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c- ,yy ^ 9 ~r. 2 J THE CJ-IA TELE ORAPH--^fa. drlA C'OJT, DECEMBER 10, 1845. TilK PRESIDENT’S MESSACE. Tlic find. annual tjirsapgy of President Poi.k wai tr'ansftut^eJ to both Houses of Congress on Tu.-sdav the 21 inst- 0*iag to tlie failure of the Not them Mail bcyoml Charleston on Sat urday last, wc did not receive it in time for our regular publication on 1 nesday nioruing, and the great anxiety ewerd by all classes to know its contents at the e.t'liest moment, induces us to lay it be’ore our renders to-day in advance of our nsuuf i-suo. We weigh our jtvorils well, when wc predirt for this messnee an influence on tho public mind which has not ationdid any other oxecu- tivo document, siucejhe'adminwtration of the great man who has been lately Called to receive the rewards of his eminently, virtuous, and well spent life. President Polk gives renewed assurance that the‘.Republicans m no section of tho Union were deceived in the faith at d trust which tin y put in his jfrmciples when they call ed him to preside over the destinies of this great country. Tho message commences with an eloquent allusion to the benign ;uid salutary influence of our institutions, our unexampled progress in all the elements which constitute national great ness, and u devout ncknow'etlgemeni of the in fluence of Him in whose hands are the iles’i- nies of tuition?, and without whoso approbation am] superintending Providence, the utmost ef forts of human wisdom are ftuitlcss and una vailing. The happy achievement of the annexation of Texas which lias been accomplished by the homage of each people to the great principles of our system and not by force or the sword, next receives his attention, and confidence is expressed that neither Republic will have cause to regrot the union. Our relations with Mexico arc next brought before the attention of Congress; upon this question, strong and manly ground is taken.— A special mess nger has been appointed to re pair to the Mexican Capitol, clothed with full power to settle all questions and pending diffi culties with that government, until the result of this mission is known he recommends that no other measures of redress should be taken by this government. The vexed question of the Oregon negotia tion is treated at length, and the American peo ple will sustain him in the patriotic stand he has taken in regard to our rights in that quar ter. On the Tariff, President P*dk plants himself on the great Republican platform. A reduc tion ofthe tariff of 1S42, to n revenue standard, is recommended. Tne ii justice and inequality ofthe present bill, are sketched with a master’s hand. It is maintained tint the farmers and planters, who toil in the field, are as much entiilcd to have their labor, their “domes! ic industry” protected, as any other class of citi zens whatsoever. His recommendation to abol" ish the deceptive and swindling system of mini, mums will meet the approbation pf every Re publican at the North as well as at tho South. On the Sub-Treasury lie reiterates bis-for mer opinions, and insists that a separation of the public moneys from all Banks is indispen sable to the security of the public funds and the rights of the people. But we wilt riot attempt to°give even the outline? of this paper, we will only add here a word more. This mes- sage will be received.with enthusiasm through- out tho Union—it will give its author a popu. larity ns bread as the bounds of Republican principles and as towering as Ins country’s fame. i — PRESIDENT’S MESSjA.qE. Ftll.iweilizens if the Senate and House of Repre sentative of the United Sin,e>. ' ’ It i< lo me a source of unaffected satisfacloin to meet the Representatives of lire tftak* and tl.e p-oj.ld in Con-uess assembled, as it "ill be to receive tl.c aid of theircombined wisdom in ihe administration of pub- lie affairs- In performing. fi» the find lime, Ihe duly inum-edon me by tbe constitution, of giving to you Ihe infmnalioa of Ihe Stole of Ihe Union, and recom mending to your con iJeratiou auch inrn.urcsas in my ndtmrat are ne.c-imry and expedient. I n.n happy U.al l can congratulate yon on ihe conlmoed pmspen- ! of our country. Un.ler tho blowings of Umne Providence and the benian influence of our fr.o in stitution*. it -nods WJW* * spvct.ele of r.a- \V i uT o u r°u n ox a m p Ic d advancement in all ihe clc- mrnts of national crcitl.es, the all cti .n of the peo- „lc ia confirm, d (or Ac U lion of ihe States. qn.l for the doctrines of popular liberty, which tie at ihe foun- datioo of oor government. n becomes us, in humility, to mat c our devout oc- koowledgm nu to the Supreme Ruler of the L'myerse for the iuealinublc civil and religious ble.-*in S a tvilli which wc are favored. In calling the attention of Congress to our relations with foreign Powers, t um gratified lo be able lo stale, Ihnl. though with some of them there have existed since our last arts-*"! 1 serious causes of ir itatm . s.U * ur.deistaiiding, vet no arlu it hna'ililies luvotak. n n J r \i|o"ling ihe maxim in iha c.u du -t of our CSS.' affair*, to •• n-K nothing that ia not right, and ' , , . , .r.ii.e that is vviong. it bus turn my sen- *“ “‘ue h. pivserve peace -vilh all nationa; but. at ThcVame time.'? be prepared lo ic.iai agg.ca.loii, and to maintain all our just ugh’-. I„ ..ur.U-.uce ul thrjmnt rrralirmn nfjLobgrew. ■ i r min xing Texas to tho United States, my pred- e r e,sor. on .he ihu.ld .y of Maul., id In, elecled to sl hunt the rust and sen d section, of that resolution f „C republic of Texas, as ,.n ovefn c. on ihe part ! r ‘ United States, for her .i lnvsnmt as a Slate Into 0 l ?Lp» This elccli-n 1 approved, and aciMidinglj our 1 , J Affsirs of the Unit.d Stales-in Tcxa*. * l*rin»11*00lions of the 10th March. 1815, presented j these «ecti°" 8 of .he resolution* f.r the acceptance of , that Republic. The executive government, tho Uft- ! b and ihe people of Texas, in c -nvcnlion, have *' CS *’ • ,,i- complied with ull the Bums and condi- r the mint icaivlutiotl. A constiiu*ion for the i tni.* of i of Tl . xns formed by a con- , 80Ve,,,n ’ 1 , e,.ia herewith l-id before CjUgrcs. • .1 I .** itiiiuo ul annt xation, jiiti full* h«v© Bccr|.lfd UiC iictl ill© i)|J11H11*^D. ti- I nieatc lo Untie’*** .he correspondence be- . tv. ceil the Secretary ..I Sum and our U.a.gc d Affairs . if, Texas; jl 0 the com*; oru.cnce ofthe fetter | *„!, tire authorities. I Tot.*: mgrlher with the offi. ci"l documents transmuted by him lo n.s own govern- ■sent. Thu terms of annexation which tvpre offered by the United States, having been acicph d by Texas, the public f ill, ol both parties is solrmnly pledged lo the compact of thtir union, i Nothin? remains toconsum- in .te thij .event,.but the passage of cn act by Congress tna.li.nl the State of Texas’into Ihe Union upon an . qual footing wilh ibe original States. Strong reasons exist why this should be done .it an early period "of the session. It will be observed that, by the constitu tion of Texas, Ihe existing government is only con tinued temporarily till Congress esn act; and that the IhirJ M-ndsyoftbe present mouth is Ihe day appoint ed lor bolding the ifi.al general election. On that day a g vernni, a lieutcnsivl-govcrnor, and both brunches rf the legislature, will be chosen by the people. The President of Texas is irquiicd immediately after the rrcript of official inf.-rniHlion that the new Slalc has been admillcd into our Union by Congress, to convene Ihe legislature, and, upon its meeting, tbe existing government will be sopeiseded, and tie State govern ment organized. Questions deeply interesting to Tex as, in common with the other Stales; the extension of our revenue laws and judicial syrtem over her people and ter-itorv, a* well as measures of a local character, will claim ihe early attention of Congress; and, thrir- fo:e, upon every principle of republican government, she ought lo he represented in that body without un- nrcrssary dtlay. I cannot too earnestly recommend prompt action on this important subject. As soon us Ihe act loa.lnut Texas as a State shall be passed, the union of the two republics will be con summated by their own voluntary consent. This accession to our territory has been a bloodless acl.iev. meal. No arm of f.rce has been raised to produce ibe result. The hands had no part in the vic tory. Wc have not sought to extend our territorial posses-ion* liy conquest, or our republican institutions over a reluctant people. It was the deliberate homage of caib people to Ihe great principle of our federative union. If tve consider the extent of ter.itory involved in the annexation-T-its prospective influence on America —tl.e means by which it has been accomplished, springing purely from the choice of the people them selves to share the blessing* of our Union—the history of the world may be- challenged to furnish a parallel. The jniisdicliou of the Uuiied Slates, which at the formation of the federal constitution was bounded by the th. Mary’s, on the Atlantic, has passed tbe Capes of Florida, and been peacefully extended to the Uel Nolle. lu contemplating the grand.-ur of this event, it is not to he forgotten that the result was achieved in despite of the diplnmaiic ii.lrrfeiruce of European monarchic*. Even Frame—tl.e country which had Ueu an ancient ally—the country which has a com mon interest with us in maintaining tho fieedom of ibe seas—the country which, by the cession of Loui siana, first opened to ua access to the Cuff of Mexico —the country wilh which we have been every year drawing more and more closely the bonds of success ful commerce—most unexpectedly, and to our un- feigh.d ‘regret, look part in an rfi'ort to prevent the an nexation «f Texas, as a condition of the recognition ot her iude|>eudcuce by Mexico, that she would never join herself to tho United Stale*. We may rejoice that tbe tranquil and |>ervading influence of the Amrri- cin principle of self-government was sufficient to de feat ihe purposes of British and French intciference, and that the almost unanimous voice of the people of Texas lias-given to ttiat interference a peaceful and ef fective rebuke. From this example, European gov ernments may learn bow vain diplomatic arts and in- tiigucs must ever prove upon this continent, against that system of self-government which seems nutursl to our soil, and wHi.h will ever resist foreign interference. Toward* Texas I do not doubt that a - liberal and generous spirit will actuate Cougreso in all that con cerns her interest* and prosperity, and that she will never have cause to regret that she bus united her m lone star” to our glorious constellation. I regret to infuim you that our relations with Mexi co, since your last session, have not been of ibe amica ble diameter which it Is our desire to cultivate with all foreign nations. On the aixth day of March last, Ihe Mexic-ip' envoy extraordinary anil minister plenipo tentiary to the United States, made a formal protest, in the naote of bis government, against the joint rcso- lutian’ pissed by Congress **.for the annexation of Texas to the United Slates,” which he chose to regard as a violation of tho rights of Mexico, and, in conse quence of it, he demanded his pa-spoils. Ho was in form. d that the government of the United States did not consider ibis joint resolution as a .violation of any ot the rights of Mexico, or that it affuidrd any jost cause of ollince to bis government; that the Repub lic of Texas Was an independent power, owing no al legiance to Mexico, and constituting no part of her territory or r'gittful sovereignty and jurisdiction, lie was also assured that it was the sincere desire of this government to maintain with that of Mexico relations of peace and good understanding. That functionary, however, notwithstanding these representations and assurances, abruptly tciminated bis mission, and short ly afterwards left the country. Our Envoy Extraordi nary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mcjico, was re fused all intercourse’ with that government, and after remaining several months, hy the permission of bis own government, lie returned ta the United State*.— Thus by the act* of Mexico, all diplomatic intetcourrc between the two countries was suspended. Since that lime Mexico hn*. until recently, occupied an attitude of hostility towards tbe.Unitcd States—lias been m ir*bf.!ling and organizing armies, issuing proc- famotians, ar.d avowing the intention to make war on the United Slates, cither by an open declaration, or by invading Tex is. Both the Congress and the Conven tion of the-people of Texas invited this Cnvcrnment to send an army into that tcnituiy, to protect and de fend them against the menaced attack. The moment thu terms of annexation, offered by tho United Stales, were accepted by Texas, the latter brcainc so far a pait of our own country, aa to make it our duty to afford such priiieetirml and d- ft nee. I therefore deorord it proper, precautionary measure, lo order a strong squadron to the coast of Mexico, and to cuncenira'e a sufficient military force on the wcsti rn frontier of Tex as. Our aruiy . was ordered to take position in the country between the Nueces and the Uel Norte, and to repel any invasion on tho Toxinti territory which might be attempted by the Mexican forces. Our squad ron in the Cuff wa* ordered to co-operate wilh the army. But though our army amt navy were placed in a j.osiiioi»to drfend our own ar-dthe right* of Texas, they were ordered trfeommit no act of hostility against Mexico, utiles* *ho declared war, or tvav herself the aggressor by striking the first blow. The result has been, that Mexico has made no aggressive movement, ami our military and n:ivu! commander* hare executed iheir orders wilh such discretion, that the peace of the two republics ha* not been d'sturla-d, Texas had declsrc.l her independence, and maintain ed it by her arms f->r mo etl.an nine years. She has ha-l an organized government in successful operation • during that period. IJer separate existence as on in- dep.ndent Slate, ha j' been lecogniznl hy the United Htule* and the principal Power* ol Europe. Treaties | of coinmrrce and navigation had been concluded with j her by different uutioua. and it had’become manifest to j the wbolo woilJ tb.t uny fuithcr attempt" on the pait j of Mexico to conquer her, nr overthrow b. r govern- j nient, would he vain. Even Mexico herself had be- : come salirficd of iltUTact; and whilst the question of annexation was pending l«forc the people of Texas, i durinz die ;-asi summer, the government of Mexico, j by a formal net, ogreod lo recognise Ihe independence [ of Texas, on condit.oii that she xvould no! annex her- | self to any other power. Tl.e agreement to icknowl- | edge tho independence of Tcxa*. whether with or j without this comiiiton. is conclusive against Mexico. : The independence of Texas is a fict conceded by | .Mexico herself, and she had no right or authority to preser be rc-nictioiis as to Ihe loim of goverjimen't wbiJi Texas niiglil alt. rward* chu-iso lo assume. But though Mexico cannot complain of the United Slates, on account of tl.e annexation of I exas, it isto be rcgicttcJ that serious causes of misunderstanding between the t wo countries continue lo exist, growing out i f unred'i'ssrd injuries inflicted by .the Mexican authorities and people on the persona and property f cjttnns of the United States, thiough a long «ries or vears. Mexico ha* aimiilcd tbese injuries, but has j neglected and refused to repair them. Such wa» tl.e l character of tho wrongs, and such the insults repeat- . cdlv offered to American citizens and the American flag by Mexico, in palpable violation of the laws of nation* and the treaty between the two counl'ies of the 5:hof April, 1831. that they have been repeatedly brought lo the notice of Congress by my predecessors. As cuily as the Sih of February, 1837, the President of the Un ted Slates declared in a message to Con gress, that *• the length of time since some of tho in juries have been committed, the repealed and unavail ing applications for redrrss, the wanton character of some of tho outrages upon the persons and property of our citizens, upon the officers and flag of the United States, irdi-prndcnl of recent insults to this govern ment and people bv the late Extraordinary Mexican Minister, would justify, in the eyes of all nations, im mediate war.” Hu did not, however, recommend an iu.meJiate rcaott to this extreme measure, which, ho declared “should not be used by just and generous na'ions, confiding in their strength, for injuries com mitted, if it can be honorably avoided j” but, in a spir it of fuibraranre, proposed that another demand be made on Mcxict for that redress which had been so long and unjustly withheld. In these views, Com mittees of the two Houses of Congress, in reports made in their respective bodies, concurred. Since these proceedings more than eight years have elapsed, duiing which, in addition to the wrongs then com plained of. others of an aggravated character have been committed on the persons and property of our citizens. A special agent was sent to Mexico in the summer of 1838, with full authority to make another and final deman I for redress. The demand was made; the Mexican government promised to repair the wrongs of which wo complained, and after much delay, a treaty of indemnity with that view was. concluded between the two Powers on tho I lih of April, 1839, and was duly ratified by both Governments. By ibis treaty s joint commission was created lo adjudicate and decide on tbe claims of American citi zens on tho Government of M- xico. The commission wasoigvnized at Washington on the 25th day of Au gust, 1810. Their time was limited lo eighteen months, at the oxpiratinn ol which they had adjudi cated and decided claims amounting to two millions twenty-six thausand one handled and thirty-nine dol lars and sixty eight cents, in favor of tho citizens of the United States against the Mexican Government, leaving a large amount ol claims undecided. Of the latter, tho American commissioners had decided in fa vor of our citizens, claims amounting lo nine hundred and twenty-eight thousand six hundred and twenty- seven dollars and eighty-eight cents, which were lift unacted on by the umpire authorized by the treaty.— Still further claims, amounting to between three and four millions of dallars. wore submitted to tbe board too late to be considcercd, and were left undispo ed of. The sura of two millions and twenty-six thousand one hundred and thi'ty-nine dollars and sixty-eight cent*, decided by the board, was a liquidated and asccitained debt due by Mexico to the claimants, and there was no justifiable leasou for delaying its payment according to the terra* of the treaty. It was not,.however, paid. Mexico applied for further indulgence; and in that spirit of forbearance and liberality which has ever marked the policy of the United States towards that Republic, the request was granted ; and on lhe3!llh of January, 1843, a new treaty was concluded. By this treaty, it was provided that the interest due on tho awards in favor of claimant*, under the Convention of tbe lljh of April, 1839, should be paid on the 30th of Apiil, 1843; mid that “ibe principal of the said awards, oud the interest arising thereon, shall be paid in five years, in five equal instalments every three months; the said term of five years to commence on tt.e 30ih day of April, 1843, os aforesaid.” Tho in terest due on the 30lh day of April, 1843, and the three first of tho twenty instalment*, have Item paid. Seventeen of these instalments remain unpaid,- seven of which are now due. The claims w^ich wera left undecided by the joint commission, amounting to more than three millions of dollars, together wilh other claims f-.r spoliations on t-niber, 1844, gave a receipt to the treasury of Mexico for the amount of the April and July instalments of the indemnity. In the same communication, however, he asserts that he bud not received a single dollar in ca»h ; but that he holds such securities as warranted him at the lima in giving the receipt, and entertains no doubt but that he will eventually obtain the money. As these instal ment* appear never to have been actually paid by the government of Mexico to the agent, and as that govern ment has not therefore been released so as to discharge the claim, I do not feel myself warranted in directing payment to he made to tbe claimants nut ofthe treasu ry, without further legislation. Their case is, undoubt edly one of mueh hardship ; and it remains for Ccn- gicss to decide whether any, and wbai, relief ought to bo granted to them. Our minister to Mexico has Keen instructed to ascertain the facta of the case from the Mexican government,in an authentic and official form, and report the result with as little delay as possible. My attention was eatly directed to ,he negotiation, which, un the fourth of March last; I found pending at Washington between the United States and Great Britain, on the subject ofthe Uregon territory. Three several attempts had been previously made to s- ttlo the question in dispute between tho two countries, ay ne gotiation, upon the principle of comptoniise ; but each had proved unsuccessful. These negotiations took place at London, in the years 1818, 1824, and 1826; the two first under the administration of Mr. Monroe, and the last under that of Mr. Adams. The negotiation of 1818 having failed to accomplish its object, resulted in tbe convention of the 20th of October of that year. By the third article of that convention, it was •* agreed, that any country that may be claimed by either party on the northwest coast of America, westward of the S(uny mountains, shall together with its harbors, bays, and creeks, and the navigation of all rivets within the same, be free and open for the term of ten years from the dale of the sig nature of tho convention, to the vessels, citizens, & sub jects of the two powers; it being well understood that this agreement is not to be construed to the prejudice of any claim which either of the two high contracting parties may have to any part of said country, nor shall it be taken to affect the claims of any other power or State to any part of said countiy; tire only object of the high coutracling parlies in that resp-ect being, to prevent dispulcs and difleiences among themselves.” The negotiation of 1824 was productive of no result, and the convention of 1818 was left unchanged. The negotiation of 1826, hj»ing also failed to effect an adjustment by compiomise, resulted in the ennv, n- tinn of August the sixth, 1827, by which it was agreed to continue in force, for an indefinite period, the pro visions of the third article of the convention of ihe twentieth of October, 1818; and it was further provid ed, that “ it shall be competent, however, to either, of the contracting pirtics, in ca.-e citln-r should think lit, at any time alter tho twentieth of October, 1828, on giving due notice of twelve months to the other con tracting party, to annul and abrogate this convention; and it shall, in such case, be accordingly annulled and abrogated after tbe expiration of the said term of no tice,” In thesq attempts to adjust the controversy, the parallel of the forty ninth degree of north latitude had been offered by the United Stales to Great Brit ain, and in those of 1818 and 1826, with a further concession of the free navigation of the Columbia river south of that latitude. The parallel of the forty-ninth degree, from the Koiky mountains to its intersection with the northeasteminnst branch ofthe Columbia, and thence down the channel of that river lo thr sea. had been offered hy Great Britain, with an addition of asmalld-tached territory north of the Columbia. Both of these propositions had been rejected by the parties respectively. In October, 1843. the Envoy Extraordinary & Min ister Plenipotentiary ofthe U. S. in London, was au thorized to make a similar offer to those made in 1848 and 1826. Thu* stood the question, when the nego- tho property of our citizens, were '(subsequently 'p r e- *'tiati«n was shortly afterwards transferred to Wab sented to the Mexican governmciit.for pay incut, mid m m soJsrxengnpdL phol^xj^y.^nr^v jd^ng for their examination arid settlement by ajkint'cemmRsion; was concluded ai d signed al Mexico on the 2l>th of Novemlier, 1^43; This lieaty Hvas rutified by tho United States, with certain amendments, lo which no just exception could have been taken: Mt it ha* not yet ‘received tho ■ ratification of tbe Mcxjyuti govern ment. In the meantime, our citizens, who have suf fered great losses, and some of whom ba*e |WP re duced from affluence to bankruptcy, nre without rem edy. unless their rights be enforced by their govern ment. Such a continued and unprovoked scries of wrongs could never have been tolerated by the United States, had they been committed by one of the princi pal nations of Europe. Mexico was. however, a neigh boring si»ler republic, which, following our cxnmplo, had achieved her independence, and for whose success and ptosperity all our sympathies were early enlisted. The United Slatos were the first to recognize her in dependence, and to rereivo her into tbe family of na tions, and have e»cr been desirous of cultivating with her a good understanding. We have, therefore, borne the repealed wrongs shu has coramitlcil, with gieit patience, in the hope that a returning sense of justice would ultimately, guide her councils, and that we might, if possible, honorably avoid any hostile colli sion with her. ^ .,.1/ Without the previous authority of Congress, the Executive posicssed no-power to"adept or 'eufolce ade quate rcriiedies for the Injuries we had suffered, er to do more than be prepared to repel tbe threatened ag gression on the part of Mexico. After our army and navy had remained on the frontier and coasts of Mexi co for many weeks, without any hostile movement on her part, though her menaces were continued, I deem ed it important to put an end, if possible, to this state of thing*. With this view, I caused steps to be t .ken in the Month of Scptemhei last, to ascertain distinctly, and in an authentic form, what the designs of the Mexicans were; whether it was their intention to de clare war, or invade Texas, or whether they were dis posed to settle, in an ami. able manner, the pending d.(Terences between the two countries. On the ninth of November an otfici.il answer was received, that tbe Mexican government cunsentrd to renew the diplo matic relations which had been suspended in March last, and for that purpose were willing to accredit a minister from Ibe Uuited States. With a sincere de sire to preserve peace, and restore relations ot goo.) understanding between ilia two. republics. 1 waived all ceremony as to the manner of renewing diplomatic in tercourse between them; and, assuming tho initiave, on the tenth of November a distinguished citizen of | Louisiana was appointed Envoy Exlraoidinaiy and j irgtnn; and on ttic 23d of August, 1844,. was for mally opened, under the direction of my, immediate predecessor. Like all tho previous negotiations, it was based upon principles of “compromise,''’-'and the avowed purpose of the parties was. “to treat of fbe ,resjjecti«u eluims of the two countries to the Oregon .territory, with the view to establish a permanent honor dary betweeri them westward ofthe Rocky mountains to the Pacific Ocean.” Accordingly, on the twenty- sixth of August, 1844. the British plenipotentiary offered to divide lhe Oregon torriloiy by ihe forly-ninth parallel ol North latitude, from the Rocky mountains lo ibe point of its intersection with the northeastern- most branch of the Columbia river, and thence down that river to ihe scf; leaving the free navigation ofthe river to he enjoyed in common by both parties—the country south of this line lo belong to tbe U. States, and that North of it to Great Britain. At the same lime, he proposed, in addition, to yield to the Uniled Slates a detached territory north ot the (Columbia, ex tending along the Pacific anJ ihe Straits ofFuca, from Bulfinch’s hatbor inclusive to Hoods canal, and to make freo !o the U. States any port or ports south of latitude forty-nine degrees, which they might desire, entire on the main land, or on Quadra and Vancouv er’s island. , With the exception of the fire ports, this was the same offer which bad been made by Ihe Brit ish, and rejected by the Ameiican government in the negotiation of 182C. This proposition was properly rejected hy the American plenipotentiary on the day it was submitted. This was tl e only proposition of com promise offered by Ihe British plenipotentiary. The proposition on the pari of Gieat Britain having been rejected, the British plenipotentiary requested that a proposal should be madv by the G. States far an “equi table adjustment of the question.” When I came into office, I found this to be the state of the negotiation. Though entertaining the settled conviction, that the British pretensions of title could not be maintained loany portion of the Oregon terri tory upon any principle of public law recognised by nations, yet in deference to what had been done by my predecessois, and especially in consideration that propositions of compromise had been thrice raude by two preceding administrations, lo adjust he question on the parallel of forty-nine degrees, and in two of them yielding to Great Britain the free navigation of the Columbia, and that the pending negotiation had been commenced on the basis of compromise, I deem ed it to be my duty not abruptly to break it off. In consideration, too, that under the conventions of ISIS and 1827 tl.e citizens and subjects of the two P..wcrs held a joint occupancy of the country, I w as induced to make another effort to settle this long-pend lie c n i and this government will he relieved from nil responsi bility which may follow the failure to settle the con troversy. All attempts atconipromise having failed, it becomes the duty of Congress to consider what measures it may be proper to adopt for the security and protection of our citizens now inhabiting, or wlio may hereafter inhabit Oreg*n. and for the maintenance ol our just title to that territory. In adopting measures for this purpose, care should he taken fiat nothing he dune to violate the stip ulations of the convention of 18’i7, which is still in ferce. The faith of treat cs. in their letter nut! spir I, has ever been, ned l trust will ever ho, scrupulously observed by the U. States. Under that convention, a year’s no- lice is required to be given by either party to "the other, before the joint ocenparicy shall terminate, and before cither can rightfully asseitor exercise exclusire juris diction over any portion ot the territory. This notice it would he in tny judgment, be piopcr io give; and 1 re commend that provision he made hv law for giving it accordingly; and terminating; m this manner, the con vention of the si vh of August, 1827. Ii will become proper lor Uongresslodctermine what legislation they, can, in the meantime adopt, without violating this coivcniion. Beyond all question, the protection of omlaws mid our jurisdiction, civil »nJ criminal, ought to he i in mediately extended over our citizens in Oregon. They bod jnst cause lu 1 complain of our long neglect in ilns j (articular, and liuve. in con sequence been compelled, jor their own security and protection, to establish piovi>ionuI government for them selves. Strong in their allegiance, and ardent in their attachment lo ihe U. Sluies, they have been tlius cast upon tbeir n*n resource*. They are anxious that our laws slionM tie extended over iliem, amt 1 recommend that this bp done by Congress WitbU little delay ns pos sible, in the full extent to which the British Parliament have proceeded in regard to British subjects ill that ter ritory, hv their Act ol July 2d, 1821, "tor regolaiing the fur-trade, and dewMishing e criminal and civil ju risiliction within certain parts of North America.” tty this act Great Britain extended her laws and jurisdic tion, civil and criminal, over her subjects engaged in the fur tiuilc in that territory. By it, the courts of the province of Upper Canada were empowered to take cog nizance of cases, civil and criminal. Justices of the peace, mid other judicial ofiiceis were authorized to he appointed in Oregon, with power to execute all process issuing from the courts of that province, and to**riland hold courts of record for the trial of criminal offences and misdemeanors,” not made the subject of capital, punishment, nndatso of civil cases, where the cause ol. action shall not “exceed in value the amount or sum ol two hundred pounds.” Subsequent to the date of this act of Parliament, a grant was made from the “British crown” to.the Hud son’s Bay Company ol the exclusive Irade with the In dian tiiiies in Ihe Oregon territory, subject to a reserva tion that it shall not operate to the exclusion “of the subjects of uuy f ireign Stale who, under or by force rf any convention fcr Ilia tune being, between us and such foreign estates lesppclivcly, may be entitled to. and shall be engaged in, tbo sent traile.” It is milch lo lie regretleil that, while under thi* Hct ! British subjects tmve enjoyed the protection ot British laws and British judicial tribunals ifiiongbuut tbe wlioler ^ of Oregon, American citizens, in the same territory, i have enjoyed no snch protection from iheir government. At the suine time, the result illustrates ihe character of our people and iheir institutions. In spite ol tin* ne glect, thev bare multiplied, and their number is rap idlv increasing in lliat territory. They have made no appeal to arms, but have peacefully foriilied themselves in Iheir new homes, by the adoption of republican, in stitutions for themselves; furnishing another example of the truth that selt-govcrnuieiil is inherent in the A- inerican breast, nnd must prevail. It is due lo them that tliev should beembrueed ami protected by ourlaws. Ii is deemed important that our laws regulating u ndo nnd intercourse with Ihe Indian tribes easi ul tire Rocky Mountains, should be extended to such tribes.as dweh h.’.v and them. The increasing emigration to Oregon, nnd the care and protection which isdue from the government to its citizens in that distant region, make it our duty, i.s it is our interest, so cultivate amicable relations with the Indian tribes of that territory. For this purpose. I re commend that provision be made for establishing cn In dianagency, and such siih-.-.geneies ns may he deemed necessary, beyond the Kockv Mountains. For the protection of emigrants whilst on their way to Oregon, against the attack ofthe Indian tribes occu pying the Muain through which they pass, t recom mend that a su table number of stockades and block- holloa forts be.“.reeled along the usual runle between our frontier settlements on the .Missouri nnd Ihe Rocky mountains, nnd lltulon adequate force of iiminteil ri flemen be raised lo guard and protect them on theirjonr- ney. 'The immediate adoption of these recommenda tions hy Congress will not violate the provisions of the existing trealv. It will be doing nothing more for A- inencan citizens than British laws h ive long since done for Britishsubjects in the same territories. - . It requires several months to perforin the voyage- by sen from the Atlantic Citntes to Oregon; and although wo have n largo number of whale ships in tho Pacific, hilt few of ^iem afford nn opportunity of interchanging intelligence, without great delay, between nnr seille- ments in that di-t int region nmf the United Stales.— An overland limit is believed to he entirely practicable ; and the importance of establishing such a mail, nr least once a month, is submitted to. the favorable considera tion ofConpress. . .... u It is submitted to the nisdomof Congress to determ ine, whether, at their present session, and until niter the expiration ofthe year’s notice, any; other measure may he adopted, consistently with tho convention of 18-‘7, for the security ol our rights, nnd the government and forth not to be considered a* subjects far future coloni zation by any European Power.’ This principle will apply witbgrenilv increased force, should an European power attempt lo establish any new colony ill North America. In ihe existing circumstan ces of [he world, the present is deemed a proper occasion to reiterate and lenitirm the principle avowed by Mr. Monroe, and to state my cordial concurrence in it* wi»- dom and sound policy. The. re-assertion of tlii* princi ple, especially in reference to NorU) America, is at this day hut the promulgation oi’n polia.v which no F.uropc.- an (lower should c!.eri-li tba disposition U>. ffaiat- Ex isting right* of every European nation should he re spected; but it is due alike jp our safety and our inter ests, that tho efficient protection of oor laws should bo extended over our.whole territorial limit*, ami that it should he distinctly announced to the world as our set- tied pole y, that no f.iimc European colony or domin ion shall, w nil nnr consent, lie piaotrd or established on any part of [he N'nrih American continent. - 1 ■** A question has recently arisen under the tenth article of the snl.-f isting treaty between the t niled State* and Prussia By this article, the consuls of the connlrirs have the light lo sil as judges and arbitrators “ii; *ucb dilo-rencas as ron v a rim In iw ecu ihe captain* and crew s of die ves-cls belonging to tbe na’.ion vvlmss inteiasla are coimnilied to their charge, without die interference’ of the local anthorilius, unle.-s the gondiic,t of the captain shoiilddistuib the order or tmnquilitv ofthe country; or the said consul* shoptld requiiq their assistance to cause the decisions to ho carried mto ellVcl or supported.” The Prussian consul at New Bedford, jn June, 1844; applied to Mr. Justice Story to entry into i fleet a decis ion made by him between die captain and crew of the Prussian ship Bnuriss'i; lull the request was refused on the ground lliat, without previous legislndon by Con gress, the judiciary did not possess the power to give ef fect to this article ill the treaty. The Prussian govern ment, through their minister here, have complained of this violation ofthe treaty, ami have asked the govern ment of the United States to adopt the necessary meas ures to preventsimilarviolalions hereafter. Good faith to Prussia, as w ell n* to ether nations wilh whom we have similar treaty stipulations, requires that these should he faithfully observed- I have deemed it proper, therefoie, to lay the subject before Congress, and to re commend such legislation ns n sy be necessary to give effect to these treaty obligation*. By virtue of an arrangement node between (he Span ish government and thut ofthe I'nited Stales, in Decem ber, lodl, American vessels, since die iwenty-ninth of April, 1840, have been admitted to entry in the ports of Spain, including those of the Bclenric and Canary Isl ands,on payment of the same tonnage duty of five cents per ton, ns though the.y hud been Spanish vessel*; and this, whether our vessels arriv- in Spain directly from the United States,or indirectly from nry other country When Congress,by die net of the thirteenth of July, 1830, gave effect lo this arrangement between the two governments, they confine flip reduction of tonnage du ly incielv lo.Sjmiiisli vessels “comipg frryi) a pint in Spain,” leov ii.g the form-r liis' timinadng doty lu ro- maiu against such vessel* coming from a port in any oth er country. It ia'inunifestly unjust thut, whilst Amari- ciu: vessels, airivmg in tnpppris ol .’sjiain from oibr* countries, should he subjected lo heavy discriminating tonnage duties. This igiieiflierpqmdily nor reciprocity, amt is in viola'inn of do-arrangement concluded in De cember, iSJl,between the lwo countries. The Spanish government (liave made repeated and enrnent remon strance against this inequality, and die favorable atleu- tion ol Congress has been several times invoked to tho subject by my pn deecssors. J recon mend, as an act of justice to"Spain, that this inequality he removed by Con gress, nml ilhat tbe discriminating linlies which have been levied tinder die n, tof the thirteenth of July, 1332, on Spanish vessels coming to,the t ailed State* from uny oilier foreign country, be refunded. Tins recom mendation does not embrace Spanish Vessels arriving in the United States from Cuba and PqrtO Rico, which will siill remain subject to the provisiiins of die act of J line 30th,„1834, concerning tonnage duty on such ves sels. By an octof the fourteenth of .fidy, 4832, coffee was ex| enm'.eii Ir an (buy abogedier. 'I in-, exemption was un versal. without reference to the country where it was prol duced. or the national character of the vessel in which iJ was imported. By the tai iti act of die thirtieth ofAugustl 1842, ibis exemption from duty was restricted lo coffee ii “ ported ill American vessels from die place of its produ lion; whilst coffee imported under all other circumstance^ was subjected to a duty of twenty per cent nd valorem., Under tliis act, and our existing treaty with the King of •' Netherlands, Java coffee imported from the European pc of that kingdom into the United States, whether in Dutch oJ American vessels, now pays this rate o! duty. The gov| eminent of the Netherlands complains tha* su> ha disci mauve duty shou ld have been imposed on coffee, the pro! duction of one of its polonies, and w hich is chiefly brought from Java to the porls’of tliat k gdom, and exported fror thence to foreign countries. Oor trade w ith iheN’eihe lands is highly beneficial to.'.folh countries, ami ours lations With them have ever been of the most friendly ch arter. Under all tho circumsi.inces of the case, I recon tnend dial this discrimination should be abolished, and tha the coffee of Java imported from me Xedierlands be place up»a the same footing with that ini ported directly from Br zil and other countries where it is produced Under die eighth section of . ihe tariff act of the ihir of August. 1842. c duty of fifteen cents per gallon was in posed un I*orl wine in casks ; while,on die red wines.c .ever:-1 ei her cen -■! r t\~, .!,•■■) n,pn:le;i in a duty , "n!_. 'lx cents per gnih .1 wc- imposed. This disc-riming don, so tar as regarded the I’ort v. : n* of Portugal, deemed a violation of our treaty with tail Power, whi, provides, that “No higher or other dories shall he impost on the importation into the C idled Stales of America |q nny article tbe growth, pr, riuce, or manufacture oft char proteclion of our citizens in Oregon. That itnillulli- kingdom and possessions el Portugal, than such as are malcly be wisennd proper to make liberal grants ofland to thn pntrioti,: pioneers, who, amidst privations nnd dangers, lend the way through savage tribes inhabit ing the vast wilderness intervening between ourfrontier settlements and Oregon, and who cultivate, nndhreev- er ready to defend the soil, I am fully satisfied. To doubt whether they will obtain such grants ns soon as the convention between the United States and Great Britain shall have, reused to exist, would he lo doubt the justice of Congress; but pending the year’s notice, it is worthy of consideration whether astipulation this effect may be made, consistently with the spirit of that convention. '('ho recommendations which T have made, ns to the best manner of securing our rights in Oregon, are sub mitted to Congress with greut deferenop. Should they, in their wisdom, devise any other mode better calcula ted to accomplish ihe same object, it shall meet wilh my hearty concurrence.. At the enil.of the venr’s nntice, should Congress think it proper to make provision for giving that nolicp, wts shall have rear lied a period when ihe national rights ill Oregcn must eiiher he abandoned, or firmly maintained. That they cahnol be abandoned without a sacrifice of both national honor and interest, is too clear to admit of doubt. Oregon is a part of iho North American continent, to wjncli It is confidently, affirmed, the title of the United Slates is the bv*t now- inexistence. Foi thegroundson which that title rests, I refer you to the correspondence of the late nnd present Secretary of Stale with the Brit ish pleiopotei tiary during the ncgocinlion. The British proposition of compromise, which would make the Co lumbia the line south of foi t v-nine degrees, with a tri fling iiil.lilion of detached territory, including thn free navigation of the Columbia ami nil the valuable harbors on the Pacific can never, for a moment, be entertained hy the United'.States, without nn abandonment of iheir just ane clear territorial rights, their own self-respect and the national honor. For the information of Con gress, t e.omiminiente herewith the correspondence which t-.ok place beta ecu the ttvo Governments during the last liegoclilien. The rapid extern-ton'of nnr riettlcif.ents over onr terri tories lier- tpBWuimct ujiieil, the addition of new Slate* to nnr confcd-'i’flcy; the expansion of free priori; I.s.ju.l our rising gri'btiiess ns a nation, aie niirectiiig tho nitm- tiort of th. Powers of Europe; nnd lately ihe do, trine has ■ "" r nun 3 (■ lier wines, "shell be subject to the duty prl genuine article ' Imitations of Pori w inl troversy in the spirit of moderation which had giv u riffee'ir brdlclun! in some of them, of a “Imlanre . _ . - - . „ . , . • u r n i I,inh to the lenevved discussion. on the c'cjjitfti’nr, toeherk onr advancement. The Uni- j medical attendants, lie returned to the Uniled 8m Minister Plenipotentiary to .Mexico, clot.led with full j > uion was accordiP"lv made whioh e as re- ' ted Si ucs, sinecrelv desirous of preserving rehilions of in the monili of October last. < inmodore Bide A prnpo o ’ • , Y . I gori I understanding with nil nations, raneot in silence European iuterlerence on the North Aineri- • and should any such inlerferenre he nt- !»e ready to resist it at nny nmlnl! hazards. IJ States would offei what be saw fit to call “some j It i well known to the Ann rican people and to all further propos.l fill Ihe settlement of the Ore*... j *>"•'.**•'* <«’V«‘n..ne.,t ha* never interfered definitely settle, all pending dif- . A propos.t.onwns accoro y n no, wn.m. v as re- ( . two countries, including tho** oF j.’cled hy to ri pc P° J >• ’• *"! j peTthi' any Eun fxico arid Ihe State of Texas.- subrattt.ng any olhei■ proposition, suffered the n*g,.|,- j can r ervtinert; a ed has set out on his mission, and "» In. p-t lo drop, expressing his Iru.t that, tbe j tempted, v.l be powers to adjust, and definitely settle, all pending dif ferences between tho In boundary between -Mex Tho minister appointed has set out on his mission, and is probably hy this time near the Mexican capital. He has Keen instructed to tiring tho negociatim with which ho is charged to a conclusion at the earliest practical period, w hich, it is expected, w ill he in timo to enable me to communicate the result to Congress during tho present sersion. Until that r.’sull is known, 1 forbear to rrcommrnd to Congress such ulterior measure* of redress f >r the wrongs anJ injuries we have so long borne, as it would have been proper to make had no such negociation been instituted. Congress appropriated at the last session, the sum of two hundred anil seventy fivo thousand dullsrs for the payment of the April and July instalment* of tho Mexican indemnity for the year 1844; •• Provided it shall he ascertained to the satisfaction of the Ameriran government, that said instalments have been pxid by tbe Mexican governmeul to the agent appointed by tbe United States to receive the same, in such manner as lo discharge all claim nn the Mexican government, and said agent to ho delinquent in remitting the money to the United States.” The unsettled state of our relations with Mexico has involved ibie subject in much mystery. J he Inst infor mation, in on authentic form, the agent ofthe United States appointed under the administration of my prede cessor, was received at Ihe State Department on Iho ninth of November last. This is contained in a letter, dj'cd the seventeenth of October, addrrssed hy him to one of onr citizens then in Mexico, vrith the view of having it communicated to that department. From thn 1 it appears that the agent, on the twentieth ofSep- I question, mere consistent with fairness anil iqeily, I and wilh the reasonable expectations ofthe British go ; vernment.” The proposition thus offered and iej ct- i ed repeated the offer of the parallel of forty-nine de grees of north latitude, which had been made by two with the relations sub -isling between other government*, vt’e hive nevef made ourScIvrs parti'* to their wars or thrifAllinneetij we have not sought their territories by roomiest; we have not mingled with parties io their do me*! io Struggle*: anil, believing our own form of gov ernment to tin tin* best, v- e have never utleminod lopro- poga’e it by intrigues, by diplomacy, or by force. We preceding administrations, hut wilnoul proposing to | inuvclanaoii-tllia comment a like exemption from En- surrenderto Great Britain, as they hid done, the tree navigation of the Columbia river, 'i he right of mv foreign Power to the free navigation of any of our liv ers, through Ihe heart of our countiy, was one which I wus unwilling to concede. It also embraced a pro vision to make free to Great Britain any port < r puts on the cap of Quadra and Vancouver’s island, south of this parallel. Had this been it netv question aim ing under discussion for the first lime, this propusiL tinii would not have been made. 'J he extraordinary and inadmissible demands of the British government, and the rej ction of the proposition made in deference alone to what had been done by toy predecessors, and tbe implied obligation which their acts seemed to im pose, afford satisfactory evidence that no compromise which iho United 8t#tes ought to accept, can he effected. With this conviction, the proposition of compromise which had been m-i-Ja anJ re jected, was,by my direction, sub-equently withdrawn, ••.nd our title to the whole Oregon territory asserted, and. is is believed, maintained hy irrefragable facts and srgumentf. The civilized world will see in these proceedings a spirit ol iitcrul concession ou the part of the U. States; ropem inter ft-renee. Ti e i ni ms of America e re eqinii- Iv sovereign l.nd independent wilh those ot Europe. Urey (in-rsr s,i the snmo rights, independent pf nil foreign inrerposili-m, to make war. to^cnuclurio peace, aiui in ■n-g'ilnre tin ii-interns! ails i.s. 'i Ire per pi* of tin- Unit. .1 Si tee cunu-.t, ili< reft're.v n-w with indiffi-r.-nre, attempts of European p-rarrs to interfere with the independent action ot lb-nations cn ll i-* continent. The American sv-teiuaf Government is entirely diflnrrtrt from lliat of Europe- Jealousy among ifi-r different -oretriglis of E- rope, le.-t any one ol tbeat might become mo power ful for the rest, lu.s caused them anxiously to desire the establishment of w h it they term the “halancenfpower.” It cannot be permitted te have any application on the North American continent, nnd especially to the Doited States. W must ever maintain the principle, thnt the people of this continent alone have the right to decide their own destiny. Should any portion of them, consti tuting an indupe -ident Stale,propose to unite themselves with our confederacy, this w ill be a question fur them and-08 to determine, without any foreign interposition. We eun never consent that European Powers shall in terfere to prevent such a union, because it might disturb the “balance oft power” which they may desire to main tain upon this (onlinent. Near a quarter oftn century ugo, lire principle was di.-dinctJy unnoiuiced to the world in the annual message of one oft my predecessors, that the American continents, by tiie tree and independent ccndiliou which they ussumed and maintain, are hence. shall he payable otithe like article being lire growth, p r q Jure, or manufacture ot any other foreign country.” AJ cordingly, to give effect to the treaty, as well as to the tetei.m •>:'Congress, ex| ressed in a proviso to the intentinl of Congress,expressed in a provis* to the tariff act itself that nothing therein contained should be so construed as t interfe'-e with subsisting treaties with foreign nations, I treasury circular was is.-tied outlie sixteenth oft July, 184^ which, among-other things, declared the duty on the Pi wine of Portugal, in casks, under the existing laws mil and treaty, to he six cents per gallon, and directed that 1 excess of duties which had been collected on such wi -hould be refunded. By virtue of another clause in it* same section ofthe act, it t» provided that all imitations < Port, or any other vided for the gent tie production of France, are imported to some extent n the Uniled States; knd the government of that country in claims that, under e correct construction of ihe apt, the imitations ought not to pay a higher duty than that impose upon the original Port wine of Portugal. It t to be unequal and unjust, that French imitat tins of Po wine should be subjected to a duty of fifteen cents, win! the more valuable article from Portugal should pay a c.'ul of six cents only per gallon. 1 therefore recommend f Congress such legislation as maybe necessary to correct ti] inequality. 1 The late President, in his annual message of Decernl J last, recommended an approp.ia: i-ui to satisfy, the claims ] the Texan Government against the United States, whi- had been previously a-'juste, . solar as tbe powers- of til ex. e-.tn e e vteinl. 'flu sc el aims ;u os* out oft the act of d J arming a body of Texan troops under the comma ml of Sl| jor Smvety, by an officer in the service ofthe United St acting under t tie orders of our Government; and the I’orJ ble entry into tbe custom s use at BryaHy's landing, Red river; by certain (fitftfni of tbe United States, and king away therefrom the goods seized by the collector of tl customs . » forfeited under the law s of Texas. This liquidated debt, ascertained tribe due to Texas when cn i depen 1>-Ut slate. Her acceptance of the terms of annt ticn proposed by tbe United States d- es not discharge invalidate ibe claim. I recommend that provision be in for ils payment. The commissi mer appointed to China during the specl session of the “< re to Mam last, rimrtiv afterwards out on bis mi--'-tn | i in i..t United r-tates ship Columbus Onarriving at Rio dc Janeiro on b - j assage, thi state oD health had become so critical, that, by the advice ol lies: H ,_ Jdle, ccj mantling the East India squadron pr ceededon his voy« in the Colambns, and was charged by the Cbminisrir with the duty of exchanging with the proper authentic! ratifications oftheireaty lately concluded with the Empe* of China. Since the return of the commissioner United States; bis health has been much improved, andf entertains the cor fideui belief that he will soon be abld proceed on bis mission Unfortunately, differences continue to exist ofthe nations nf 3-.utb America, v. hicli. follow ample have established their independence, while ill r.tlij internal dissensions pri vail. It i-natural tbi tides should be warmly enlisted ior their welfare ; that ■ should desire that all controversies between then. ;li be amicably adjusted aid iheir G* in a manner lo protect the rights, t ly of iheir people. Ii is contrary, policy, to interfere in their coctru' or internal. I have thus ad verted to all the our foreign relations to w hich i rit v*ur attention. Our policy is m t good will towards all tho Power.- nd promote the prospj however, to our sell ctsic.-, wljetber exte^ ubjccs connected cm it necassary to ot ly peace w ith all, t the earth. WhiJel ith nil ci r. It is I may he rotary ol ■ill. Gieat Britain the most sati ighteued age iutre that all sitsll ! cs with Mexico and ■ilizt'd nations are oft t pod that in this onIi imicably adjusted. oft tho Treasury, in his annual repo] tm unioate o full statement pf the c-e id trees, the imports for the fiscal year enrliii h ot June last, were ofthe value >ft one him, et-n millions two hundred ami fifty-four thou •il and sixty-four dollars, of which the tun, ,;n* fifteen mdlion.i three hundred and fort icht hundred nnd thirty dollars—leaving nitre ot one hundred nnd one millions nine hundred and en thousand seven Uutdreu and thirty vur dollars fo n e.-tic consumption. The exports for the same ye, of the value ot $ 11-t.tWt; ta t, ; oft w hich, the amount o tnestic articles was ?9!t,29!;,v; 6. The t eoeipisinlo the sury during the same year Were t?2:i.7fi9.133 56 ; oft wl there were derived from customs, 8 27,528,112 U: arejust to ; ceptiug tar relations w rv charade differences p The he. Congress v oftv.tr final the thirliet and .-revest ti ve hunrlre exjottdl w thousand e