Newspaper Page Text
THQBBDAY. MAY 18, 1950,
WORLD HAS BEEN CHANGED
3Y PRINTING, 500 YEARS OLD
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W MAGIC—DModern presses run 60,000 per hour.
[ By SHERRY BOWDEN
AP Newsfeatures Writer
Just 500 years ago, in 1450, John
Gutenberg borrowed 800 guilders
from John Fust to start a printing
plant. That plant, the birthplace
of modern printing, changed the
world.
Gutenberg was not the first-to
print bßut was the first to use type.
Crude pictures and words had been
previous'y printed from plates. Ja=
pan had plate printing in 770. The
Chinese made the first known
printed book the same way in 868
A.D
Some people think printing
started in Europe as early as 1420.
But Gutenberg!seontract with Fust
in 1450 said he was to make the
tools te print, Even the modern
Korean and Chinese printing
comes from Gutenberg and not
from their own early types,
Dates are hard to pin down be
cause early printers tried to keep
their work secref.” Books were ex
pensive in those days. An ordinary
book might take a year of hard
work to copy by hand—a Bible
four yvears. Ordinary books might
be sold 2t a price that would add
up to $3,000 to $5,000 today. Some
were decorated with paintings of
initial leiters and the margins. And
:{w covers often had jewels on
tnem.
By 1400 most of the copy work
had come out of the monasteries.
Many people were -making their
living 21 it. Printers even with
crude tools could do the work
cheaper.
Work of the Devil -
When the copyists got wind of
what the printers were doing they
stirred vp trouble One tale is that
Fust went to Paris in 1465 to sell
some pooks. The eopyists said his
books were produced by the devil.
He wae accused of witcheraft, lost
his books and was lucky to get
away with his life. & :
lhere are other stories about
people ho were horrified to find
fwo coples of a book exactly alike.
Magic,” they cried, And magic
Wzs a crime in those days.
tarly opresses, adopted from
w.ne or cheese presses, did fine
brinting. The early works are still
some of the best in the world.
A printer was not just an ordinary
workman. In some countries he
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was almost a “gentleman” when
“gentleman” was more than a
courtesy title. .
At first he might print 350 sheets
a day. In Lyons, France, in 1575
production had gone up to 3,350 a
day. But those were 18-hour days
-with two men working—one inking
and the other pulling the lever,
In 1814, the London Times had a
cylinder. press which put out 1,100
copies an hour. The web press
came in 1847. Modern newspaper
presses can run at the rate of
60,000 newspaper an hour.
Its Influence on History
Printing did not take long to
start changing the world. H. May
nard Smith, the historian, says it
was behind the Reformation. When
Pope Leo X heard how Luther
nailed his 95 theses to the door in
1517, he was contemptuous. “An
other monkish quarrel,” he said,
But he reckoned without printing.
Before then such a quarrel might
have gone on for years in letters
between scholars. Now, ordinary
men got hold of it and it tore
Europe apart.
Columbus may have owed his
fame to printing. America had
been “discovered” before. But tales
of his voyages and those of the
great explorers who came after
him were printed. Men were
moved to spread out and the world
expanded. And not only adven
turers were stimulated. One study
of Coleridge’s work shows how
some of his poetry was based on
his reading of travel tales. Other
poets and thinkers had like inspir
ation.
The first scientific societies were
made up of business men and oth=
er ordinary folks, not of the schol
ars of their day. The printed
journals of these societies inspired
thglnkers and poets. Men learned
what was going on in the world.
The result was the industrial rev
olution,
And printing also went into pol
jtics. The American revolution
was as much a war of printing
presses as it was of guns. Its
leaders read the works of such
thinkers as Hobbes, Locke, Hume,
There they got many of their ideas,
Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamil
ton, Patrick Henry and others
spread the ideas in speeches which
‘were printed and in pamphlets,
. The French revolution also
Jeaned heavily on the printing
\prus as did the revolts of 1830
‘and 1848. And in the middle of
the 19th Century, Karl Marx print
ed the Communist Manifesto, His
printed work and that of his as
sociates has helped split the mod
ern world in the cold war.
Importance In Education
Meanwhile, education reached
the common man. That could not
take place when books cost $3,000
each. Printing for the new liter~
ates brought the era of personal
journalism. The United States had
such. men as the James Gordon
Bennetts, father and son, Horace
Greeley, Charles Anderson, Dana
and Joseph Pulitzer. Then the
great combines — newspaper and
magazine empires—arose in the
United States and Britain.
New methods came gradually to
printing, making it cheaper, faster,
clearer. They added pictures,
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THE BANNER-HERALD, ATHENS, GEORGIA
wider use of colet, But there was
one revolution—Ottmar Mergan
thaler’s Linotype macnine. The
New York Tribune first used it in
1886, The Louisville Courier
Journal, the Chicago Daily News
and the Washington Post were not
far behind. The linotype and the
use of wood pulp for paper; which
started about the same time, made
today’s mass circplations possible.
Lithography started about 1800,
photo engraving about 1872. Their
use, separately and in combina
tion, are still in a process of de
velopment. Offset, the use of a
rubber blanket to pick up a litho
graph impression, did not come in
until 1905. The typewriter, start
ed about 1874, is still developing.
‘Today it is capable of typing let
ters of type faces and spacing lines
between even margins. It is used
with offset printing and photo en
graving to print newspapers. Photo
processes like rotogravure help
men go back to the pre-Gutenberg
use of plates in wM :
The typewriter gave rise to
a stencil process by which ty&:
material can be printed. But
printing today is still from type,
out of Gutenberg by Mergenthaler.
T, G. McGrew of the New York
Employing Printers’ Association
says printing is third among U. S.
industries in number of establish
ments. It pays $2,277,000,000 a
year in wages—eighth among U. S.
industries in this respect.
Every day 52 million copies of
daily newspapers are printed.
There are some 380 million copies
of weekly papers per year. There
are 4,600 magazines and other per
iodicals. And there are some 500
million copies of books printed in
a year,
The historic Mississippi River
steamboat race between the Robert
E. Lee and the Natchez started
June 30, 1870 and was won by the
Lee July 4.
Barrel Behaves
Like Postoffice
BY JAMES D. WHITE
AP Newsfeatures Writer
A barrel has been behaving like
a postoffice for more than 150
years on one of the Galapagos Is
lands.
The barrel is nailea to a post at
Postoffice Bay on Charles Island,
more than 500 miles off the coast
of Ecuador. No government or
postal system recognizes the
weathered hogshead as a post
office. But people persist in leav~
ing lgiters there, Other people
persist in picking them up and
mailing them when they reach
port.
This informal service once was
very important to sailors on whal
ships. They went out some-
T o 1 e e Sliblet
, and the enabled
them to get letters home faster.
Nobody knows who mnailed up
the first barrel at Postoffice Bay,
but it probably happened nroumi;
1794, writes Joseph R. Selvin in
the current rssue of Pacific Dis
covery, a magazine published by
the California Academy of Sci
ences. Years ago Slevin, who is
herpetologist (expert on snakes
and turtles) for the academy, saw
the barrel while on an expedition
to obtain specimens of the Gala~-
pagos’ famed giant turtles, |
After delving into old ships’ logs,
Slevin writes that “it was custo=
mary for a homeward bound wha
ler to call at Postoffice Bay if pos
sible, pick up the mail, and carry
it to her home port. Eventually,
through the courtesy of merclumts|
and by devious ways, mail would
get to the families and friends of
the men who had trusted theirl
letters to a barrel on a lonely
PAGE NINE
e tking 100 Wk o€ WK e bar
' During the War the
rel served a strategie purpose for
an American frigate ecaptain who
looked through its econtents to find
out where the British whaling
fleet was.
Many times the barrel has been
replaced by passing ships which
found its hoops rusted or its staves
rotted. But it’s still in use. The
San Diego Journal reports that
fast March Capt. Jack Kennedy
of the tuna clipper Sun Dial
brought a batch of barrel mail into
San Diego.
“BICYCLE THIEF” i
IN BUDAPEST
BUDAPEST, Hungary—— (AP)-—=
The Italian film “Bicycle Thief”
is the first western film advertis
ed here in a long time, A commen=
tary describes it as a “deeply af
fecting film story about the pres
ent life of Italian workers.”