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How the Farmer in tlie Arid Region Utilizes Wind-Power to Irrigate His Land, and to Supply His Home With Water- Western Windmills Are the Queerest, Most Interest ing and Host Useful in the World. idy Waldon Knwcett. ARIOUS and mf iny stories Y|V*__ jjt have l)eeii wrlt \aV Ml-%. ten about the pieturesqueness of the windmills iu llolland - iiiit unfamed by a * song and story, and almost wholly unknown to the world at large, are the strange, wind propelled machines of our Western States. Yet the Western windmills are infi nitely quainter and more interesting CATTLE AXt- oStelk=x-. _ 3 L jj . w than any erected since the days of Don Quixote. They are among the greatest curiosities of the continent. The chief use of these ingenious structures is to furnish an adequate supply of water to farms. More than one-third of the area of the States is, or was originally, arid land, and is (habitable for man and beast only when subjected to the magical influ ence of irrigation—hence the windmills. The windmill in the Great Plains’ re gion of the West, is as distinctive a A SIMPLE TURBINE WINDMILL. A GIANT TURBINE. Bign of progress as is the railway loco motive. Throughout almost the entire terri tory between the Mississippi and the (Pacific coast the supply of Avater is so scanty that it is impossible to store it In reservoirs, or to make elaborate waterworks. A small amount"of water is available almost everywhere—and it is due to the successful experiments of the Uni ted States Government In utilizing the ever-present force of the wind that windmills dot this region as thickly as farmhouses. Government experts estimate that throughout at least one-fourth of the States windmills must ever be insepar ably connected with the development of the country. The windmill was popular in this [Western country as a means to raise water for domestic use long before it was used to irrigate the land. Giant A TWO-FAN WINDMILL. windmills have enabled farmers on the plains to introduce town luxuries into their homes, hot and cold water baths, lawn sprinklers and systems of fire protection. The windmills feed a steady stream of cold water through tlii rrilu. house to the stock trough. Cool water is allowed to play around the milk-cans, for it has been found that it will cause a greater percentage of cream to rise to the surface than would otherwise be the case—natur ally a matter of considerable impor tance, as the butter products of this territory amount to many millions of dollars annually. In many progressive towns and vil lages in the West the windmill has to tally displaced the town pump, and wind-propelled machinery and large storage tanks now supply all the water required by the public. In order to insure sufficient pressure to throw the water above the house tops the tanks are placed on high ground or on high towers. The newest use of the windmill, however, is the most important—its use in irrigation. The home-made windmill is having an appreciable effect on population. There are many regions where good grazing may be found and where great herds of cattle may be fed free of cost, summer and winter alike. If the cat tle-mcn and their families are to live here, however, they must have at least a fertile acre for their own uses—this the whirling mill now makes possible. There are almost as many different types as there are mills. Many are home-made, though manufacturers de sign types to meet all possible require ments. But often the farmer and his sons prefer to build their own mills in unemployed hours. Almost, any material that comes to hand will serve the purpose—odds and ends of hardware, old wire, bolts, nails and poles—even neglected mowing ma chines, reapers, planters or old bug gies and wagons. There are “go-devil” or “jumbo” mills, “merry-go-rounds,” and “tur bines,” each class represented by in numerable types. Jumbo windmills are like paddle A LAftGt ' 4 -+ \ •■ / /v' ,/ - <7/i Sf-1 - watermills. The larger kinds are placed on the ground—baby jumbos are put up on high towers. The cost averages about $4, and some develop as much as two-horse power. A boy in Nebraska built a baby jum bo which numps ten gallons of water a minute, supplying the needs of a large boarding house. The merry-go-round pattern mills may be made in any size, with unlim ited power—may attain a diameter of twenty-four feet and pump an eight inch stream of water. Their fans re volve about a vertical axis, and look not unlike the showman's merry-go round. The turbine class includes “battle axe” and “Holland mills.” The dis tinguishing feature of the battle-axe mill is a tower supporting a horizontal axis and crank, to which are attached arms with fan-like blades at their ex tremities. A fair-sized Holland mill will grind 300 bushels of grain in a day. Among these Western windmills I many are extremely primitive. THE WEEKLY NEWS, CARTERSVILLE, GA. One ingenious farmer, for instance, bolted the axle of an old wagon, with hub and wheel intact, to the beams on the side of a barn, and nailed fans to the spokes, thus making a mill that served its purpose admirably. But the commonest types are those with a set turbine and many fans— they are inseparable features of every landscape out West. In any town thirty or forty may be counted; in the country twenty or thirty mills are of ten in vibw at one time. And still the development of the windmill goes on. In some places the energy generated is transmitted long distances, from field to field and over hills. During the windy hours of the day the surplus energy of the wind is bot tled—that is to say, the windmill com presses the air into stout iron cylin ders, from which it may be drawn off when desired. The windmill enthusiasts of the West are poiutng to the fact that in many countries old and advanced in the aris the use of the windmill is un known, water is raised by hand, grain is ground by horse power, water power or hand, machinery is driven in much the same way, while the wind, with all its potential energy, is neglected. In this matter of windmills the pro gressive Western States lead the world. —Pearson’s Magazine. THE EMPEROR’S ROBE. Recently Brouelit to San Francisco by a Returned Soldier. One of the royal robes of the Em peror of China is in the possession of Lieutenant Charles Kilburn, cf the Fourteenth Infantry, who ‘s home on sick leave, says the San Francisco Ex aminer. The garment was brought from Pekin, but its value was not BEliOo*-t> TO KWANQ SU. known until a few days ago, when it was examined by some Chinese scholars, who recognized prominently among the figures of the embroidery the five-toed dragon and the seal of Emperor Kwang Su. As no one but persons of royalty are permitted to adore their garments with such figures of the dragon and only tue Emperor can decorate his clothing with his seal, there is little doubt as to whom the garment belonged before the Box ers began their revolt. The robe was given to Lieutenant Kilburn as he wms leaving Pekin by one of the soldiers of his regiment. With many other articles it had been saved by the troops from a burning building that had been fired by a band of Chinese, who during the excitement of the entrance of the allied forces into the city had raided, pillaged and burned many of the houses of the rich Chinese, who had lied at the ap proach of the soldiers. The robe is magnificently embroid ered. It is arranged with many pleats, and the figures are so designed that with the pleats opened or closed the design is continuous and complete. Camp-Fire Utensil Holder. It is so easy to tip over the coffee pot or to spill the contents of the other cooking utensils when placed on the ordinary camp-fire that the utility of the device shown herewith will im mediately become apparent, and, as it also has cheapness and small bulk to recommend it, there is little doubt that it will form a part of many a camping outfit the coming season. The holder comprises a metal tube, a length of gas pipe answering the purpose nicely, and a series of brackets, with straight, narrow shanks, which can be inserted in the oblong openings cut in the tube for this purpose. The stake is driven firmly into the ground in the place selected- for the fire, and, after the brackets are once in place, the wood can be laid up around the stake and the fire lighted. A sufficient num ber of slots is provided to allow the placing of brackets so as to utilize nearly all of the heating surface pre sented by the blaze, and after the £W: COFFEE POT AND KETTLE SUPPORT. cooking is finished the food can be moved to the upper brackets to keep warm until wanted. The patent on this utensil has beeu granted to ChuiAis L. LuniL TO GREAT AMERICANS Mcchly Discussed Hall of Fame Is Dedicated at New York. HONOR TABLETS ARE UNVEILED Senator Depew Was Orator of the Day—Hall is Intended to Be American West minister. The Hall of Fame at New York uni versity was dedicated Thursday. The ceremonies at the dedication were opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. N. Hillis. Senator Chauncey M. De pew delivered the oration. Following the oration, Chancellor MacCracken, of the New York univer sity, in an address, made formal de claration of the opening of the hall. The tablets were then unveiled by representatives of various societies, schools and families in the following order: Washington tablet, by the Society of Cincinnati. Lincoln tablet, by the Military Or der of Loyal Legion. Webster tablet, by the Daughters if the American Revolution. Franklin tablet, by the Colonial Dames. Jefferson tablet, by the Sons of the American Revolution. Clay tablet, by the Daughters of the Revolution. Adams tablet, by Sons of the Revo lution. Grant tablet, by the Grand Army of the Republic. Farragut tablet, by the National As sociation of Naval Veterans. Lee tablet, by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, represented by Mrs. Edwin G. Weed, Miss M. F. Meares, Mrs. W. W. Reade and Mrs. Parker. Marshall tablet, by the American Bar Association. Kent tablet, by the Bar Association of New York. Storey tablet, by the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Peabody tablet, by the Peabody ed ucation fund. Cooper tablet, by Edward Cooper, Abram S. Hewitt and R. F. Cutting. Stuart tablet, by the National Acad emy of Design. Fulton tablet, by the American so ciety of Civil Engineers. Morse tablet, by the American In stitute of Electrical Engineers. Whitney tablet, by the American So ciety of Mechanical Engineers. Audubon tablet, by the American Society of Naturalists. Gray tablet, by the Botanical Socie ty of America. Edwards tablet, by the Society of Christian Endeavor. Mann tablet, by the National Edu cation Association. Channing tablet, by the New Eng land Society. Emerson tablet, by the New York Normal college. Hawthorne tablet, by the Peter Cooper High school. Irving tablet, by the Wadleigh High school. Longfellow tablet, by the Brooklyn Girls’ High school. The idea of the Hall of Fame was conceived by Chancellor MacCracken. to whom it was suggested by the need of a building which would round out the beauty of the university quadran gle. This space the chancellor pro posed to devote to an institution simi lar to Westminster Abbey, the Pan theon in Paris and the “Ruhmes Halle,” Munich. Twenty-nine tablets were decided upon by a plan of selec tion, designed with every regard to fairness, by a jury of eminent Ameri cans. This number of names will be added every five years throughout the twentieth century, when five new tab lets will be unveiled i the hall, pro vided the electors, under the rules, can agree on so many. The dimen sions of the building are as follows: Total exterior length of the colonnade, 504 feet; height, 20 feet; breadth, 16 feet; length of museum, exclusive of entrance corridor, 200 feet; breadth, 40 feet; height 16 feet. CHARGES MORE THAN COAL. Fuel Cost $20,000 and Freight to Ma nila Will Be $60,000. A special from Norfolk, Ya., says: The freight on the $20,000 cargo of coal to be shipped at once by the gov ernment to Manila will be $60,000, or three times the value of the fuel the British steamship Ataka will take to the fleet in the Philippines. Stock Increased Fifty Millions. Stockholders of the American Tele graph and Telephone Company held a special meeting in New York Mon day and voted to increase the capital stock from $100,000,000 to $150,000,000. BOTHA APPEALING FOR PEACE. • London Paper Prints a Doubtful Piece of Information. The London Sun of Saturday pub lished a story to the effect that Gen eral Botha has arrived at Standerton and is communicating by telegraph with Mr. Kruger through the Nether lands government, appealing to Mr. Kruger to sue for peace. Lord Kitch ener is sa : rl to have given Botha per mission to adept this course. CONGRESS NOT NEEDED. Presient Has All Necessary Authority to Deal With Islands With out Extra Session. A Washington special says: The cabinet Tuesday unanimously decided that existing conditions do not war rant the calling of an extra session of congress this summer. Secretary Root and Attorney General Knox both rendered legal opinions to the effect that the authority to govern the Phil ippines vested in the president by the Spooner amendment was ample. These opinions were concurred in by all the members of the cabinet. The decision of the cabinet was announced after the cabinet meeting in the fol lowing statement issued by Secretary Cortelyou: ‘‘The president has determined that existing conditions do not require or warrant calling congress together dur ing the present summer or making any change in the policy hitherto pursued and announced in regard to the Philip pines.” About the first of next month full civil government will be set up in the Philippines exactly as projected by the Philippine commission. As soon after that date as the administration ma chinery can be made ready ior it, the new Philippine tariff will be proclaim ed, thus following out the original plan formed before the announcement of fihe decision of the supreme court last week. These determinations followed careful study of the decisions of the court, the results of which were made known at Tuesday’s cabinet meeting. Secretary Root had had little doubt at any time since the court’s action of the feasibility of continuing the exe cution of the Philippine programme, without violating any of the principles enunciated by the court, and his study was mainly to make sure that he had not overlooked anything in the decis ions that might qualify that belief on his part. He has not found in any of the opinions delivered by the jus tices anything to shake his original idea, and having so advised the cabi net and that view being shared by the attorney general, the original pro gramme is to be carried out. As to the legal status of tne islands, the officials have nothing to say. They do not indicate whether the tenure is to be regarded as one purely military or whether they have found in the de cision warrant for taking the Spooner act as quite sufficient in itself for jus tifying the establishment of a purely civil government in the Philippines by the taxing exhibited in tariff sched ules. The general statement is made that the exercise of autnoritv is „to be by virtue of the power reposed in the president. It may be either a commander in chief of the United States military establishment or by virtue of the special designation in the Spooner law; perhaps either would be sufficient. The collector at San Francisco will go on taking up Dingley duties on im ports from the Philippines, for the cabinet has assured itself that the practice is legal, or, at any rate, they are not bound to otherwise declare in the absence of a decision by the high est judicial authority. The failure of the court to announce a decision in the fourteen diamond rings case, the one involving the legality of the im position of Dingley duties on goods coming from the Philippines, is regard ed as warranting the belief that the court did not find in this case a paral lel to the DeLima case. The report of the Philippine com mission setting out in vast detail the complete scheme of civil government devised by them is now in Washing ton, and the legal difficulty being passed, consideration will not be giv en to this report. It would not be feas ible to notify Judge Taft by mail of his appointment as the first civil gov ernor of the Philippines in time for him to assume office July Ist, so this must be done by cable. BADLY ABUSED BY BURGLARS. Old Couple Are bound. Gagged and Robbed By Midnight Marauders. Nicholas Goetting and wife, an aged | couple living alone near Venice, Ohio, j were bound and gagged, tortured and robbed by burglars Monday night. They were alone in the house and not until nearly neon Tuesday did Mrs. Goetting succeed in freeing herself and give the alarm. The couple were bound for ten hours. FRACAS AT TIEN TSIN. Soldiers of Different Powers Have Bloooy Fight in Chinese City. There was a serious affray at Tien Tsin between international troops. Some British Fusiliers who were act ing as police, sought to prevent French soldiers from house breaking when they were attacked with bayonets and bricks. In the melee a Frenchman was kill ed, while five Germans and one Japan ese were wounded. The arrival of a German officer and a strong guard ended the affray. SOLDIERS HAVE A CLASH. Bloody Fight In 'lion Tsin Among Troops of the Powers. There was a serious affray at Tien Tsin between international troops. Some British Fusiliers who were act ing as police, sought to prevent French soldiers from house breaking when they were attacked with bayonets and bricks. In the melee a Frenchman was kill ed. while five Germans and one Japan ese were wounded. The arrival of a German officer and a strong guard ended the affray. CONSTITUTION RIVEN m So Declares Bryan Anent Insular Decision of Supreme Court. MAKES M’KINLEY AN EMPEROR Nebraskan Asserts that Republic’s Foundation Is Assailed and People Must Settle Issue at the Polls. Taking for his text the words “Em peror McKinley,” William J. Bryan, at Lincoln, Neb., has given out an extend ed statement bearing oa the supreme court decision in the insular cases. Mr. Bryan declares the supreme court has joined hands with the president and congress in an effort to change our form of government, and he calls on the people to repudiate the verdict. Mr. Bryan says in part: “By a vote of 5 to 4 the supreme court has declared President McKinley emperor of Porto Rico and, according to the press dispatches, the emperor has gladly and gratefully accepted the title conferred upon him by the high est judicial tribunal of the land. “Those who were encouraged to be lieve that the constitution has caught up with the flag were doomed to dis appointment. In the Downes case, de cided immediately afterward, a major ity of the court composed of Justices Brown, Gray, White, Shiras and Mc- Kenna, neld that congress could deal with Porto Rico, and the same logic applies to the Philippines, without re gard to the limitations of the consti tution. Chief Justice Fuller and Asso ciate Justices Harlan, Peckham and Brewer dissented in strong and vig orous language, but the opinion of the majority, even a majority of one, stands until it is reversed. “This is one of the most important decisions, if not the most important, rendered by the court; it not only de clares that congress is greater than the constitution, which created it —the creature greater than the creator—but it denies the necessity for a written constitution. The position taken by the court is defended, or rather ex cused, by reasoning which, if followed out, will destroy constitutional liberty of the United States. Every reason given by Justice Brown could be used, with even more force, to support a de cision nullifying all limitations placed by the constitution on congress when dealing with the citizens of the sev eral states. If the Porto Ricans can trust the wisdom and justice of a con gress, which they do not elect and can not remove, why do the people of the United States need a constitution to protect them from congress which they do elect and can remove? The decision, in effect, declares that the people are not the source of power, it defends taxation without represen tation and denies that governments de rive their just powers from the con sent of the governed. “This decision, like the Dred Scott decision, raises a political issue which must be settled by the people. The su preme court has joined with the presi dent and congress in an attempt to change the form of government, but there yet remains an appeal to the people.” ULTIMATUM TO STRIKERS. Southern Officials Order Machinists to Return Or Be Fired. The general order issued to the striking machinists on the Southern railroad was promulgated at Washing ton Saturday by Vice President and General Manager Gannon. It was an ultimatum and announced that if the strikers failed to report for duty at their respective shops at the regular hour on Monday it would be consid ered that they had quit, and they would be paid off and their places filled. Mr. Gannon estimated that the num ber of men out on the whole system aggregated between 500 and 600. He says that the rolling stock of the road is in excellent condition and that the shops could remain closed for thirty days without the least inconvenience. ENTITLED TO PROTECTION. Uncle Sam issues Passports to Mi grating Residents of Philippines, In answer to his application for in structions, Secretary Hay has directed Ambassador Choate at London to issue passports to the two Filipinos who appeared as the embassy a day or two ago, “as residents of the Philippine islands, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States.” The decision upon this point is of importance as having, perhaps, some bearing upon the status of the people of the Philippines, Porto Rico and Guam. A circular of instruction now in formulation, which will be sent out to all United States diplomatic and con sular representatives will direct them to issue not certificates, but genuine American passports to the islanders. FIFTEEN PROBABLY DROWNED. Fleet of Fishing Boats Swamped By Squall Off Charleston Coast. Fifteen men were probably drowned about forty miles out from Charleston Friday. A fleet of fishing boats Svere caught in a squall and three boats are missing with crews aggregating fifteen men. the majority of whom wore colored. These boats, together with the crews, are believed to be lost. _