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THE CT, F,V F; I AND PROGRESS. By JOE H. REESH. DEVOTED TO THE MINING, AGRICULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL INTERS S TS'DF CLEVELAND, IVHIT1 *- i' COUNTY AND NORTH-EAST GEORGIA. TERMS: 1.00 Per Year. VOL. V. CLEVELAND, WHITE C O., Gi 5 L, FRIDAY, JIT] LY 3, 1896. NO. 27. ■Wr WILD ROSE. Artichokes as Stock Pood- Through its direotor, Prof, 0. S. Plumb, the Purdue University Agri cultural Experiment Station has just sent out a bulletin regarding artichokes as stook food. From it we take the fol lowing: “For many years artiohokes have been grown In a limited way in the United States, more especially as a food for pigs in pasture. The following an alysis is given by the Kansas Experi ment Station: Water 81.60 DRY MATTER. A « h 6.SS Protein 12.08 | Fibre 11.48 ' Nltrogon, tree extract 78.60 Fat: „ 0 0 100 00 This analysis shows artichokes to con tain a fairly large amount of nutriment, being superior to potatoes, turnips,ruta bagas, squashes and pumpkins. Artichokes are grown much the same as potatoes. From four to six bushels of seed per acre are recommended by different growers. The tubers may be out small like potatoes, and planted 15 to 18 inches apart in rows 3+ feet apart. Planting may be done in the spring, till .tune 1, and also during the latter part of the fall, before freezing. The ground should be well tilled and weeds destroyed. The roots spread widely, and at the end of the season, unless cultivation has been vigorous, cover the ground. Freez ing does noi injure the tubers, so that they will live through the winter and be sweet and palatable In spring. Several varieties are advertised. The Jerusalem is an old, well known variety. The Ked Brazilian and Mammoth While Frenoh are also popular. The Red Bra zilian has been grown somewhat in America for over a score of years, and it is olalmed that its roots do not spread as badly as do the Jerusalem. The price cf roots varies widely. From cir culars'^ my popaesslon.quotations range from 75-oonts to 83.00 per bushel, the Jerusalem being the cheapest. One Indiana farmer advertises six bushels for 83.00. The artichoke is very productive, and it is freely claimed by growers that 1,000 bushels per acre may be grown. There is some diversity of opinion concerning the desirability of growing this plant on the farm. Some regard it as a nuisance owing to the diflioulty of controlling Its growth, while others think it a valuable food for pigs. Mr. L. N. Bonham, former Secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agricullture,states in a recent Breeders’ Gazette that he spent five years in eradicating it from his farm. There are others also who do not endorse this plan. There are num erous pig raisers, however, who find artichokes a profitable food for their stook. Coburn in his “Swine Hus bandry’’ quotes the favorable experience of a number of swine breeders in grow ing and feeding artichokes. Simon Cox of Illinois, in a late Breeders’ Gazette, states that last year he raised 13 acres of artichokes, and that he found them much cheaper for his pigs than bran or shorts. Unquestionably, as succulent food they aid in keeping the system in a healthy condition by promoting a desirable activity of the bowels. Farmers will be wise to try this crop on a small scale to bring with, and then increase its culture if experience justi fies. Without doubt the pigs will relish the roots, as they are evry palatable,and a field of them makes a good rooting ground for the hog. Dietary Studies at the University of Tenne- see. Dietary studies of a students club and a mechanic’s family have recently been made at the University of Tennessee by Prof. Chas. E. Wait, under the auspices of theU. 8. Department of Agriculture. The results are published as Bulletin 29 of the Office of Experiment stations, en titled “Dietary studies of the University of Tennessee in 1895.” The amount of lood consumed and its composition were determined, as well as the ratio of the tissue-forming nutrients to those which more especially yield energy. Prof. O. W. Atwater and Chas. D. Woods, special agents of the department, have Com pared these results with those obtained from investigations In New England and elsewhere. They have shown the points of similarity and difference, and how these results compare with dietary standards commonly accepted by physi ologists. It appears that the students in Tennessee, Missouri and Connecticut eat sufficient food, though there is rather less protein (the tissue-forming nutrient) and rather more carbohydrates and fat (the nutrients which yield energy, but can not form muscular tissue) than the standard calls for. The discrepancy is more marked in Tennessee and Missouri than in Connecticut. The Tennessee and Missouri students eat more poultry and eggs, more fat pork and less beef, mutton and veal than the Connecticut students. Protein is provided in its most available form in meat, milk and other animal foods. The students in the south obtain considerably more of their protein from vegetable sources than the students in Connecticut. In every case over ten per cent of the .pro tein purchased was wasted, the waste being chiefly in the form of animal food. , The results of this study bear out the opinion quite prevalent among students of the subject, namely, that consider ably more fat is consumed In the south than is necessary. A better balanocd dietary could be obtained by using moro of the leaner meats, as beef and mutton more nitrogenous vegetable foods, as beans and peas, and less fat and starchy foods. Attention is called to the great value of the cowpea as a food, and its more general use Is recommended. This work at the University of Teune- see is part of an extended investigation whioh the Department of Agriculture In oarrying on to learn the food habits of people in various seotions of this cous- try. 11 is not the purpose of suoh study to teach people to weigh out a definite number of ounces of food, which shall be divided in three portions, and taken at the proper intervals. The object is rather to teach the uses of food, the value of the several nutrients and their proper combination, and how to make the most of available food resources. The man Is best clothed who selects cloth for its wearing qualities and its appropriatness; as well as for its looks; in the same way a person will be the best nourished who understands the needs of the body and seleots the foods which will supply them. The cost of food is not always the measure of its actual value, and if it is possible to pre pare a palatable, nutrlclous and well- balanced dietary for less money than is now expended for this purpose, food in vestigations will certainly benefit every one who earns his daily bread. This bulletin is forsale as provided by section 07 of the act providing for the publio printing and binding and the disi tribution of public documents, approved. January 12, 1895, by the Superinten dent of documents, Union- Building, Washington, D. O., to whom all appli cations must be addressed, accompan ied by the price five cents,which should be sent by postal money order and not in stamps or ourrency. The Useful Sun Flower. The uses of the sun tllower seem to be many and varied. A paper read by George M. Weber before the Worohester Club of Skippack, Pennsylvania says: The apiarian will find a bonanza in the sun Mower, which is very rich in honey, and as the plant is almost proof against drouth, the bees will find it a harvest when other Mowers are yielding no honey. The honey so gathered is of excellent quality. The paper furthur said, one of the most valuable properties of this flower is its use as feed for stook, especially lor milch cows. It was found on feeding the seed ground with oats, that It increased the How of milk and raised the percentage of butter quite materially, sufficiently so to warrant the farmer in raising it for feed. The sun Mower has perhaps been best and longest known as a valuable food for poultry, by many regarded as the great est egg producer known. The seed is relished by the fowls and it is conduc ive to their health. An important fea ture of the sun (lower crop is the large amount of seed produced from small acreage. Thirty bushels of seed were raised from one-third of an acre, the ground was not manured, and thisin the dry summer of 1895. Mr. Weber thinks from this showing, that under favorable conditions on manured land, from 100 to 150 bushels to the acre might be raised. In Minnesota, where timber is very scarce and coal very high in price, the sun Mower is raised for fuel; it is said one acre in flowers will furnish a year’s supply in fuel for a family, the heads, the seeds and the stalks all being used. How to Hang Pictures. In hanging a pair of panels, always give them a position where they may be seen side by side, and still not be too close together; such as on either side of the mantel or cabinet and on exactly the same line. Portraits should always be hung by themselves, with no other pictures in very close proximity. If there are many portraits it is best to dedicate an entire room, such an the dining-room, or the walls of an old- fashioned long hall, to their use. They can then be gronped effectively wiihont having to consider space. A match pair of portraits must always hang either side by side or in an agreeably opposite position ; a lady’s picture on the left of a gentleman’s. "The left arm for support, the right for defense,is carried into effect even in the hanging ol pictures. And now a word about framing. Nothing but a gilt frame ever goes on any oil paint ing, except in pictures of game and fruit for the dining-room, when they may be effect ively framed in solid oak to mulch the fur niture; but in selecting frames always pul ol the pnintings into gilt, nnd, it may be mentioned just here, that the plain molding is coming back into style again, after such ornamental designs of the last few years. For engravings, the frames of antique oak and silver are suitablo settings for the sober colors, while for the light water colors and pastels nothing is so dainty as white nnd gold. in hanging pictures ol any kind, he sure and tilt them forward at the proper angle for the falling of the light; when they are hung too'flat against the wall, tho light falls too full, and when tilted forward too much, it (alls too scant—either extreme spoiling the best effects. Growing Pole Lima Beans- The lima bean as now raised may be divided into dwarf, bush and pole sorts, but dwarf and bush sorts originated in part from the pole lima. In lima bean production California leads the world, the output being 17,500 tons in 1893 and 12,200 in 1895. In the east lima beans are much raised in Now Jersey. Tho natural homo of the lima bean is in warm countries and they require a long season to mature. In the north the sea son should be shorten by tho selection of earlier varieties and of soil, and giv ing more attention to cultivation. Bight quick soils are best. Soil naturally sandy and loose but enriched with ma nure in previous years, is excellent, especially if they have a warm exposure. The soil should also be dry. Coarse, raw manure should be avoided as it tends to make to rank and late a growth, if fertilizer is applied the year in which beans are planted, it should be such as will become availabe very quickly and tend to hasten maturity of crop. Con centrated fertilizers, those especially rich in potash and phosphoric acid and with a low per cent of nitrogen, are best suited. Plant an inch deep in hills three feet apart and the rows about four feet apart, dropping seven or eight beans in each hill. When well up and danger from bad weather and cutworms IS past pull out all but thred or four. Poles should not be over six feet high as on longer pblfes the vines'U'fii too high"nnd grow too late. Clipping back the vines is unnecessary when strong fertilizers are withheld. The California practioe of bean growing varies ireatly in that the crop is not infrequently raised from planting to harvesting wlthouta shower. Maohine planters plant, two to four rows at a time, forty inches apart. Instead of setting poles, the plants grow oyer and completely cover the ground. The plants are cut in late September just be low the surface of the ground, are forked into piles and allowed to dry a fort night. A piece of ground sixty to eighty feet is hardened and two or three big wagon loads are placed In.a ring. Horses attached to light wagons are driven over them, the beans threshed The process of thrashing by large steam machines which clean up from fifty to seventy-five acres of beans per day, has more recently been adopted by most of the large growers in the west. Such machinery has been on the market but a few seasons, and is therefore quite ex pensive. While all consumers welcome cheap methods of production, the aver age farmer should continue to plans a good-sized family garden. — American Agriculturist, A Novel Greenhouse- The latest novelty in greenhouses is a perambulating forcing glass house, which may be moved about ut will. The greenhouse is the counterpart of the old- tashloned, or rather present form of structure, with the difference that it rests on wheels, which run along a regular track. It Is similarly equipped with heating apparatus, including an engine and boiler. The striking feat ure is that this entire outfit is complete in itself, and may be moved about bod ily. This novel construction makes it pos sible for a series of different crops to be covered at the successive periods. It often happens that several kinds of crops could be grown together were it possible to protect one kind of vegetation at one time of the year and another at a differ ent period. This has long been a serious problem among florists and horticultur ists. The movable forcing-house is a very simple solution of this difficulty. It may he used to force one crop, and when this work has been accomplished it may be used to ripen some other. This glass house may be built on any scale. The sides rest upon two tracks, which resemble ordinary railroad tracks, except that they are very much farther apart. These may be extended for any distance. The crops or plants which are to be protected by the glass house are planted in the ground between the rails. A »pot I know where n wild rose grew, Amt In the mornlug'a hush. Ere thirsty Day drnnk up Its dew I (OHBted on Its blush. My lovlug lips, the rosebud's tips Gave warm and loud caresses ~ And Iroely as the wild bee s'ps its sweets, nnd onward pretBses. lint ab, one day thoro passed that way, A plowboy on his roan. And ere I thought to cry him nay .My pretty rose was gone. —Johnstone Murray in Womankind, Flowers in the Soilly Islands. “How many flowers this morning?” “Twenty tons.” This seems a large or der for out flowers; but it represents the quantity sent off by one steamer during the season from the Isles of Soilly. At the busiest time this will be repeated three limes a week for weeks In suc cession, and occasionally thirty tons have bAn sent at one time. The ques tion «1 was the first exporter from Sollly'^BlGovent Garden is difficult to answeSltlsfaotorily, but the trade has assun^wfiroportlons which Its originator could JEt have dreamed of. When he looked-iound his garden and picked a few .handfuls of flowers with tho inten tion of Bending them to market, as an ex- perimflU he little thought that within twentSyears the flower trade would be the m$st- prosperous trade which had ever bften known in Soilly. Noygfovery farmer Is a grower of floweqi‘(wHioh as a rule moans narcissi and dvP>d 11b) on a large soalc, and al most every Individual householder, if he can gel a garden, Is one. I say, If he oan get a garden, for in Soilfy every available pleoe of ground is used as a garden, and If from any oftuso One Is given up, a number of would-beJ-jsnants apply to the lord pro- prietor«>r|jl,. Sometimes a piece of farm Bslfy be divided up into gardens, and those' who are fortunate enough to get a portion immediately set to work and pjBnt hedges of veronica, esoallonia, or euoijymus, or put up wooden fences at statejiidisUnces apart,to make shelter for tllqAowers whioh are to come. In Soliiy It would be hopeless for any ono to Ifyink of growing (lowers unless h(Wfad ilrfit provided shelter for them, for every wind sweeps the islands, and protection from storms is absolutely necessary. On the other hand (and this no doubt is the secret of tho success with whioh the flowers are grown there), the equa bility of the temperature is remarkable, severe frost being almost unknown. The flower gardens divided into these squares by the hedges have a quaint and pleasing appearance. As a rule each square-patch is devoted to one va riety of flower, though most of the lar ger growers have many squares ot eaoh sort, especially of the older kinds, suoh as Soilly white, solell d’.or, ornatus, etc. Tho flower season begins about Christ mas when a few small consignments find their way into tho markets, and are usually sold at good prices, especially If the French flowers have not yet made an appearance. From this time up to the end of May (lowers in larger or smaller quantities are sent by every steamer, the busiest time being as a rule during March and April. Besides the narcissi and daffodils,mar guerites, gladioli, arum lilies, the soar- let anemone “Fulgeus,” white single stocks, and wallflowers are grown in large quantities. The white and yellow marguerite bushes attain dimensions which would astonish people who grow them in pots under glass.—New Eng land FlorlBt. An Old Fashioned Pillar Rose- No rose of my acquaintance is more suitable for this purpose than the old acquaintance our grandmothers called the Cabbage rose. I do not know by what name it is designated in the cata logues, but it is very hardy, very double and sweet, and in June Is loaded with beautiful pink blossoms. If the ground is rich it will make a surprising amount of growth in one season, and there will be no fear of winter killing unless it be the tender tips of the stems that were not thoroughly ripened when Jack Frost made his appearance. We dug holes on each side of our little front gate, fully two feet deep and about that square, and filled eighteen inohes of the bottom with rich dirt from behind the barn—not manure, but so full of the soakings from the barnyard that It was black, and the smell was so unpleasant we were glad to dump six Inches of garden soil on top by way of an ex tinguisher. In this top soil the roses were planted, and securely fastened to a post that had been put in the hole be fore it was filled, to make sure It would be firm. You see we are all women j gardeners at our house, and although I we could fill In around a post, we could not drive it In as a man would, or so we would feel no fear of the first wind top pling It over. Te first year we just let the roses grow, only keeping them tied up so they were obliged to grow straight and upright. It was fun to feed them dishwater, wood- ashes and chamber slops occasionally, for they repaid It four-fold In growth. The next spring we found they had win ter-killed a little at the top, and the outtlng baok thus rendered necessary lnduoed a great many branches to start, whioh were kept cut back to (he rounded form we wanted, while alt the top branches that would grow upright were enoouraged to do their best. In this way two or three years Buflloed to grow pillar roses that were beautiful all sum mer—columns about six feet high of thrifty green, and as well shaped as though made of something that did not grow, while in June—well, just come and see them.—Florence Holmes, in Mayflower. New Points About Pans Green- Paris green of standard quality con tains about 54 per oentof arsenlousaold, ol whioh 4 per oent 1b Boluble In cold water and 8 to 9 per oent in boiling water. A “new prooess" parls green now on the market, according to the Massachusetts experiment station is not parls green at all, but a combination of lime and arsenious acid with a small amount of oopper oxide. It contains from 58 to 03 per cent of arsenious add. About the same quantity of its arsenious acid is soluble in cold water as in stand ard paris green, but in boiling water from 15 to 20 per cent is soluble, or more than twice as much as in true parts green. It is suggested that the injury done to foliage by paris green may be caused by putting this substance into heated lime mixtures, te the heat gene rated by the chemical aotton in mixing the two, or to the heat developed by the sun on globules of water standing on the leaves. If this is true, parls green should never be put into liquids until the latter are thoroughly cooled, and especially is this true of the new prooess paris green. It is well known that by adding milk of lime to the water oontalning paris green, or by using the latter with bordeaux mixture, muoh more of the poison c&r^ be sprayed without Injury to foliage that, if paris green alone is used In the water. One gallon of the milk of lime to ten gal lons of the water oontalning paris green as ordinarily used (one pound to 150 to 200 gallons of water) will be sufficient. As Prof. Maynard truly says, “The use of the bordeaux mixture has become a necessity to proteot most of our crops from fungous pests, and as the lime In this mixture has the same effect as the milk of lime, we urge their combined use, thus reducing tho cost for the de struction of eaoh pest to theminimum.” —American Agriculturist. Eleotrioity in Agriculture- If theplansof certain electrooulturists go through the sun will soon be a back number as far as farming and gardening are concerned and old Sol oan hie him self to a big shelf and lay himself there on and retire from business without be ing missed. Moreover, poets who have a fanoy for telling the world In rhyme about tender blossoms peeping out in the glad sunshine will have to study up in eleotrioity to be in a position to com pose thoroughly up-to-date poemleta. An eleotroculturist is a man who grows things by the aid of electric light. He makes the light do duty as sunlight, and as all varieties of plants do twice aB muoh growing in the daytime oompared with the night, when they are supposed to go to sleep, he keeps them awake by turning on the electric light after sun down and forces them to keep on grow ing every hour of the twenty-four. Many people have erroneously thought that it was necessary to the good health of a plant for it to sleep at night. The eleotroculturist B&ys this is ail bosh. Plants he claims, do not sleep, rest, recuperate or do anything of that kind at night. They simply waste away the time. They might just as well keep on growing at night as in the daytime, he argues, and moreover they accomplish just as muoh in less than one-hall the time. INVIGORATES THE HOOTS. Not only does the eleotrioity give them a kind of make believe sunshine, but it also allows of reintroduotlon ol a cur rent in the soil surrounding the plants, invigorating the roots and forcing them to grow to an unusual s’ze. The use of the electrio current in this way has, when discreetly applied, the same effect upon plants that it has upon the human body when the latter is afflicted with certain forms ol disease. In the oase of paralytios electricity is applied beoause it stimulates the nerves and muscles In muoh the same way that natural exer cise does. In cases where eleotrioity has been ap plied to the soil, great oare has been taken In the regulation of the current. Electricity is a mighty peculiar thing, and its relation to vegetable ifo has been found to be quite similar to its ef fects upon the human body. For in stance, a strong current of eleotrioity has been used successfully for the re moval of superfluous hair, while a mild current has been used efficaciously for the restoration of hair upon bald heads. In its use with vegetable life a strong ourrent has been found to be deadly. It kills the roots, or so stunts the growth of the plants as to render them next to useless. On the other hand, a mild our rent has beon found to be most stlmu lating. The use of eleotrioity upon all kinds of vegetable life can be said to have passed the experimental stage, although the first experiment was made at a com paratively recent date. In manysections of the country scientists Interested in all the phases of agriculture and horti culture are now oonduotlng experiments, some In one way and some In others,but all with the use of electricity. Alrendy a New Jersey farmer has taken advantage of these scientific dis coveries and expeots soon to be In a position to raise eight or ten or a dozen orops a year and compete actively with the growers of the far south who flood the northern markets with early fruits and vegetables. The Toms River Hows through part of his farm, and he dam med the water for the purpose of giving power to a small eiectrio plant built on the side of the stream. This farmer soon had enough eleotric- lty to supply a good size country town, but unfortunately nothing of the kind was near. He imported several electric plows from Vienna, each one capable of cutting six furrows at a time,and mators were rigged up to them so that they would turn over the surface soil at a very little expense. Ground wires and overhead wires ramify in all directions,oonneoting every part of the 100 aores, while movable cables make the work doubly easy. The rakes and harrows, mowing maohlnes and reapers are all worked by electric motors, whioh derive their eleotrlcty either from the wires .or the movable cable*. Fertilizers are spread over the farm my n^yins of motor farm wagons. The fertilizer is passed from the wagon to a thick coarse screen underneath which constantly shakes and shifts it evenly over the ground. The most interesting part of the Jersey farmer’s work is the application of elec tricity to stimulate the growing plants. Novel as the farm machines may seem, they are nothing compared to the deli cate system of hastening, the growth of fruits and vegetables. In the winter time the enormous greenhouse on the farm was kept bright night and day by powerful arc lights that could be seen miles away aoross the open country. The electricity is applied to the plants by two distinct methods. The first is through the soil. As far back as 1890 the Frenoh scientist, Cell, demonstrated the value of stimulating the growth of plant seeds by applying eleotrioity to the soil in whioh they were growing. The wires were run around the garden at a depth of about two inohes and a continuous foroe ol elec tricity was applied. Other wires were orossed from these and new circuits formed so that the soli was thoroughly ramified in all directions by the wires. A stcedy application of the ourrent made the plants grow twice as fast as under ordinary circumstances. The regular experimental stations are at'Amherst,Maes,under the direction of Professor C. D. Warner; at Ithaoa, N. Y. under the direction of Professor Bailey and in West Virginia under the direct ion of Professor F. W. Rane. All three of these scientists cultivate two beds of vegetables, one bed being worked under natural conditions. In each oase the plants in the electrical bed developed sooner and grew more luxuriantly than those in the natural bed. Professor Warner of Amherst, has confined his experiments to permeating the soil with an electric ourrent, while Ithaca Professor Bailey has labored to produoe a close substitute for sunlight, The ordinary eleotric arc light has many of the qualities of sunlight but the former has more violet rays and fewer orange rays than the latter. Or ange rays are the most valuable to veg etable life and to inorease the number Professor Bailey uses an amber colored globe over the arc light of 2,000 candle power. It has been found that the plants nearest the light grow more rap idly than those further away. Professor Rane uses a number of the ordinary inoandescent lights and he finds that the stronger he makes the oandle power the more the plants thrive. —Exohange.