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SOUTHERN BANNER: JANUARY 22, 1878. What Makes Georgia an In dependent State P KY GEORGE I.ITTLE. STATE GEOLOGIST. Office of Geological Survey. ) Atlanta, Ga , Jan. 5th. 1878. J Sir. \Y. F. Comb*, Editor Southern Bannor: Di ak^Sir—L-.-e that you have e .tuo.l tho nai.ie *f the Athens Georgian t" that of the Southern Banner. Th«* Georgian jiii<I its cd in.. Or. Henry Ii. Carlton, \vei>* always w t in fi.-nds of the Geological 8 via of ,ti(*iir«ra. Bell vino that you feel the same iiiei.s in all that pertains to the Jei ■ a me nt oft lie material re .oared* e 'tate < ’larke’- • th," whi- ' V ,.I d ,k I . • ” Goioi.’r I seal I iiuer (i O you a ropy of ‘ Life in the I ins :m article on ro-ia an I ilej end »rui iV liis.i>r\ h's he.ai a >. 1 i mi victor s mini t he «l.iy 1 i or,. |ii:niiiei] Siivauiiiii., itiriil city hy ilie -ea, svitji it- New York to Atlanta is there a natu ral ami easy passage over this Larrier of 3.000feet-in I: eight j until we reach the neighborhood of Atlanta. Tin* Appalachian mountains, whieh hied the Atlantic Ocean, terminate as i range in .Georgia. TIM*" jp WfgitiWjB*’ to two portions, the Blue •roper, whieh is the water sir'd, send- iii i i s eastern steams to the Atlantic, and its western flowing to the Ten nessee, and at a distance from their source varying fjajUL, twenty to sev- ent v miles, outjiug through the oilier ranee, called variously the Iron, Smoky and Uuaka, and in Georgia the Cohutta mountains; and in their ■a-s.ige forming the wild and almost impa-sahle gorges of the French Broad. Little Tennessee, Iliwa-se- ami O once. The Blue Ridge chain, xtc'id ag from the northeast corner e. i ,c State, in Kabun county, to (ira—y moil: tain, i Pieken-,. ^in si s >ni hwestern course, where it ap proaches die. western chain, extend ing southward from the Coins tn, and ! iei ininaiiiig iii Fort iiioiiutain, where ...,od will to ill- nation l.v her brill- *" : 'y l*e seen forliiicalionseree ed hint .eeupti.ii, of the Chief Mngis- '•> 1> &*<» and his followers, as they tr i e l.v her citizen-, soldi-ry and her '"‘. v «d to the Missts-ippi, lured on South of this line the immense for ests of yellow,pjne begiuj and continue t*»-lhe coast and the FlmidaTme, o' Which is exported annually 800 mill on 4et, with ti u* native wire-grass cov crieg the soil in an almost^cndlcss of. groan, H(folding pas the vear rotfm ’’ ,,f 1 and sl.eep I tBv . I till broad »; r -i ts.n il shaded squares, and spleiidi t pa k, mi the ilay when Al lan a .t-hi red in the era of peace and Democratic Governor. A though Georgia has given to the Cover uieot territory twice her present size, from which her noble sister States, Alabama and Mississippi, have been constituted, there remains by the stories of gold which they heard from the Indian warriors. South of Fort mountain, the Pirn* Lo niointaiiis, Allatoona Hills, and Dug Down mountains, represent, the last upheavals iu the coniine-iit ol the two vo In r an ample territory of 5,800 now unite 1 ranges, as they sink grad square miles, embracing more than four degrees of latitude, and nearly a m le of elevation in her mountain peaks above the level of the Atlantic On her seaboard. Tiiis large area has been gradually brought into use, as her population has increased from a little band of emigrants, struggling with the Indian for liberty to live, to her solid popu lation of over 1,000,000 permanent citizens. Slowly at first, her growth began along the hanks of the Savan nah, extending 180 miles to the point where its navigation was stopped by the falls at Augusta, and here was founded a city' whieh has utilized this seeming barrier to further progress, hy bringing the waters through a canal which now furnishes 14,000 horse power for factories and mills, and has enabled her citizens to con struct the Georgia Railroad west ward, to draw the products from the center of the State to water • rauspor- talien. Savannah, meanwhile, pushed out her pioneers to the Altamaha, and settled iis hanks and those of its tributaries, the Oconee and Ocinulgee, to Macon, where again the granite rocks and reef interposed a barrier tn furl her progress, and again the iron- horse was called into requisition, and the Macon itnl Western Railroad extended its link to meet the line already advancing from Chattanooga, the chief port on the Tennessee south ward around the last spurs of the Blue Ridge, at Cartersviile. The meeting point of these three main arteries of trade and propellers of population was found in Atlanta, well-named the Gate City, for through this point is found the great outlet ol the provisions and forage and man - factures of the NjrtInvest to the Atlantic coast, south of the Potomac, and her* passes the diagonal of the grand parallelogram of lines of com merce, of which the great lakes and the Eerie canal from one side, and the fa'her-of-waters, the Mississippi river, forms another, while the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean completes the figure. The next grand step in Georgia’s progt amine as a State was taken when the Ai’-Liue Railroad, joining the West-Point Railroad at Atlanta, was extended to Charlotte and Richmond, uallv down to the general level of the country. The highest |K»int in the State is Brasstown Bald, in Towi s county, almost 4,800 feet in height. Parallel with the Blue Ridge is a series of peaks or high ridges, about as high as the general level of the gaps of the main ihain, known to travelers as Mount Yonah, in White county, (about 8,000 feet,) Skiti’s and Walker’s mountains, iu Habersham, Sawtiee, in Forsyth county, and Ken- ncsaw„ in Cobh county, only 1,800 feet in height. Soulh^of this series of Jvnolw qr Peaks flows the CtajAte hooehee river, with its golden sa This is eminently.lhe grazing region of the State, while the whole © it may he successfully cultivated, as \vel u as the middle and northern sec- tiona of the State. North Georgia is par excellence,’’ the mineral reginh, middle Georgia excels as a tu.-mufactuiiii region, .south Georgia has a future as an agricul tural region ; in northwest Georgia are the coal fields, eoverm^“many square .idles Alongside of_ iliesr, ami b i r dering the. lime-t.uiOtyaHoys, are th<* extensive heils of red fbssili- fer.ms iron ore, and here wekive the fuel aiul the flux and the ore,:side l>v side. On the border of the i.orth- we'i and northeast sectional o the inexhaustible beds of brown hema tite iron and manganese ore, with sandstone for furnace lieurtTis and ough subjection to the laws as tli M . Airy, n l im, loved acc in.n - datious in the lovely ^valley o r Na eoocliee, a d the mount un region H Porter Springs and Canada, and the magnificent scenery of Tallu ah Fills, will soon m ike tliis beautiful country known to the world. These beautiful gift's of nature have •een improved by a people cbtfrwr terized by industry, energy, iutelli geuceand enterprise. To the original settlers have come constant red nils of the best lagii'ies iVoni Virginia ; ml the Carolinas and Tennessee, with a 1 literalcontnhuMdi'i from the Northern States, and these additions have been 'gradual, so that there has resulted a community homogenous and harmonious, though Composed' of so many different ele ments. Ill lio Slate ill the Union can lie found a better ilhi-tra’i.ut of th bless ngs of a real democratic govern uir-ni, such as mu- tn’. in* s eud-avofe to found when they s .light a i.o ue m the western cdhtin-nl. With an ah' solute freedom of opinion and e\ pression, there is coinhiued a tlior- sla'e for roofing, and lime fojS^ement, ii d hasili, and yellow and red ochres for paint-. — Next in order to the east and south ctn es tne copper belt, from Duck- 4own across ti e State to the Talla poosa mines ot Haralsi n. Then comes the marble belt ot Pickens uml Har alson counties. Next the gold belt, which has lor halt* a century been stand, ami a perfect oq uility iu ad ministration. The people have al ways hold of prim importance tin subject of education, at id here are found schools of every grade, an sufficient for the whole population ot school age—from the University ai Athens, liber.lly endowed, amply equipped, and generously sustained by the Legislature, through the de- every branch, and yielded rich re turns in proportion lo the labor ex pended, and which now is attracting Northern capital to invest in ditches and flumes for sluicing and Ytiills for stamping the ore. Hundreds of lots along this belt have been tested,, and found to cmi- tuin paying veins of ore, and to-day tin retire a dozen, mills running P20 stamp almost iu sight of the old United States mint, at Dahlonega. Parallel with this gold Ifelt we Jiave the g|0|t^ deposits of ^ffiento-j from which, during the last tnbnlii, a passing eight miles north of Atlanta, 8 j n g] e individual shipped from Rabun worked in a primitive way in, almost iiomiuational colleges always liber- and reaching the Alabma line near West Point. South of the river is the ridge of the same name, averaging 1,000 feet in height, and parallel with the Blue Ridge, along w'tli the Air Line Rail road takes its course, crossing the State from the Savannah to the Chat tahoochee. Tills is the water shed from which the Savannah, Oconee, Ocinulgee and Flint rivers run southward to the At’antic, last of Atlanta, and to the Gulf, west of this meridian. From Atlanta the second water-shed ex tends southward, along the flue of tiie Macon and Western Railroad to Barm sville, and tin nee hy Vienna, in Dooly county, and then turns southeast along the western side of* the Okefenokce swamp, and extends out in the peninsula of Florida. The northwestern portion of the State has a seiies of ridges, extend ing northeast to southwest, called Sand, Lookout and Pigeon ipotin- tains, and Dick’s, John’s and Chat tooga ridges* Between these lidges are the fer tile valleys of northwest Georgia. Between the high chains of the Cohutta and the Blue Ridge, and hounded on the south by the Chatta hoochee river, arc the coves and well timbered slopes and valleys ot north east Georgia. From the Chattahoochee to the border of the tnetainorphic rocks, on a line from Augusta to Milledgcvillc, Macon and Columbus, is middle Georgia, the most thickly settled and desirable Piedmont Region, watered county forty tons, valued at S2.000, and which is also worked in White, Hall, Fulton and Troup counties. In the same section are found chromic and magnetic iron, serpens tine, corundum nud mica. Heic also are found tourmaline, beryl!, garnets, amethyst, anil even the diamond has been cccasi.nally obtained from this favored region. ally patronized, to the graded schools of the cities, and the common schools established iu every section of the Slate. Female education has been espe- i ially fostered, and there are many colleges and academies in the princi pal towns in th>* State, where a full corps of teachers afford ample in struction in literature and the arts. Every demand for the support of benevolent institutions for the blind, the deaf and d-tnih, the insane, is promptly and heartily responded Jo by every succeeding Legislature.' Not less prominent is the attention paid to religious culture. All the denominations have their ministers sustained, and the number of churches scattered over the country is truly remarkable. These, then, are the elements which make up the material of which a State must he composed. Every material resource has been granted to the people by the benevolent Creator, In middle Georgia, besides the and those resources have not been mountai. s of granite finely suited for building, which in Stone mountain makes a great dome 700 feet in heijjht and several miles in eirctim- allowed to remain unused. In min erals, no State has a greater variety or abundance. In manufacturing facilities, no Broomielaiv, so as to secure the ad vantages ot If arbors and docks with a dear and Id i recti route ,tp the sea. Mr. I)eas presents a narrative of pro- iseeuings for deepening, widening and Btenghtening the river, which in sonjia ^ jacos wasj so shallow that it coflpl he forded on foot.. Whpre sand l>ank«aii*n^;^ft*Bi«»l low water, hind plows drawn by horses were employ ed to break up the hanks so that the current might carry the sand away When* the sand hanks were under vater tin y were torn up by harrows "attached by—t:u kfc to the stern-ot-j- -team mgs, tile fihpratjed debris being swept aw-tv l-v tin- curr'-nt and reflux of the li.ies. Then began' processes of dredging, at fir.-t by a chain of iron buckets worked by hand and hy horses, but ifit-r.vai ds by s: earn power. Some* dines ti e dredges 'eiicbuntcred ranks m,l bowlders, and these had to he naste c! hy re-oince to diving-bells md bias ing. F ir a long time the engineers wen* unaware of a remark- ihle bed or dyke of whin-tone rock .t the hot,mm of the river near El- erslie. about lour piiles from Glassi ,o.v i.is liinnidah e bed of roc.k, vhich was only discovered bv the grounding ot’a largesteatnc: in 1874, -xieuded 900 ieet hy about 300 feet in breadth. It was blown up by gunpowder, the charges being fired by a galvanic battery. The cost of these blasting operations' was upward of £16,000. Much, we are told, re mains to t»e done, but the northern half ot the rocky area has been tow ered so as to give a channel of four teen feet at low water, the other half having an available depth of eight feet. Ultimately, as is expected, there will be a depth throughout of twenty feet at low water. The cost of the sundry operations on the Clyde has, from first to last, in virtue of acts of Parliament, been borne by l.-vyiug rates on the tonnage of vessels using the river. The administration throughout lias been marked by great prudence. With some insignificant failures, whatever has been done has been doiie well The tbtal expendi ture of the Clyde Trust from the year 1770 to June, 1875, amounted to £6,744.000. * * * * * * * At present the minimum depth ot the navigable channel may be stated at fifteen feel at low water, at about twenty-five feet at high water. Ves sels drawing twenty-three feet three inehes have within the last three months come to Glnssgow in one tide •from Greenock. Ship-building on the Clyde has dvauccd in a remark able manner. In 1875 there were built on it three war vessels, thirteen paddle and a hundred and thirteen Ahead of All U 0. 110B1NS0N H as jsut returned from a visit siiooii trtIn- Principiil PIANO and ORGAN factories in Now York, Boston and other eitits- nving arranged for p c Largest nod most com, piete assortment ever offered South, at price* ABSOLUTELY BEYOND COMPETITION I Low Pries Q q jL-ALLS. lusicaE Instruments OF EVERY variety. Sheet Music and Music Boots, TUF. LATEST PUBLICATIONS. Musical Merchandise, A:.d everything pertuiuir.g to * First Class Music House. TUNINS AND REPAIRING, PIANOS, Church, Pipe a*d Reed Organ,, and nil kind* ot Musical Instruments Tuned nud Repaired by Mr. C. H. Taylor, the beat skilled and one ot the most thorough workmen South. Mr. Taylor devoted nearly fifteen years in the construction of instruments in some of the best factories in this country, and is the onlv authorized'tuner for the AUGUSTA MUSIC HOUSE. G. O ROBINSON & CO., Vi5 Broad Street, Augusta, Ga. oi-tf THE SOUTHERN MUTUAL INSURANCE ao:tva::E»aA.ivr'sr, ATHENS, GEORGIA. YOUNG l_. O. H A.KRre7W«8l3ent "" STEVEXS THOMAS, Secretary. Gross Assets, Apiil 1, 1S<7. • • $<8l,t>AC tl? Resident Directors. You no L. G. Harris, John H. Newton, Dr. Hksry Hull, Aldin P. Dkariso, Col. Robert Tkomah. iu'22-wly ’ Stevens Thomas, Lliza L. Newton, {Ferdinand Phinizv Dr. It. M. Smith, John W. Nicholson, C. AV. LONG. E. C. LONG. thus completing the shortest route j by a hundred streams of freestone from New York lo New Orleans, on a line crossing that from St. Louis to Savannah, at right-angles, and here, for all time to come, we have the centre of the trade of the whole ot the ci-uiitry cast of the Mississippi river. Nor has this been man’s work, for in the carving out ot this continent as a home for a large part of the hit- hi in race, the Great Designer so ar ranged the mountain chains that water, which cut their way through the parallel bands of harder rocks, granites and gneisses, affording a thousand sites for mil’s, as they de scend 700 feet in seventy miles, or an average of ten feet of fall to the mile, and when they pass from the hard granitic rocks into the sand and limestones making the famous falls at which cities have been built, and great co'.ton factories established, Columbus alone having 30,000 horse- ference, there arc, here and there, | country can excel this. In agricnl- j screw steamers. Including other mines of gold, anil some good pros- | tural products, no want is misapplied, poets for copper. I While grateful for what we have for In south Georgia are beds of ex- ourselves, we are willing to have ccllcnt biihrstone for mill rocks and others come in with us, and share the inexhaustible beds of marl, which in some places are genuine greensands, and contain as high as three per cent ot potash, in beds from three to tivcuty feet in thickness. Muck is found in exhausdess de posits in the Okefenokce ami other m rsbes. Tint alternations of granite, lime stone, clays uipl sandstones, crossed frequently hy dikes of eruptive rocks, whieh in iron and ]>otash, gitre a va riety and excellence of soil adapted to every demand, while the difference ot elevation, ranging from sea level to nearly a mile above the sea, afford a great diversity of climate. The mean temperature of the dif ferent portions of the State ranges from 48 to U8 degrees. St. Mary’s, on the Florida line, is 68 degrees mean annual temperature; Savannah G6 degrees; Columbus and Augusta 64 degrees, Athens 60de grees ; Atlanta 56 degrees; Dalonega 52 degrees ; Hiwnssee 48 degrees. This diversity of climate : has al ready turned a tide ot travel from other Spates for the winter in Savan nah, Bruswick, St. Mary’s, and Thorn good things blessed. with which we are GlasgoAV and the Clyde. A hundred and fifty years ago the inhabitants of Glasgow, then only a few thousand in number, resolved on imptoviiig the Clyde and they have gone on working at the idea ever since. It was a shrewd coi.vjnti »n. The city had great capabilities of advancement. The neighborhood abounded in iron and coal. The river opened into a channel communicating wi*h the west coast of England and the Atlantic; and the Atlantic was the highway to America. There lay the elements to wealth, and no doubt wealth would be realized in immeasurable abundance if the river coulu be rendered naviga ble. Such was the reasoning of these Glasgow people. They hardly yet imagined the possibility of bringing the sea up to their city. They would es tablish a port near the salt water, and carry on traffic by means of lighters. That was the primary notion, and it did good service in its day. In process of time, ns trade and wealth increased, uowltere along the whole line from power available. the improving of the river on a grand asville, and for the summer along the scale, and making Glassgow itselt a Western and Atlantic Railroad, to port, became a prominent idea in this Lookout mountain and Catooso and keei -witted and self-reliant coinmu- llowlaud springs, and on tin Air nity. In short, the tidal winter must Line to Gainesville, Belton and Toe- he made to flow upward over a space eoa City, while new hotels at Lula, of fifteen to eighteen miles, to the kinds of craft, there were built on it a total of 276 vessels. For the year ending the 30th of June, 1875, the revenue of the Clyde Trhst was £196,326. A survey of the shipping at the harbor and docks of Glassgow would communicate a feeling of an enormous trade with all parts of the world. The truth is, the rise o Glassgow is one of the wondeis in tne modern history of Great Britain— a greater wonder coesideriug the. poor and backward states of Scotland at the Union. From thirty-five thousand in 1771, the population of Glassgow has swollen to Haifa mil lion, and it has become the secund city ofthe Empire, with apparently no limit to its wealth and importan cos. As a centre of manufacturing industry it has several advantages, hut all would have been unavailing without the Clyde and its tnatvclous improvements.— Chamber's Journal. C. W. Long 4 &h, siR-craassTS, ATHENS, GEORGIA. We off-.- a large aiul welt selected stock of Drugs, Medicines, Paints, Varnishes, Oils, Anilines, Dyes, Patent Medicines, Hair and Tooth Brushes Perfumery, Lily white Rouges, Colognes, Extracts, etc., For Sale Very Cheap FOR CASH, Either ai Wholesale or Retail. AVc call yov.r ntttention to our COLOGNES, BAY RUM, HAIR OIL, ETC sepll-ly - MAD&SSr, General Insurance Agent, XTo. 5 Broad S-fc-, Athene, Ga , Insure* GINS, Dwellings and Merchandise, in the city or country. Eespcctfnlly solicits u share of your patronage. J5t?“Represcuts first class Companies on'.y. oct 2.1-1 tn A Very good Reason.—The rea son why only one sample bottle of Mkrrell’s Hepatine for the Liver will be sold to the same person, for ten cents, by our Druggist, C. W. Long & Co. is because ot t he enormous ex pense of importing the Hepatine into this coun try ; but as there are fifty doses in the large size bottles, it seems two cents per dose is cheap enough after all fora medicine that cures dyspepsia and liv er complaint. All who have not had a sample bottle are entitled to one for ten cts. at C. YV. Long & Co., Drug store. Thiee doses relieves any case of dyspepsia, constipation, indigestion or liver complaint, in the World. Regular size bottles, fifty doses, $1.00. C. W. Long & Co. TO RENT. A good DWELLING HOUSE, containing eight rooms, with kiielien and garden, and two servant's rooms. Apply to JOHN II. NEWTON, janl Siwlw. INVERT ANI> SALE STABLE. Carriages, Buggies & horses lor hire. Terms reasonable. E. M. WHITEHEAD, Washington, Wilkes county, Ga. • vSH-IS'S*- LlWIS'SCLARK, HATTER, WHITEHALL STREET, ATLANTA, GA. Tho latest styles and the best hats always on hand. jnn4-lm SSorsos aad Mules. Will bo hero by the 5th of January, with two Car loads of horses, and remain for the season at Gann »fc Reaves’ stable. dec25-tf. W. S. HOLMAN.