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THE FBEK I*tESS,
Cartersville, Ga.
IMCOFKSSIONAL CARDS.
li. !. UR AH AM. W. M. OK All AM.
(iItAHAM * OUAHAM,
Altorne ", Solicitor" ami Counselors at
• Law,
CAKTEUSVILLK, GA.
OFKU E in THE (OI BT HOITSE. WILL
uraetiee in all the courts of Bartow county,
the suiK-rior courts of northwestern G*orgift, and
the supreme and Federal courts at Atlanta, Ga.
janll
AOBBM B. Tltli’l’K,
A x r o li K ir. Y -AT- Ii A AV ,
ATLANTA, GA.
So. B Broad Street, up-tair.
Office No. 12 Grant Building.
. .till l’K A< TILE IN ALL THE COURTS.
\V Business receives prompt attention. Cos
A lisas a sism ialty. I will attend the superior
'? U i county. Ga., and in connection
w°i'th Mr Vl M. Neel, Will ttnisli the unfinished
with Mr.• * 2 Keel and will also attend
SrSJS* 83Bru .i -i*.
M. BEQt AIIO lIKOtVXb, M.U.,
Late of the firm of Irs. Browne A lahinael, Ml.
Olivet, Ky.]
ppy tlclaa, Barf eon, Ohstetrleian and (Jyncecologlst,
Gaasville, Georgia.
V B.—Special attention given to Surgery in
| its bracfiST. o< thß2-tf
sit i.i r.v ii i t WAY,
>e < ) it N K Y -AT - LA AV\
U r,LL i*ka< tick in all the counts
\LroSS? I "wSrsr- *.. ***
Block. .
(i Ut< ■ E H. JOHNSON,
A rT < > li N K Y -A.T- Is A w ,
caiueusville, ga.
i \KKI< K, West Side, Public Square.
\ ) la- Will practice in all the Courts.
K. W. MUBPHKY,
A. 1' T < > li N F< Y - A. T - C A AV ,
CARTKItSVILLE, GA.
>FFB E (up-stairs) in the brick building, cor
of Main A Erwin streets. jui> ML
JNt>. U. F. LUMPKIN,
X T T ORNEY-AT-LAW,
ROME. GA.
/ I<>ELECTIONS A SPECIALTY. OF HCfc
Vy m rear of Pnntup, Bros. & Cos. * Lank.
T. W. HiInKK. J. W. HARRIS, JR.
MILNER * HARRIS,
A TO EiN K YS-A T-I* AW ,
CARTKItSVILLE, GA.
< ilee on Went Main Street. j ul > IB
JOHN 11. WIKI.K. W c.I.ASS WIKI.K.
WIKLK A WIK LIS,
ATT<> HN K Y H-A M’-Ij AW ,
CAKTEKBVILLE, GA.
()ffieo in court house. Houglas Wikle will give
•penal atUuitiou to eollectious. tens 4
J.M.NKKI.. J.J.CONNKK. W.J. NKKI..
NKF.L, CONNER A NEEL,
A T i O Ii INT It'. YS-A T- I, A\V ,
( VKTKRSVILLE, GA.
Ur ILL PRACTICE IN ALL THE COURTS
of this state. Litigated cases made a
pectalty. Prompt attention given to all business
entrusted to us.
Office in northeast corner of courthouse, fetw
X. L. JOHNSON,
AT r r Oli ]NT KY - AT- 1j .A. W
CARTERSVILLE, GKORGIA.
Office in the brick house next to Roberts’
.very stables. Hours from B>£ a. in. to 4>{ p. m.
All business poomptly attended to.
apr29
ALBIOUT S. JOHNSON,
A T T (> li NT K. Y-AT-LAW,
CARTKItSVILLE, GA.
OFFICE : WEST SIDE PUBLIC SQUARE.
Will practice in all the Courts. Business
will receive prompt attention.
THAI ELI]ItS’ GUIDE.
GADSDEN and BED LINS STEAM
ERS—U. S. MAIL.
STEAMER SIDNEY P. SMITH,
(Bon. H. Elliott. Master; F. G. Smith, Clerk.)
Lcove Home every Tuesday and Friday. 8a in
Arrive Gadsden Wednesday and Saturday. a m
Leave Gadsden Wednesday and Saturday. 8 a m
Arrive at Rome Thursday and Sunday 7 p m
W ill go through to Groenspoit, Ala., every
Friday night. Returning, leave Greeusport ev
ery Saturday morning.
STEAMER GADSDEN.
K. M. Coulter, Master F. A. Mills, Clerk.
Leave Rome Mondays and Thursdays 11 a m
Arrive Gadsden Tuesdays and Fridays 2 a in
Leave Gadsden Tuesdays mid Fridays D a ui
Arrive at Wednesdays and Saturdays . 7 p in
office So. 27 Broad street, up-stairs over the
Cetton Exchange. 'Telephonic connection.
.). M. ELLIOTT, Jr., (ion. Man’gr.,
Gadsden, Ala.
W.T. SMITH. Gen’l Agent,
Uonic, Ga.
CHEROKEE RAILROAD.
On and after Monday, May 22, I*B2, the trains
• U this Road will mu daily as follows (Sunday
excepted):
PASSENGER TRAIN.—MORNING.
Leave t arUTSville 9:15 am
Arrive at Stilesboro 9:51 a m
Arrive at Taylorsville 10:12 am
Arrive at Rockmart 10:51am
Anrive at Cedartowu 11:50am
RETURNING.
Leave Cedartowu • 1:05 pm
Arrive at Rockmart 2:53 pm
Arrive at Taylorsville 3:33 p m
Arrive at Stilesboro s:slpm
Arrive atOartersville 4:25 p in
PASSENGER TRAIN.—EVENING.
Leave Cartersville 4:30 pm
Arrive at Stilesboro 5:04 p m
Arrive at Taylorsville . . . . * . 5:22 p m
Arrive at Rockmart 6:00 p m
Arrive at Cedartowu 7:00 p m
RETURNING.
Leave Cedartowu
Arrive at Rockmart 6:31 a m
Arrive at Taylorsville 7:04 am
Arrive at Stilesboro 7:18 am
Arrive at Cartersville 7:45 a m
HOME RAILROAD.
The following is tho present passenger sched
ule:
no. 1.
Leave Rome 6:10 a m
Arrive at Kingston 8:55 a m
no. 3.
Leave Kingston 9:20 a ui
Arrive at Rome 10:25 a m
NO. 8.
Leave Rome 4:15 p ni
Arrive at Kingston 5:30 pin
no. 4.
I-eave Kingston 5:55 pm
Arrive at Rome ......... 6:50 pm
NO. 5.
Leave Rome 8:00 aiu
Arrive at Kingston 9:ooam
NO. 6.
Leave Kingston 9:20 am
Arrive at Rome . . 10:10 a m
Nos. 1,2, 3 and 4 will run daily except Sun
days.
Nos. 5 and 6 will run Sundays only.
No. 1 will not stop at the junction. Makes
close connection at Kingston for Atlanta and
Chattanooga.
No. 2 makes connection at Rome with E. TANARUS.,
Va. A Ga. R. It., for poiuts south.
EBEN HILLY Elt, President.
J. A. Smith, G. P. Agent.
WESTERN AND ATLANTIC K. R.
The following is the present passenger sched
ule:
NIGHT PASSENGER— cr.
Leave Atlanta 2:40 pm
Leave Cartersville 4:Bopm
Leave Kingston 4:55 pm
Leave Dalton 6:34 p m
Arrive at Chattanooga 8:o0pm
NIGHT PASSENGER—DOWN.
Leave Chattanooga 2:55 pm
Leave Dalton 4:32 pm
Leave Kingston 6:03 p m
Leave Cartersville 6:32 pm
Arrive at Atlanta 8:40 pm
DAY PASSENGER—TP.
Leave Atlanta 7:00 a m
I.eave Cartersville 8:55 am
Leave Kingston 9:2lam
Leave Dalton 10:55 a m
Arrive at Chattanooga 12:30 a m
DAY PASSENGER—DOWN.
Leave Chattanooga . 8:00 a m
Leave Dalton 9:46 am
Leave Kingston 11:15 am
Leave Cartersville 11:42 am
Arrive at Atlanta 1:40 p m
„ ROME EXPRESS
Leave Atlanta 4:30 pm
Arrive at Cartersville ...... 6:3lpm
Arrive at Kingston 7:oopiu
Leave Kingston 8:06 am
Arrive at Cartersville 8:32 am
Arrive at Atlanta 10:37 am
VOLUME V.
GOV. STEPHENS' ADDRESS.
Full Text of the Oration Delivered at
the Sesqul-Centennial in Savannah.
In the sesqui-ceuteniilal exercises at the
Savannah theater, 12th insf., Gov. Ste
phens was introduced to the audience
ami delivered the following address:
Georgian*, Unlit*, Gentlemen and Fellow
cilizens of sinter Stales, icho honor these
ceremonies by your presence, a cordial
welcome is extended:
It needs no public announcement that
this is no ordinary occasion. These dis
plays, these processions, this out-pouring
of the {>eople in your streets, civic and
military, these flags, banners and mili
tary array coming from the mountains to
the seaboard, this grand pageant of sym
bolical representations, al! these sur
roundings deeply' impress upon the
minds of the old as well as the young,
the profound truth that something of an
unusual character has called the assem
blage of this vast multitude. It is in
commemoration of the anniversary of
Georgia’s natal day. In the lives of
states, commonwealths and nations, as in
the lives of individuals, there are impor
tant epochs, which from time immemo
rial have Wen kept lu memory and per
petuated by proper demonstrations.
These epochs in states and nat ions usual
ly come along in centuries and half cen
turies. One century and a half century
ago on this day, tlie 12th of February,
1733, ttie first settlement of the colony of
Georgia, which has since become one of
the great states of the federal union,
wluch now stands among the foremost
in the nations of tlie earth, was planted
on the blufl near which we are now as
sembled. We, therefore, on this occa
sion celebrate the day of the anniversary
of the day of their landing, as the de
scendants of the pilgriims of Massachu
setts celebrate the landing of their fore
fathers on Plymouth Hock, December
22d, 1(520
Our object on this occasion is to cele
brate and to honor, not only the founders
of the colony, but the principles upon
which our institutions were based. When
Pericles delivered his grand historic fu
neral oration over the Athenians, who
had fallen in the first year of the Pelo
pouesian war, he dwelt mainly upon the
institutions of Athens, civil and mili
tary, for the maintenance of w hich these
patriots had ottered up their lives upon
the altar of their country, and to show to
their survivors and to the world that the
cause in which they had fallen was wor
thy of the sacriliees made.
We might on this occasion compare the
institutions which our forefathers framed
and reared with those of Athens, with a
perfect confidence that in all that en
nobled mankind, and secures the highest
order of civilization, ours would suffer
nothing by the comparison. Time does
not allow even if my strength permitted
me to indulge in this comparison. Suf
fice it to say that we do honor to our
selves, in honoring the memories of our
forefathers. Well may Massachusetts
honor the name of Winthrop—New
Hampshire her Mason and George—Con
necticut her Davenport—Maryland her
Lord Baltimore, her founder and the
pioneer of religious freedom—Rhode
Island her Roger Williams, who planted
his little colony upot principles of
libeity in matter, of worship—Pennsyl
vania her renowned founder Wm.Penn,-
Virginia of her Martin Frobisher and her
romantic and renowned James Smith —
North Carolina of her Raleigh, whose
name will go down to posterity with im
perishable fame. But we of Georgia,
without disparagement to the founders
of the other colonies of the Union, claim
that none.stand higher deservedly in the
roll of sublunary immortality than those
who planned, founded, nurtured and
reared the colony of Georgia, the young
est of the sisterhood, the leader and pro
jector of which was James Oglethorpe.
Cicero said; “Xeque enim est ulla res, in
qua propius ad Deornm numen virtus acce
dai humana, quam civitatus aut condere
novas aut conservare jam conditas ” —“For
there is nothing in human virtue which more
nearly approaches Divine power tftc.n in
preserving those already founded .” This
is true of Moses, of Solon,of Lycurgus, in
ancient days, as well as Baltimore, Ro
ger Williams, Penn, and our own Ogle
thorpe. Without an / disparagement to
other founders of colonies on titis conti
nent,we may justly claim that Oglethorpe
in all that constitutes the great warrior,
eivillian and statesman stands head and
shoulders above them all. His colony
was founded upon principles very differ
ent from those founded by others.
In speaking of the colony formed by
Oglethorpe, it has been well said byßish
op Stevens,one of Georgia’s ablest histor
ians, that “it was tlie first colony ever
founded by charity”. New England had
been settled by Puritans, who tied thither
for conscience sake; New York by a
company of merchants and adventurers,
in search of gain; Maryland by Papists
retiring from Protestant intolerance;
Virginia by ambitious cavaliers; Caroli
na by the scheming and visionary Shafts
btiry and others, lor private aims and in
dividual aggradisement, but Georgia was
planted by the hand of benevolence and
reared into being by" the adventurous
nurturing of disinterested charity.
This is strictly true. The founding of
Georgia was prompted mainly by benev
olence and humanity, and the principles
on which it was founded has no parallel
in the history of the world.
Just here it may Dot be out of place to
call special attention to some of the fea
tures of the first organic law which may
be regarded the Magna Charta of Georgia,
for from it have sprung all those achieve
ments ot which we may justly feel so
much pride. This charter was, be it re
membered, granted by George the 11., of
England on the 9th day of June, 1732.
Its provisions, however, emanated from
our great founders himself, and were in
spired by him from beginning to end.
The lirst section of that charter, whLdi
ought to be thoroughly impressed upon
the minds of all Georgians, young as well
as old, is in these words:
“Whereas, we are credibly informed
that many of our subjects are, through
misfortunes and want of employment,
reduced to great necessity, inasmuch as
by their labor they are not able to pro
vide a maintenance for themselves and
families; and if they had means to de
fray their charges of passage, and other
expenses incident to new settlements,
they would be glad to settle in anv of
our provinces in America, where by
cultivating the lands at present waste
and desolate, they might not only gain a
comfortable subsistence for themselves
and families, but also strengthen our col
onies, and increase the trade navigation,
and wealth of these realms. And,
whereas, our provinces in Norih Ameri
ca have been frequently ravaged by In
dian enemies, more especially that of
South Carolina, which in the late war,
by the neighboring savages, was laid
waste by lire and sword, and great num
bers of the English inhabitants misera
bly massacred, ami our loving subjects
who now inhabit there, by reason of the
smallness of their numbers, will in case
of anew war be exposed to the like ca-
THE FREE PRESS.
lamities; inasmuch as their whole south
ern frontier continents unsettled and
belli u|x>ti to said savages; and, whereas,
we think it highly becoming our crown
ami royal dignity to protect all our lov
ing subjects, tie they never so distant
from ns; to extend our fatlierly compas
sion even to the meanest and most infatu
ate of our people, and to relieve the wants
of our above mentioned poor subjects and
that it will be highly conductive for ac
complishing those ends, that a regular
colony of said poor people be settled and
established in the southern territories of
Carolina; and, whereas, we have been
well assurer], that if we would be gra
ciously pleaded to erect and settle a cor
poration for the receiving, managing and
deposit ng of the contributions of our lov
ing subjects divers persons wouid be in
duced to contritute to the purpose afore
said. Know ye, therefore, that we have,
tor the consideration aforesaid, for the
better and more orderly carrying on the
! said good purposes of our special grace,
certain knowledge and mere motion,
willed, ordained constituted and ap
pointed, and by these presents for us,
our heirs and successors, do will, ordain,
constitute, declare and grant, that our
right, trusty and well beloved, John
Lord Viscount Pereival, of our Kingdom
of Ireland, our trusty and well beloved
Edward Digby, George Carpenter,
James Ogletharpe, George Heathcote,
Thomas Tower, Robert Moor, Robert
Hacks, R<*ger Holland, William Sloper,
Frances Eyles, John Laroche, James
Vernon, Wm. Beletha, Esqrs.. A. M.,
John Barton, B. D. Richard Bundy, A.
M., Arthm Beaford, Samuel Smith, A.
M., Adam Anderson and Thomas
Corhram, and such other persons as
shall be elected in the manner herein af
ter mentioned and their successors to l>e
elected in the manner herein after di
rected, be and shall be one body politic
and corporate, in deed and in name by
the name of tbe trustees for establishing
the colony of Georgia in America.”
From this it will be seen that the lead
ing idea projected by Oglethorpe in tlie
establishment of the colony in Georgia
was for the benefit of the poor and land
less in England, and also as will be seen
further on, for the relief of those who
were suffering from unjust persecutions
in other countries on account of their re
ligious faith.
Allow me to call your attention to an
other important part of this charter:
“And our further will and pleasure
is, that no president of the said corpora
tion or chairman of the common council
of the said corporation, by us by these
presents apppointed, or hereafter from
time to time to be elected and appointed
in manner aforesaid, shall have, take or
receive, directly or indirectly, any sala
ry, fee, perquisite, benefit or profit what
soever, for or by reason of bis or their
serving the said corporation, or common
council of the said corporation, or presi
dent, chairman, or common councilman,
or as being a member of the said corpo
ration. And our will and pleasure is,
that the said hereinbefore appointed
president, chairman or common council
man, before he and the} r act respectively
as such, shall severally take an oath for
the faithful and due execution of their
trust, to be administered to the presi
dent, by the chief baron of our court of
exchequer, for the lime being, and la 7
thept i- ident of said corporation, to the
rest of llie common council, who are
hereby authorized severally and respect
fully to administer the same.”
“And our will and pleasure is, that all
and every person or persons shall have,
in his or their own name or names, or in
the name or names of any person or per
sons in trust for him or them, or for his
or their benefit, any office, place or em
ployment of profit, under the said cor
poration, shall be incapable of being
elected a member of the said corpora
tion ; 'and if any member of the said cor
poration, during such time, as he shall
continue a member thereof, shall in his
own name, or in the name of any person
or persons in trust for him, or for his
benefit, have, hold, exercise, accept, pos
sess or enjoy any office, place or employ
ment of profit, under the said corpora
tion or under common council of the
saSl corporation, such ‘'member shall
from the time of his having, holding, ex
orcising, accepting, possessing and en
joying such office, place and employ
ment of profit, cease to be a member of
tbe said corporation.”
This was a feature never before incor
porated in any charter for the settlement
of any colonies in this country; it was a
novel feature; it had been unheard of in
the history of the world; in all the othei
colonies, not excepting Lord Baltimore’s
and Penn and those of North and South
Carolina, the founders of the colonies
were interested as proprieters in the dis
position of the soil. Georgia was to be
the poor man’s country; it was to be a
settlement for those destitute of lands.
Neither Oglethorpe nor any man con
nected with the colony was to be in any
way interested, or receive any fee or re
ward, and in case at any time any of
them should become interested, their
offices were to be void.
Again, I may be pardoned for calling
attention to another clause in that char
ter :
“ And we do hereby, for us, our heirs
and .successors, ordain, will and establish,
that for and during the term of twenty
one years, to’coinmence from the date of
these, our letters patent, the said corpo
ration assembled for that purpose, shall
and may form and-prepare laws, statutes
and ordinances, fit and necessary for all
concerning the government of the said
colony, and not repugnant to the laws
and statutes of England, and the same
shall and may present, under their com
mon seal, to us, our heirs and successors,
in our or their privy council, for our or
their approbation, dr disallowance; and
the said laws, statutes, and ordinances
being approved of by us, our heirs and
succe->rs, in our or their privy council,
shall from thenceforth be in full force
and virtue within our said province of
Georgia, ana our further will and pleas
ure is and we do hereby, for us, our heirs
and successors, declare and grant that it
shall and may be lawful for the said
common council, or the major part of
them, assembled for that purpose, in the
name of the corporation, and under the
common seal, to distribute, convey, as
sign and set over such particular por
tion of lands, tenements and heredita
ments by these presents granted to the
said corporation unto such of our loving
subjects, natural born or denizens, or
others, that shall be willing to become
our subjects, and live under our allegi
ance in the said colony upon such terms
and for such estates, and upon such rents,
reservations and conditions as the same
may be lawfully granted, and as to the
said common council or the major part
of them so present, shall seem fit and
proper. Provided, always, that no
grants shall be made of any part of the
said lands unto any person being a mem
ber of the said corporation, or to any
other person in trust for the benefits of
any member of the said corporation; and
that no person having any estate or in
terest in law or equity in any part of the
CARTERSVILLE. GEORGIA. THURSDAY MORNING. FEBRUARY H 1833.
said corporation during the continuance
of such estate or interest.”
The lands which were thus granted to
these trustees consisted of that magnifi
cent domain “which lies from the most
northern part of a stream, or river there,
commonly called the Savannah, all along
the sea coast to the southward unto the
most southern stream of a certain oilier
great water, or river, called the Altama
iia, and westwardly from the heads of the
said rivers respectively, in direct lines to
the south seas; and all that shore circuit
and precinct of land within the said boun
daries, with the islands on the sea, lying
opposite to the eastern coast of tho said
lands within twenty’ leagues'“mf the
same.”
The word “westward, etc., in direct
lines to the south seas,” was meant due
westward indefinitely.
In the charter, as just cited, ample pro
vision is made, which to the letter and
spirit was fully carried out in the estab
lishment of courts, organization of the
niilitia, protection of life, liberty and
property, with all the shields of the com
mon law of England.
Oglethorpe, who was himself a mem
ber of parliament at the time, immedi
ately organized the corporation, who en
tered upon the discharge of their high
trust. The common seal they adopted
was significant, and should be perpetu
ated. On one side was a group of silk
worms, at their toils with the motto,
“Non sibs sed alt is,” “They were work
ing not for themselves, hut for others.”
Under the provisions ot the charter
Oglethorpe soon organized courts and
juries, and it may not be out of place
here to say that the first jury ever im
pannelled in the colony of Georgia was
selected and sworn in on the 17th day of
July, 17J8, and was composed of Samuel
Parker, Thomas Long, Joseph Cole, John
Wright, John West, Timothy Bowling,
John Milledge, Henry Close, Walter Fox,
John Grady, James Connell and Richard
Cannon. One of these, John Milledge,
became the founder of a family of de
scendants who had shed lustre upon the
subsequent history of the state. One of
these descendants was a very distinguish
ed Governor. The seat of the state gov
ernment bore his name for upwards of
half a century. It was not until after the
late war the seat of government was
moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta.
The family is represented on this occa
sion by Col. John Milledge, jr., of At
lanta.
But the most important of all the fea
tures of the charter to which your at
tention has been called, is in these words:
“Provided, also, that no greater quan
tity of lands be granted, either entirely
or in parcels, to or for the use or in trust
for any one person, than five hundred
acres; and that all grants made contrary
to the true intent, and meaning hereof
shall be absolutely null and void. This
land policy thus fixed in the charter of
our colony was that feature which, above
all others, has marked the history in the
development and prosperity of Georgia.
In the very charter monopolies in land
were forbidden and the declaration made
“that all such grants, if made, should be
utterly null and void.” This policy in
Georgia thus formed, in what 1 have
styled her Magna Charts, continued and
from that day to this. Many attempts
and enticing allurements were held out
to get the state of Georgia to deviate from
this policy, especially after the acquisi
tion of the territory south ot the Altama
ha by the treaty of Pu is in 1703. Geor
gia then extended westward to the Mis
sissippi. In 1704 most earnest appeals
were* made to Governor Wright and the
general assembly for large grants of land
in that section of the colony to an organ
ized company, at the head ot which stood
Denys Holies, a gentleman of high fam
ily and position in England. This com
pany endeavored assiduously and most
importunately to purchase an extensive
tract on the southern side of the Altama
ha. Many enticing inducements accom
panied their offer and efforts, but the be
guiling temptation was sternly rejected.
Soon after this, Alexander Montgomerie,
the tenth Earl of Eglintown, with others,
presented a petition to the King in coun
cil, setting forth a proposition by which
a large grant of land should be made to
them. They offered a guarantee that in
the event ot the favorable reception of
their petition, 100,000 settlers would come
to and occupy the territory asked within
the course of five years. This proposi
tion was likewise rejected. After the
acquisition of territory from the Chero
kees by the treaty of Augusta in 1774,
the same landed policy in regard to it
was pursued. When the ‘headright’
land courts were epened in Augusta and
Petersburg to dispose of this purchase, as
it was called, more than three thousand
applicants for ‘headrights’ appeared the
first day. The landless of other colonies
and other countries, apprised of the poli
cy ot Georgia, flocked thither in great
numbers for the purpose of securing a
permanent home, with the ownership of
the soil for themselves and families, al
most literally without money and with
out price. This policy on the part of the
founders was the chief cause of her rapid
growth while in a colonial status. It put
the crown of industrial glory ou her head
and the rock of conscious independence
beneath her feet.
In only one instance in the history of
our state has this attempt to eause Geor
gia to deviate from the polar star of her
landed policy been even temporarily suc
cessful. That was in the matter of the
Yazoo sale in 1794, speculators induced
by corrupt means the Georgia legislature
to dispose of vast tracts of la nil on the
Yazoo river in Mississippi, which then
belonged to Georgia. This is one of the
most memorable epochs in our history.
This attempt thus to casta foul blot upon
the escutcheon of the state was most sig
nally defeated. General James Jackson,
who* rose to high rank and had distin
guished himself in the war of the revo
lution, and who was the renowned uncle
of him who is chairman of the committee
regulating these ceremonies, then resign
ed his seat in the senate of the United
States and came home, becoming a can
didate for the legislature, aroused the
people of Georgia from one extent to the
other, to rise in indignation and remove
the infamous attempted stigma from their
states’honor. This Yazoo act under the
leadership of this ever to be remembere J
patriot, who has left an illustrious line of
descendants doing like honor to their
state was not only declared null and void
by the legislature in the words of our
eiiarter, but was burnt, the fire being
kindled by the use of a lens, so as to
make it, in the words of one who has de
scribed the scene, “a consuming fire
fram heaven.”
Georgians, we have nothing in our his
tory, colonial or state, cf which we
should be ashamed, or of which we
should not be proud. In what I shall
add, strength permitting, I propose to
submit some general reflections upon our
.history of the past, and prospects in the
future. First, from what I have said of
our great founder, Oglethorpe, it is prop
er that something more in detail of his
character and life should be given. He
was born the 21st of December, 1688,
from one of the best families in England.
He was thoroughly educated at Oxford.
At the age of 22 he was appointed ensign
in the British army. At the age of 2C. he
was adjutant-general of the queen’s
forces, and took a position upon the staff
ot Prince Eugene, where he won great
distinction under this renowned warrior
in his campaign against the Turks—at the
batties of Petewardian and Belgrade in
171 G-1717. After this war, iu tiie year
1718, at the age of 30 he was elected a
member of parliament, which position
he held lor thirty-two years. Compara
tivelv young as lie was when he entered
that body and without experience in that
department of statecraft. Whereof, the
legislative hall Is the special, theatre, he
at once rose to a position of eminence and
influence. He carried info civil life, the
warm affections, large and
ardent philanthropy which were part
of his nature and which the vocation of a
soldo r had been powerless to blunt or to
freeze. Among the many important
measures with which his parliamentary
career is identified, either in advocacy or
opposition, none is more honorable to
his fame than the firm stand he took in
behalf of the poor and against imprison
ment for debt. He possessed many of
the highest virtues both of tbe masculine
and feminine character, conjoining
for tiler in re with swaviter in modo in
harmonious union. In emergencies re
quiring tlte exercise of the heroic ele
ment in man, his courage refined by
chivalry, saw no peril and knew no
fear.
lie was just as he was generous, and
while he never cherished resentments,
yet he never forsook a triend, or forgot a
lav or. No temptation, no lust of power,
place, or favor, or fortune, could allure
him trout what he deemed the path of
duty and rectitude.
1 his was the man who undertook the
establishment ot a colony for the benefit
ot the poor and destitute of his own coun
try, as well as those suft’ering for con
science sake brother lands. The charter
he had obtained, as has been seen, was
granted in June, 1732. It is a singular
tact that Dr. Smollett, in his history of
England, yol. 2, chapter 5, and page 174,
which begins with the year 1732, makes
tlie following announcement: “The most
remarkable incident that distinguished
titis year in England was a very uncom
mon instance of suicide, an act of despair
so frequent among rtie English that in
other countries it is objected to them as
a national reproach.” The incident re
lated in full stated the suicide of one
Richard Smith and his wife, who, after
slaying their infant child had hung them
selves in prison. Smith was himself an
intelligant man, but was confined in jail
tor debt without any prospect of ever
being relieved, and in their despair they
had both,as appears from papers address
ed to their friends, determined thus to
put an end to their own existence, as well
as that of their infant child. The publi
cation of this incident produced a great
impression in England as to the condi
tion of prisons, and especially to impris
onment for debt. Oglethorpe had alrea
dy been directing all the energies of his
mind to these subjects.
These shocking suicides doubtless con
tributed much in aid of his humane en
terprise. All England become awaken
ed to the injustice of the wrongs done to
the poor in their prisons. After his ar
rival on this bluff, as we have seen, witli
Ids little colony of one hundred and six
teen of the poor and destitute, over whose
welfare he watched with almost parental
caie, he, in all Ids acts, displayed the
highest order of intellectual power and
administrative qualities. With the red
man his intercourse tms upon the
strictest justice.
Tomiehiehi, who was himself an ex
traordinary man of the aboriginal tribes,
became his friend on their first acquaint
ance. In the settlement of the Salzburgh
ers, under the direction ot Rev. Martin
Bolzions, and the establishment of their
little colony at Ebmiezer, lie showed the
profoundest philanthropy, piety and
statesmanship. His energy and activity
were wonderful. His establishment of
settlements at Darien, Frederica and
Augusta shows the highest elements of
forecast. His treaty in 1739, when the
Spanish war was anticipated with all the
trines except the Cherokees east of the
Mississippi, at Coweta, was one of the
grandest achievements in British diplom
acy. His conduct of the campaign
against the Spaniards, of that year, and
his conduct at the battle of Bloody Marsh,
when we view it in all its length and
breadth, and its bearing and effects upon
the luture history of the British colonies,
may justly be ranked amongs the great
decisive battles of the world. In this lie
displayed a military skill never surpassed
by Alexander, Caesar or Napoleon. Fol
low him after firmly establishing and
saving the Carolina* and Georgia to the
British crown, on his return to England,
and resuming his duties in Parlament, as
well as maintain his position in the army.
See him at the time the Lord North min
istry tendered him the chief command of
all the British forces in this country,
and hear his reply: “I know the Ameri
cans well. They never can be subdued
by arms, but their obedience can be se
cured by doing them justice.” He was
willing to assume command on the con
dition that lie should have the complete
control of grievanc es and reconciliation.
Whoever made a greater display of the
highest and noblest qualities of man than
did Oglethorpe, on that occasion? This
did not suit the ministry of Lord North,
and Sir William Howe was appointed in
bis stead. But see him after the end of
the struggle of the colonies with the
mother country, which struggle was the
source of great pain to him, arid witness
his noble conduct on that occasion. It
was bis good fortune to live to see his
own colony, planted in poverty and ab
solute dependence, rising from infancy
under his provident care to the position
of a flourishing, independent and sover
eign state. Oglethorpe, be it remember
ed, was the flrst Englishman of note to
call upon John Adams, the first Minister
of the United States to the Court of Great
Britain. See him in his last days, the
renowned statesman, general and phi
lanthropist, passing from this stage of
action ripened with years and honors at
the advanced age of 97, with a memory
that will ever be cherished and revered
in both hemispheres, as one of the most
renowned benefactors of mankind in his
day and fgeneration. Well has it been
said, “his sepulchre is in England, his
nionui "ent is Georgia.” Such is a slight
and brief sketch of the man whose mem
ory and character, virtues and deeds we
this day honor and commemorate. In
history there is but one who can find in
himself all those elements of character,
which eonstitude the qualities of real
greatness that place him above Ogle
thorpe, and that is George Washington.
Secondly—Another fact which should
be noted in these proceedings is that
Georgia increased in wealth and popula
tion, though settled by the poor and des
titute faster than any other of the British
colonies in America. At the beginning
of the revolution of 1775—’G, her popula
tion amounted to aoout 50,000 when she
was not a half a century oid, while Vir
ginia, North Carolina, New York and
Massachusetts were each of them nearly
a century old liefore they reached that
manlier ot inhabitants. To what was it
attributable ; Allow' me to say, jmrtiv to
climate and soil, and the great variety
ami value ot the products ot our fields
and forest, but (‘specialty to the land pol
icv to \v hich allusion has so froquentlv
been made. The chief cause of her
greater prosperity, however, lay in the
land policy of the colony, and grafted the
in Oglethoi pe charter. The well being of
all states anti eonimunities, next to cli
mate, soil, water, and geographical con
formations, depends eminently on its
land policy. Ii was this that led to the
overthrow of Home, and is now so tear
tully agitating Ireland arid England,
the charter of Georgia was peculiar, and
different fiom the charters ot all the oth
er colonies on this point. The trustees
were prohibited, not only from ever
holding any interest themselves in any
lands ot which the colony should become
possessed, as we have seen, but they
vveie prohibited from ever granting to
any one person more than five hundred
acres of public land. From the earliest
settlement the policy ot the trustees to
recognize what was known as head
rights, and to apportion out the lands
under that designation in small quanti
ties to all who Would occupy and culti
%ate I Deni at no cost except the actual
expenses of surveying, fixing limits, and
ascertaining boundaries. This policy
was founded partly on the idea that it was
really worth wild lands to subdue them,
or to clear the forest and render them tit
for cultivation, but chiefly, perhaps, up
on the economic view that it would % dd
more to the public wealth to have the
forest lands brought into cultivation
witli their abundant valuable products,
even w ithout price, than to rely upon
the filling of the exchequer with the
slow’ returns of sales, w hen the settlers
had no means to invest. Labor was tlie
only capital they had. This subject in
volves questions which the profoundest
statesman might do well to study.
Against monopolies and speculations in
land, as they existed in other colonies,
the door was closed and locked by the
fundamental law in Georgia. None but
the actual tillers of the ground had pos
session of the key. Those only who
were willing to pay sweat for the soil
could procure lands in this colony.
The same cause continued to operate
after the independence of the state. In
ISGO tiie taxable property oi Georgia was
a little under s7oo,ooo,ooo—tlie exact
amount is $672,322,777, while the popu
lation was a little over 1,000,000 of w hites
and blacks—the exact figures $1,007,284.
Tliis shows that Georgia’s aggregrate
wealth divided out amongst the popula
tion, would have been SOO7 per capita,
including white and black. 1 have not
access to the records and figures of the
state, but I doubt if there is another one
in the old thirteen that exceeded her in
wealth per capita, though Georgia had
not come into possess!an of all her terri
tory until as late as 1837.
Thirdly—Another matter that deserves
note on this occasion is that benevolence
alone did not control the colonies of Geor
gia, but that deep and profound piety
was mingled witli their actions. Geor
gia was not only a charity but religions
colony. That religion consisted not in
pharasaical demonstration or in sectarian
creeds, but in an observance of the doc
trines and precept of the sermon upon
the Mount. One of the earliest presents
to tlie trustees was a donation to build a
church. The next was a present from
the Rev Samuel Wesley of a silver cha
lice to be used upon sacrameintal occa
sions. The Rev. Martin Bolsius, at the
head of this lit.te band of Saltzburghers,
showed himself to bean Evangelist of the
doctrine of “Peace on earth and good
will to men.-- **
The Rev. John Wesley and ne0.,,.
Whitfield, two of the most eminent di
vines in England, were among the most
distinguished emigrants to Georgia, and
had much to do in moulding tiie relig
ious character of the colonists. It is well
know’ll that while they differed widely
in some matters of faith or creed yet they
both maintained tiie doctrine that relig
ion was a mutter between individuals and
their creator, and that governments
should have nothing to do with matters
of conscience.
Whitfield by his fervent zeal was able
to obtain sufficient funds and established
an orphan school a few milei from your
city. This school under ids fostering
care flourished during his life, and with
some modifications, still exists as a mon
ument to his memory.
Fourthly: Without wishing to in
dulge in any spirit of boasting, I think
on this occasion it may be well claimed
for Georgia, that though the youngest
of her sisters, 3 - et she has ever maintain
ed a position amongst the foremost in
our common history in everything that
marks progress, intellectually, morally,
politically and materially. In politics
and senatorial oratory her Baldwins and
Waltons and Habershaius and Jacksons
ranked among the first public men of the
United States, in the first and second de
cades of the union of the states, in the
third and fourth decades Georgia fur
nished in the public councils her Ber
riens, Tatnalls. Wm. If. Crawford, Bead,
Troup, Lumpkin, Wilde and Forsytlie,
who took position amongst the most
eminent men in the federal councils.
Then came the Gilmers, Wayne, Colquitt,
Clayton, Coope-, Chappell, Haralson,
Seaborn Jones, Cobbs, Millers, Jenkins,
Joel Crawford, George W. Crawford,
Mci> uiaKi iKo elder. Colauitt. Black,
McAllister, Nesbif, Ilershel V. Johnson,
Win. C. Dawson, Charlton the elder, and
younger Cummings, and above them all
iu sterling forensic eloquence, Joseph
Henry Lumpkin, for many years was
chief justice of the state, with a host of
others who shed lustre upon her history.
Georgia has ever been from her earliest
settlement distinguished for her eloquent
pulpit orators ;arnong these there may be
named after Whitfield, Wesley and Bol
sius, Hope Hull, of the Methodist church,
the elder Pierce, as well as his distin
guished son, the present bishop, Antho
nys, Arnolds and Glenns; of the Pres
byterian order, Kolloek, Styles, Hoyt,
Bemun, the distinguished Moses Waddell,
the instructor of Calhoun, Crawford,
McDuffie and Longstreet, and for years
the president cf the state university; of
(he Baptists, Mercer, Marshall, f Mallory
Sherwood, Otis Smith, Nathaniel M.
Crawford. As lawyers and jurists we
can ever point with pride to her Law,
Owens, Warners, Neshits, Benning,
Jackson, Crawford, Bleckleys, Lochrane,
Lamar, and|many others, *As contribut
ors to science and useful arts, slie claims
the invention of the cotton gin, the pro
pulsion of boats by steam, the sewing
machine, and last of all, tlie discovery of
anasthesia or chloroform, by which mil
lions of people are daily relieved of pain.
Wm. Longstreet, the father of the dis
tinguished general and present marshal
of the state, had a full plan of the con
struction of a boat to be propelled by
steam on the water two years before Ful
ton addressed his letter to Lord Stanhope
on that subject. This will appear by
reference to the archives of our state de
partment, but he was prevented from
RATES OF ADVERTISING.
Sf * t K - 1 ax*. 3 now.
O.M* 18. 11, 12 50 ~|s 00 "fTsO tit Of
Two inches, 375 fso to 00 IS
Three me bee, tOO 10 00 It bit to 00
tour lucheo, ( M 13 M 15 (Ml *5 M
f®rth column 7 50; 15 to woo so w>
Half column, 1100 WOO #<*> an (w
NUMBER :il.
the immediate construction in carrying
out his Invention for the w M nt of means.
He, however, did w ithout any knowledge
Of the invention of Fulton, succeeded in
carrying his boat up the Savannah river
against the current at a speed of five
miles an hour, a lew days after Fulton
bad made a like success on the Hudson.
Dr. Crawford I.ong. of Athens. Geor
gia, was two years ahead of Wells and
Morion in bis application af sulphuric
ether for the relief of pain iu surgical
operations. To him, therefore, belongs
the honor and glory of this greatest dis
covery of modern times. Millions of
people of the human family are now’
daily relieved by the use of his remedies.
Georgia has not yet sent to Statuary
Hail, in the eapltol of the Union, the
two statues which she is in tit led to place
in tiie eollection there to be made. How
could she better comply w ith tiiis invi
tation of the United sfates than to send a
statue of Oglethorpe and Dr. Crawford
Long— two of the greatest benefactors of
mankind.
To Georgia, and to your city also, be
longs tiie honor and the glory of project
ing and having built the first steamship
that ever crossed the Atlantic ocean.
This ship was built in New York w ith
Savannah capital, and under Savannah
auspices, and sailing from Savannah
crossed the Atlantic successfully In 1819,
to the wonder of European nations—
twenty years before the Great Western
landed in New Y'ork.
Fifthly—But, my countrymen, 1 can
not dwell longer in detail upon the mul-
titude of topics that press upon my mind,
that would be pertinent to the occasion.
1 can say nothing of our educational insri
t ution our colleges, male and female,w hich
have so distinguished the state of Georgia,
our recent, rapid progress in manufac
tures of cotton, wool and iron. I can
say nothing of our great railroads and
works of internal improvements; our
men of enterprise connected with them,
and of the great preeminence which our
state is now’ taking among our Bisters, iu
the conduct and management of these
improvements of travel ana transporta
tion in modern times. I can say nothing
of our present educational system. Suf
fice it to add in conclusion to you, Geor
ans, that no other equal portion ot the
earth’s surface surpasses that within our
limits in all tiie elements of wealth, pow
er and greatness. By our past energy,
industry, under our institutions, we have
already acquired tiie appellation of the
Empire state of the south. With like
energy in the future under Providence,
in the development of our resources, our
mineral, our agricultural, our fields ami
forests, onr educational and religious
institutions, we have j’et ahead of us the
opportunity of acquiring the greater ap
liellation oi becoming the Empire state of
the Union.
GEORGIA’S STATE TItIASURKK.
The Atlanta correspondent of the Au
gusta Chronicle has this to Bay of Geor
gia’s state treasurer:
The unexpected selection of Mr. Sain
Inman as director of the Central railroad
company has a parallel in the case oj
Major Danial N. Speer, the efficient stats
treasurer, who was ; without his own ef
fort and even without any knowledge on
his part that any si ch compliment was
thoughL of, elected a director ot the Geor
gia railroad company. In loth cases the
choice grew out of tiie very high financial
reputation of the gentlemen. Major
Speer possesses marked financial ability
and sound business judgment. He has
an independent fortune, and like Mr.
Inman, lives in an elegant house in At
lanta which he built.
lie is cautious, energetic and very
conservative. He lias been very little iu
politics. He was, as a very youug man,
llie June, 1858, democratic
state convention Trfat uoiuiitatca gover
nor Brown the second time for governor,
and also of the March, 1800, convention
that divided over tiie Charleston conven
tion. He was quartermaster of the GOth
Georgia infantry, and afterwards brigade
quartermaster iu the war, serving mo*t
efficiently. Major Speer is now enjoying
his second term as state treasurer. He i*
a tall, line looking gentleman of over fo -
ty years, though he appears young
enough to be taken for thirty, anyhow for
thirty-fire.. He baa a.great fondness for
fine carpets. His house has a unique
and pleasant feature in a large covered
verandah, in the rear twenty-five feet
square. He has been a director in tiie
Atlanta and West Point railio.td, and it
was probably in that place that he dem
onstrated the extraordinary value of his
financial sense that led to his being called
to a large sphere of administration. In
his management of the state treasury he
tracks tiie law with critical vigilance.
GOLD IN ANCIKNT TIMKg.
Popular Science Mouthly.]
Gold was in excess in ancient times,
and mostly taken lrom the rivers in
Asia. The fables of Pactolus, of the
golden fleece of the Argonauts, of the
gold from Ophir, the history of King Mi
das, etc., all point to an eastern origin of
this metal. According to Pliny, Cyrus
returned with 34,000 pounds of gold
(about $10,000,000.) The treasures ex
acted from Persia by Alexander the
Great amounted to 351,000 talents, or
$400,000,000. Gold also came from Ara
bia, and upon the Nile from the interior
of Africa. Pliny called Atiatriaa the
country in which the most gold is found.
4 tablet hearirnr the following inscrip
tion was tound fn Idanha Veifia, rorru
gal: “Claudius Rufus returns his
thanks to Jupiter for b iting permitted
him to find 130 pounds of gold.”
These sources of wealth have ceased to
flow, and the endeavor of several Eng
lishmen to reopen them have been un
successful. Bohemia, Mahren, Silesia,
and Tyrol all have produced gold, and
the receding of the glaciers has cuu.-ed
old mines to be uncovered, while upon
the Italian side, at Monte Rosa, Val Ses
ina, Val Ansaea goldmines are still
worked to-day, although with indifferent
success. The only works of any note
are those of Kreranitz, Hungary. It
may, therefore, be safely asserted that
Europe is completely exhausted in this
respect.
A New York bank has been held lia
ble for S7(X), the amount of a check, the
date of which had been altered. A clerx
of the drawer of the check, by altering
the date, drew the money and ran off
with it. The superior court decided that
the bank was not liable for the loss, but
at the general term this decision was re
versed, on the ground that, as the date
was an essential part of the check, it was
incumbent on the bank to discover that
it had been changed, and to ascertain
why the change was made before paying
the money.
After all the arguments about cheap
ness and qballfy it appears that Dr.
Bull’s Cough Svrup is the best remedy
for the cure of Coughs aud Colds ever
offered to the public. The price is only
25 cents a bottle aud every druggist iu
the land sells and recommends it.