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STUDY IN PLANT-FOOD
State Chemist Writes Interest
ingly on this Subject.
talk on phosphoric acid
Tells Farmers If They Expect Large
Yields From Their Lands They Must
Learn What Plant Food the Soil
Needs—Where Phospates Are Found.
Letters on Agricultural Chemistry by
the State Chemist.
LETTER NO. 8.
THE PHOSPHATES.
In letter No. 4, bulletin No. '.’.8, I
alluded to the import unco of phosphor¬
ic acid us a constituent of plant-food,
it is in the same class with nitrogen
and potash, they being the elements
found only In small quantity in most
cultivated _______ _______, soils, all the _ other . elements
uaces: ary lo plan! life being usually
present In profusion. Phosphoric acid
then, must be added to the soil If we
expect large yield. The various
sources of phosphoric acid, then, are
of intenat. i
Hones were the Hr. t and earliest
form in which phosphoric acid was !
applied to the soil, Pones are a com¬
bination of organic and inorganic mat¬
ter. The organic matter in a bone
consists mainly of fat and a glutinous
mutter; tnc inorganic matt r is chief¬
ly phosphate '......................... of lime. This ’ dual ....... corn- .......
position of a bone can be demonstrat
cd very graphically by taking tin- leg
bone of an animal and soaking it for
U W,iUe iu w<ak murfatk ;,c ' id -
lam acid will dissolve away the pine
paaw of lime, which gives rigidity j
and stillness to the bone, and leave;
behind tne glutinous flexible animal
mutt"!* of the bone, which will still
retain the shape of the original bone.
You can now take this soft organic
matter and tie it info a knot, without
AK-atUng it. This sojt , , i JMiu 4 ,.
of the bone is ■ ilia ■
a bone fertilizer is a double manure,
both phOHphatic fend nilrogonous.
Rones vary a good deal in composl
lion, according to the nature and age
of the annual; there is not so much
phosphate In the bones of a young
animal as iu (nose of an old one.
Even in the same animal, th■ hard
thign bones ot an ox, for instance,
will contain more phosphate of lime
than softer bones from other parts
of the animal. Hones to be of value
should, of course, be ground, and the
•liner the grinding, the better. \
coarsely crushed or ground raw bone,
which has not been treated to remove
an> of its original fa tty matter, will
decay with comparatively slowness in
the soil, and consequently but little
eflVef might be perceived from its ap¬
plication tin’ first season.
A good raw bone will contain on an
average twenty-two per cent, phos¬
phoric acid and four per cent, of ni¬
trogen. Such a bone is quite diffi¬
cult to grind line, and on its fineness
depends in large measure its value as
a 11 • I't iii/cr. Hut by boiling and steam
no, much of ihe fat is removed, which
am no value as a manure; some of
■tip' nitrogen is also removed in the
tonu of glue and gelatine by the boil¬
ing and steaming process. This treat,
ment, however, enables the bone to be
ground much finer than the raw bone,
and where tae process has been carried
out very thoroughly, as in the manu
laetuie of glue, the resulting ground
bone may contain as high as 80 per [
eon. of phosphoric acid, but the nitro¬
gen in tais case will be reduced to
less than two per cent. Actual ex¬
periments have shown that all the
phosphoric acid from a finely ground
steamed bone may become available
in one or two seasons in the soil,
wniie that from a coarse ground raw
bone would not become fully available
in three or four seasons.
The Mineral or Rock Phospates.
It bones were the only resource of
phosphoric acid, modern agriculture
weald be in a distressing condition,
since bones could supply only a very
small part of the demand. The prices
of ft ;til• I.- would be very much high,
or than they now are; the cotton crop
of the v on!u and the gram crops cf
lie world would be very much small¬
er. and the population of the earth very
much less than it now is. So true is
St that life itself as counted b% geuer-
Letter to W. W. BIRD.
Cniwfordville Ga.
Dear Sir: Would you like to hear of
i fo-year paint?
91 1 , .lames A. O Neil - ho iso, Hender¬
son, N. (i , was painted 50 years ago
with Devon lead and zinc, arid never
painted again tilt last year: it then look¬
ed better than common paint in half that
time.
1 he reason is: Fevoe is all paint and
true paint; while the common paints are
Pat t turn and part f else. Don’t pay to
monkey vviili paint.
And Devon costs less than a ny of
house cm- not and by tho gallon, of course: by the
year. That’s how to reckon
it. Go by the name.
Yours Truly.
F. W DKYOE & CO.
* sL 1- F. Iveudrlck sells our paiat.
rtM 1 IL'IV is no tune . like ,.7 the
to eou.-sulor the tolly pres
eiL of hav- i
nit \otit homi' and household
d'w|; lllllM 1,1 ' *' * inpio-sont
M' C '.”7 | 1,0 • HlM.rar.ee com
'mnn!v lll0ni a '. 1)110 ol 111 y
1 ls '
has 7 ‘ ud A* uud :
p out over ONE HUN
OKED MILLION DOLLARS in
losses. See me before it is too
Lite. J. C Williams
e.'ions use. and fails in greater
: i volume, iir uniaua with tnc
available supply of plant-food in the
soil. A very large proportion of the
den.se population and increased wea'th
of the Old , World ... . . is doubtless , duo 1
■
'f , .I • S “' V r : ry ?. ” ln ' ral
° 1 * n grcalcr
or less quantity have been known 1 for 1
a long , time in tne Old World but '
shall ... mention only , those fields in n this 1
-
country , which , , are ot „ 7 great comm, immcrcia, rcla’
importance . oday. The first of these
1,1 1,011 <0 ' CO an l ficvelo
A '’' 1 ‘ Jl ‘' ' ‘ il0]ina Phosphate
beds Tnese beds are in the neigh¬
borhood of the city of Charleston, S. C.
The rock is found both in the land
and in the* rivers in that vicinity, 'inis
phosphate is found usually in the form
of lumps or nodules, varying from th«
size of a pebble to quite large masses.
The deposits vary from one or two feet
to twelve or more In thickness. This
rock contains no nitrogenous organic
matter like bone, but is simply a rock
phosphate. It is true, however, that
among the deposits are found many
evidences of life, such as Immense
vertebrae of a- imals, and large teeth
ot shark, marine and other animals,
The South Carolina rock contains from
twe nty-six to twenty-eight per cent, ot
phosphoric acid. It*ls highly esteem
cd both at home and abroad as a
source of phosphoric acid; actual min.
lug began here in 18G8.
Florida Phosphates.
The next great discovery of phos¬
phate rock in this country occurred
in Florida, in 1888 to 1889. There
are different forms of this phosphate;
first, we have the land or boulder
phosphate, which occurs in rocky or
st0 ny masses of varying size and form
’
ani , varylng lrom lhirty t0 fort
cent, of phosphoric acid; second, the
" SOfr 1)Uospha t e> a white powdery ma.
ter i al , mixed with more or less kao
lin> and containing from eighteen to
thirty per cent, phosphoric acid; third¬
ly, we have the “pebble” form, consist,
ing of small, hard, rounded pebbles,
which occur both in the beds of the
rivers, and in dpnnsim on the land.
'Ley Iff FTrtpOStuoiv tnn f
range from tinny to tuirty-six cent,
of phosphoric acid. The Florida rock
constitutes a very important source of
phosphoric acid, is highly esteemed,
am! is used largely both at home and
abroad.
Tennessee Phosphate.
Shortly after the discovery of phos¬
phate rock in Florida, discoveries be¬
gan to he made in Tennessee in the
vicinity of Nashville, and later still im.
portant deposits began to be found in
Maury county. Term., near Mt. Pleas,
ant. I his took, like the others, is
variable In form and composition, but
the marketable varities range from
thirty to thirty-seven per cent, of phos
pliorie acid. There are other impor¬
tant phosphatic deposits in the world,
but taose just described constitute the
important ones for Southern agricul¬
ture. Having mentioned the chief
sources of nitrogen and phosphoric
acid, we will take a bird’s-eye view
of the sources of polish.
'v-C BARKER’S”"
i „ hair balsam
. \?%v *os a:.d luxuriant beaut,the : *!*■«
t growth.
«. v- , Vi
Hair to
An Irripcrtant and Timely Letter from
Dr. W. C. Bryant, General Oil Inspec
tor for the State of Georgia.
With v vun the me approach approach of or the tne long long win- win
try evenings, it behooves those who
wish to make the most of Ikon, lot the
| time of study or recreation to look well
to the question ,, ot , lights, °
Inasmucn as .. the tallow or sperm can.
; die, ,, in many ways the least objection- , .
! ! abIo
, . of ... ail artiflcial ii gats not
, am
i n , w genfcm „ y U8ed and as those away
,
from thecity or towns are forced to
uae Kerosene oil as an illuminant, it
is important to so use this agent as
to get tin very best results.
The fir.:; point about which we are
concerned i* safety. So important is
this that in 1890 a law was enacted
by the General Assembly of Georgia,
requiring the inspection of all oils used
in the State for the purpose of illumi¬
nation, and prescribed a test for the
same. mis law- has been amended
from time to time, and so carefully and
conscientiously have the inspectors
carried out the intent of the law, that
for a number of years an explosion
with thaccompanying destruction of
life ant property, which at one time
was quiti‘ common, is now unheard of.
It is my opinion, however, that In
requiring that the matter of safety
be paramount, the Illuminating quality
of the oil may have been impaired.
The oil refined to tne point where it
will pass the Georgia test l^ust neces¬
sarily, it seems, be of low specific grav¬
ity, containing more or less of para
fine and possibly other heavy chemi¬
cals. Such an oil will not give as
bright a light as one containing a
larger percentage of naptha and other
light infiamable gases. So the ques¬
tion arises, shall we have a brilliant
light with a maximum of or
one not so bright with a minimum of
danger? This question was settled by
the law above referred to, and it is
now “up to us” to get the best results
possible from the material at command.
To do. this, wo must first have local
eondiF >n,s as good as we may. Very
oftei ~ of bad oil is in the
: *, j — - ’’-'’a.— ' r "i*:S
tank . tally placed In some dark
corner arid left uncovered from year
to year, an v . the dirt has accumulated
in the bottom, until every gallon of
oil that is poured into it is contaminat¬
ed. In puttaping out of this tank into
your can the small particles of dirt
are stirred up and poured into it and
finally find their way into your lamp
wick, clog it up and as a result you
have a poqr light.
To avoid making this article too
long, I will outline the conditions which
will afford you a good light;
First—Remember that “cleanliness
is next to godliness.” Certainly is
it a prerequisite of a good light.
Second—Lamp. Select one having a
wide bowl or reservoir and not too
deep.
Third—Wick. Select a loosely wov¬
en wick. See that it fits the burner.
Cut it in such length that the lower
end just reaches tne bottom of the
reservoir or bowl. After it has been
used for some time and has become too
short, do not attempt to piece it out
with another piece of wick or, as I
have often seen, a piece of an old
sock. Every ten (toys boil out your
burner in water, to which has been
added some common cooking soda. Af¬
ter it has been thoroughly boiled, dry
it In the sun or over the stove before
replacing it.
Fourth—Before (.extinguishing the
flame, always turn the wick down very
low. Every ten days or two weeks
empty your lamp, thoroughly rinse out
the reservoir or bowl with clean oil,
not water! remove the wick, and if it
is at all clogged up with dirt, boil it
out, or. what is still better, replace it
with a new one, and put in fresh, clean
oil.
II ’ Fnese directions are carefully ad
hered to and you do not have as a
result a good light, then the oil is at
fault, and it is your duty to report to
your nearest local inspector that you
have in your possession an oil of an
inferior quality, and he will af once
investigate the matter for you. If it is
not convenient, or you do not know
your local inspector, I would be glad
for you to make your complaint direct
to this office.
W. C. BRYANT,
General Oil Inspector.
‘‘Better Be Sure Than Sorry,’
And it is the duty of every Property owner to protec
himself against them. That is, to always
Keep Your Property Insured.
I represent two of the best companies in the world.
Kates as low as aay. 2 Call and see me or drop me
a card and I will come to see you.
Y Williams 5
Cniwfordville, Ga.
W. \Y. RAMSEY. G. \V. LEG WEN.
Ramsey & Legwin » 5
actors 1
Augusta' Ga,
Liberal Cash Advances and Personal Attention to al
Business- Dnbei in HLpn Grade Buggies Wagons and
HGMI^TAR
fsr chlldmnt scfe t Ears, .Vu a.ciafva
For Infants and Children,
—————-— ----——-1 - Tli—IIW
18 Kind You Have
__ AVege ______ _____________ table Prcparaiionfor As¬ Always Bought
similating the Food andReguta- Bears the
ting itie Slomaciis and Bowels of
Infants/children
Promotes Digestion,Cheerful¬ Signature
ness and Rest.Contains neither of
Opium.Morpliine nor Mineral.
Not NiYRc otic .
Jiape r/fOUDrSAKUELPlTCMR
fampkui dtx. Senna Seed*
*
Iloekelle Salts —
utilise Seed /
IthiH-Sepcl -
Cl an fied Sugar
Hmteiy/ven Flavor,
lion, Aperfecl Sour Remedy Stomach,Diarrhoea for Conslipa
Worms .Convulsions .Feverish¬ over
ness and Loss OF SLEEP. or
'facsimile Signature of
_NEW YORK. Thirty Years
At b mon Mi^ old
EXACT COEY-QF WBABBER.
THE CENTAUR COMPANY. NEW YORK CITY.
■ , -y ,?-v; v'y : yx.,
_ CjF 1 I S3 @ H 1 BOB
—— —MIUMIIM Ell III 1 Km........... i mgmMC MfMNNNEMNNWMllMin
’ '
> •
,
MAY EE
Your Property Represents MONEY,
And your mercantile credit is based on what you own
In ten minutes lire will wipeout the saving of years
Then the wise man looks to his tire insurance.
Such a Fire Means Ruin
To the man who neglected jn insure.
The foolish man who built his house upon the sand, vvai
net more foolish than he who runs the risk of losing his
hard earnings, when a good policy in the strongest com
nies would cost him only a few dollars a year.