep are sometimes taken over a bad road to a good pasture. When we grumble much it is a sure sign that we pray too little. It is easier for water to run up hill, than for a selfish man to he happy. The evils of our friends are more dangerous than those of our enemies. Many a man wants better preach ing, who has no wish for better living. Some families have good home made bread and bad home-made man ners. Justice and Love are Siamese twins, and we cannot have one without the other. The fellow who is always straining to be great, wears himself smaller and smaller. Some people’s virtues are like the hoy’s fish—-when the head of vanity and the tail of selfishness are cut off’, there is nothing left to eat. The mathematics of marriage—Man becomes an integer instead of a frac tion; he “halves his sorrows, dou bles his joys,” and multiplies his use fulness.—Ram’s Horn. Comparative Timidity of Hoys and Gil'is. Boys report 2.21 fears on the aver age and girls as many as 3.55 —a fact which seems to show that they are more timid than boys. There is an increase in the number of fears up to the age of fifteen in boys and eighteen in girls, but this may he due to the fuller descriptions given by older chil dren and youths. Some of the fears recorded, such as fear of high places, of disease, loss of direction, fear of the end of the world, and of being shut in, are of much psychological interest. President Hall adopts the standpoint that the conscious ego or “I” in a per son is but a feeble and inadequate manifestation of the soul, a “flickering taper in a vast factory of machinery and operatives, each doing its work in unobserved silence.” Instinct is much older than intelligence, and some of these fears are, in his opinion, inherit ed from “swimming ancestors,” like the gill slits under the skin of our necks. Professor J. MclCeen Catted, the eminent American psychologist, does not agree with this view; though he admits that children have certain instinctive fears, he thinks that most of them are learned, not inherited, a view which agrees with recent observa tions on young birds. —Scientific American. six Wi.ole Miles of Elk. Wyoming’s game warden is credited with the statement that the number of alk wintering in Jackson’s Hole AVyom ing) country is greater than for many previous years. A conservative esti mate fixes the number at 30,000. They are on every hill and in every valley, aud the night’s sounds are most piteous from the crying of the calves lost from their mothers. Every morning thou sands are seen traveling from the great swamps along tile Snake river to the (Iros Ventre hills. The game warden says: “I recently gazed upon a sight which far surpassed anything I had ever seen, and it utterly astonished and amazed me. For a distance of six miles a herd of elk was stretched out. The ani mals had made a trail through the snow which was packed as hard as flinted ice. I know there were 15,000 head of elk iu that band.”—Sports Afield. Weeding a Cotton Field. It is told of a Florida farmer not far from Tallahassee that he has de vised an ingenious scheme by which he has relegated the hoe and the cot ton sweep to desuetude. The cotton planter it is said, know that geese will not touch the cotton plant, but like very much the tender grass that is the bane of the cotton patch. This farmer noticed that his geese kept part of his patch free from grass, but wouldn’t go near other parts of it, and he found that they went only where there was drinking water. He hit upon the idea of equipping each goose with a gord, which he filled with water and cut a slit in, so that any ouo* goose might drink from this iittle trough suspended from the neck of its fellow. Then he turned the geese loose in his cotton field, aud they cleared it of all grass. Lumber Trade of Oregon. The lumber trade of Oregon is just beginning to attract notice. Hereto fore Washington State has enjoyed a monopoly of lumber exportation. Now a strong, new corporation, the Pacific Lumber Company, lias entered the field and is shipping lumber Bom the Columbia River. This week the British ship Selkirk left Astoria for Yokohama with lumber. The same company is now loading the Japanese steamer Teu kio Maru for Japan, and is under en gagement to load the steamer Chuu Sung and the ship Eureka, both cf which are now on the way to Portland from China. Each will take about 1,500,000 feet.—New York Tribune. Poverty Poverty is always relative. They say Queen Victoria is feeling poor this year. A day laborer whose wages are cut down to $2 seldom expresses the sense of deprivation with half as much acuteness as a large landholder on the day after paying takes. Possibly it is because the landholder has a larger vocabulary or a more facile habit of expression. —Boston Transcript. A New Fuel. Anew industry Las been started in Michigan. Blocks of sawdust stuck with resin are made and sold for fuel, and it is said that for a quick, hot fire this has no equal,