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ADVOCATE-DEMOCRAT.
MAGAZIm*- MZ Andrews
uuv 1 •'
A PRESIDENT’S CABINET.
SOME SECRETARIES HAVE AT¬
TAINED GREATER FAME TELAN
THEIR CHIEF.
While Appointments Are Political,
the Cabinet is Usually the Presi¬
dent’s Closest Adviser.
James S. Henry.
According to the old saw “it takes
Bine tailors to make a man,” so in the
Government of the United States it
takes nine Cabinet officers to make
an administration. Primarily Ameri¬
can cabinet officers are selected to be¬
come the heads of the nine great ex¬
ecutive departments of the Govern¬
ment. As one star differeth from an¬
other star in glory so one cabinet offi¬
cer differs from another in opportun¬
ity, ability and the power to make a
lasting impression upon the history of
the country. These nine heads of de¬
partments are chosen by the Presi¬
dent and although the approval of the
Senate of the United States is required
to make their appointment legal and
constitutional, the preference of the
Executive is invariably respected and
the nine Cabinet officers represent his
personal choice, so far as politics
leaves him a free agent.
To be a member of the President’s
Cabinet has filled the ambition of many
statesmen. It is a place only one re¬
move from that to which all native
born citizens of the United States have
a right to aspire—the Presidency it¬
self. If there have been disappoint¬
ments and unrealized ambitions on the
part of the great men who have been
President the world has not heard of
them. The disappointments, the dis¬
couragements, the disillusionment, the
restrictions that have been experienced
by statesmen who had hoped to
achieve glory and fame as Cabinet offi¬
cers can be read in the national rec¬
ords from the foundation of the Gov¬
ernment to the present time. Fail¬
ure to accomplish great plans and to
realize hopes of a lasting place in his¬
tory has sent many Cabinet officers
McKinley and President Roose¬
seems yet a living actual per¬
sonality in the affairs of the world. If
other monument had been establish¬
ed by his long public service, the "open
door” policy for which he obtained rec¬
ognition in the Far East would mark
his statesmanship for all time. With
his colleague, Elihu Root, who is now
his successor, he shared the glory of
the late President McKinley’s admin¬
istration in which both men were su¬
perlative influences.
Copyright 1904, Clinedinst. Wash. D.C.
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND HIS CABINET 1904.
Taft, Wilson, Hay, Morton, Hitchcock, Moody, Wynne, Metcalf, Shaw.
embittered and disappointed back into
private life.
May Not be Personal Friends.
While the President of the United
States is entitled to choose the nine
gentlemen who shall sit about his
council table as his Cabinet advisors,
the political system in effect in the
United States often robs this selection
of its personal character. A newly
elected President may know of nine
men in his circle of business, social and
political acquaintances whom he would
like to have around him as counsellors
and whom he'believes would make ef¬
ficient heads of departments in the
administration of Government laws
and business. The exigencies of poli¬
tics, however, usually compel him to
choose bis Cabinet officers from differ¬
ent sections of the country and in ac¬
knowledgement of certain potent influ¬
ences, sometimes commercial, some¬
times economic, sometimes religious,
end often purely political that helped
make his election sure. The Chief
Executive before deciding upon the
composition of his Cabinet inquires
carefully into the qualifications, ability
and character of the men whom he will
invite to sit at his council table, but
it often happens that the first time he
has come in personal contact with his
future advisor is when he meets him
to extend the invitation to him to en¬
ter the Cabinet.
In the economy of Government and
in- the social life at the nation’s Cap¬
ital, an American Cabinet officer oc¬
cupies a commanding position, but in
the accomplishment of great deeds of
statesmanship and as a power in fash¬
ioning the policies of the nation, the
Cabinet minister’s own personality, his
ability and genius can alone make
success. There are conspicuous ex¬
amples in the history of the United
States where Cabinet ministers have
dominated the Executive and carved
their names higher on the pillar "of
fame than the Presidents with whom
they served. The impress made on
national affairs by such men as Daniel
Webster, John C. Calhoun and James
G. Blaine, as ministers of 6tate, i»
greater than that of many Presidents
of the United States. It is not neces¬
sary to refer to musty history for ex¬
amples of Cabinet ministers who have
won international fame. The late John
Hay, Secretary of State under Presi-
CRAWFORDV1LLE, GA., FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1905,
LEPERS IN AMERICA.
Three Hundred of Them in Twenty
States and Territories.
“Unclean, unclean." This is a cry
which has struck terror to the hearts
of many people who have journeyed
through the Orient and our Asiatic
and Pacific possessions, but it has
probably never ocurred to them, that
in the United States proper there are
nearly 3(H) lepers. These are scatter¬
ed over 20 states and territories, but
the states of Louisiana, California,
Florida, Minnesota and North Dakota
Sherman’s Earlier
Going back a little further we find
the late John Sherman standing as
the monument of sound finance and
marking the otherwise colorless Hayes
administration from 1877 to 1881 as an
epoch in the financial history of the
country. In the days of the Civil War,
Stanton, at the head of the War De¬
partment, earned the name of being
the greatest Secretary of War the
United States ever had and was the
mainstay of the immortal Lincoln in
the latter’s heartbreaking experiences
with traitors, politicians and self-seek¬
ing army officers. The 130 years of
national life of the United States fur¬
nished many brilliant examples of
what a Cabinet officer can accomplish
and the influential part he can play in
the achievements of an administration.
It depends largely upon the Presi¬
dent of the United States to what ex¬
tent a Cabinet officer may achieve
prominence in national affairs. Dur¬
ing the last generation most of the
Presidents of the United States have
been men of iron will and command¬
ing personality. Most of them, how¬
ever, have depended upon members of
their Cabinet for expert advice on
great national and international issues.
In the administration of Grant, Cleve¬
land, Harrison, McKinley and Roose¬
velt certain of their ministers were
pre-eminent in the direction of affairs
of state and domestic policies. These
Presidents were and are strong men,
but ever ready to listen to the advice
and appreciate the statemanship of the
strong men they had chosen for their
Cabinet.
Different Treatment of Cabinets.
Each President has had his own
conception of the functions of a
officer. Each one has adopted
his own method of Cabinet consulta¬
tion. President Roosevelt might be
said to have a Cabinet of specialists.
He has selected men whom he believed
peculiarly fitted to administer the af¬
fairs of the different departments. At
the bi-weekly Cabinet meetings, which
are held when the President is in his
executive office in Washington, each
Cabinet officer presents a short re¬
sume of the condition of his depart¬
ment. If there is any matter that has
arisen under his jurisdiction that is of
a widespread, general character it is
reserved for discussion by himself and
the President, and perhaps one or two
other members of the Cabinet who re¬
main after the formal meeting. Great
questions of national and international
policy are not matters of general dis¬
cussion in Mr. Roosevelt’s Cabinet.
They are taken up and debated by the
President and those Cabinet officers
whom he believes are specially quali¬
fied to give expert opinion upon them.
The late President McKinley had an
entirely different method and the
meetings of his Cabinet were actual
state councils. Every matter affecting
the nation at large or bearing upon our
international relations was brought up
at these meetings and each one of the
President’s advisors was requested to
submit his opinion. The Secretary of
Agriculture was asked for his views
on the advance on Pekin, while the
opinion of the Secretary of State on
the type of battleships to he adopted
by the Navy was welcomed. Mr. Mc¬
Kinley believed in this way that he se¬
cured the best results and it also gave
his cabinet officers an opportunity to
exhibit whatever of talent or genius
of statesmanship they possessed.
To Remove a Tight Ring.
A very simple way of removing a
very tight ring from the finger is to
take a piece of small cord or wrapping
thread and push one end of it under
the ring. Then, taking hold of the
other end of the string, begin winding
around the finger from close up against
the ring to the very tip of the finger.
Then, to remove the ring, take hold
of the end of the cord that was slipped
under the ring and unwind the cord.
As the unwinding progresses the ring
will be carried along with it and re¬
moved without difficulty.
MILADY’S DIAMONDS.
HISTORY OF THE NECKLACE.
ITS MANUFACTI RE AFFORDS
Ml CH EMPL 01'ME XT.
Raw Diamonds as Dug Are Com¬
paratively Cheap—Great Cost Comes
From the Polishing, Cutting and
Filling.
One morning last spring there ap¬
peared in the London papers graphic
descriptions of the arrival at South
ampton of the "Pullman," the 3,032
carat (25 oz.) diamond found in the
Premier mine, Johannesburg, in Jan¬
uary. Details of the appearance of
the two agents from South Africa, the
black bag carried by the' older ami
said to contain the biggest diamond in
th<v world, the crowd at the docks, the
detectives sent from Scotland Yard,
filled a column. As a matter of fact,
the Cullinnn made the trip from
Johannesburg to London in an ordln-
SENATOR CRANE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
have all but about 50. Over 155 cases
are iu Louisiana alone; a number of
these, however, are among people who
have come from Southern Europe. In
something like 190 cases the disease
was contracted iu this country.
For Federal Supervision.
Senator W. M. Crane, who succeed¬
ed the lace Senator Iloar, at the last
session of Congress introduced a bill
providing for government supervision.
It was passed by the Senate, but
when it came up for consideration
at the hands of the Representatives,
Delegate Itodey of New Mexico,
smarting under the sting left by the
failure of his statehood plans, charged
that the provision in this bill which
planned to locate a leper colony on
some abandoned military reservation
was, in fact, a plan to foist the
“unclean” upon New Mexico, as there
nre several abandoned reservations in
that territory. the House.
The bill failed to pass
It is believed that Senator Crane pro¬
poses to again Introduce this bill ear¬
ly in the next session. It will be in¬
troduced In a somewhat different man¬
ner from tlie old one. It will provide
for a “Lepers Home” instead of
“Leprosarium”, as this latter term
conveyed the impression that the dis¬
ease was more prevalent in the Unit¬
ed States than it really is.
To Search For Cure.
Leprosy was regarded by the Israel¬
ites as incurable. In fact the records
of ancient times show the great fear
in which it has always been held,
Medical science has learned little or
nothing regarding leprosy. One of
the strongest arguments for the care
of the “unclean” is, that such an insii-
tution would make possible a careful
study of the disease uml, perhaps, in
time result in thq discovery of a
cure. There is a government institu¬
tion for the care of lepers in Hawaii,
LEPER AT WALLS OF JERUSALEM.
at Molokai, where often a leper is sep¬
arated from his family by forcible
means. Fathers and mothers are tak¬
en from their children, a child from
its parents, a friend from friend, -and
all this at a time when the afflicted
is to all intents and purposes perfect¬
ly well. Government officials starte,
however, that is not the idea in the
establishment of this new Institution
under the Crane bill, to take any leper
from bis family by forcible means.
The plan wall be merely to isolate all
cases.
ture of oil and diamond dust rubbed
iuto the edge. The saw rotates at a
tremendous speed, being turned by a
leather bolt running from an engine.
Yn export cleaver, if paid so much per
diamond cut could make from $00 to
$80, and as one cleaver furnishes
work for 50 or 00 simpers, would
quickly work himself out of a job.
Consequently, he prefers to go slowly
and receive a monthly wage of $120.
The shapers or “bruteurs” outline
the form in which tile diamond will
ultimately appear. In this operation,
the “hruteur” takes two stones of sim¬
ilar size and hardness, fits each into
a metal cap, sets one in a machine
that resembles a carpenter’s lathe, and
as it revolves the second stone is
pressed against it. The dust caused
by the friction is caught in a tiny box.
before the invention of this machine,
the "bruteur" held the diamonds be¬
tween the thumb and forefinger of
each hand and rested the little fingers
on the sides of the tank, which is
made of brass. In time the constant
pressure on the brass wore the sides
of the box into grooves, while the
yy.. r ne cklace took the highest award at the Saint Diamonds Louis Exposition presented
hi //t NaToleanio' Ssso 000 . It contains French Crown passed
^/hrouvh Josephine {including on their divorce, and which later
hands the notorious Mine. Humbert It has
many disaster to the possessor. It also contains two big
always i i ,f for "Boss" Tweed of New York;
stones wine ,/ as cu /r buttons (May collection Alvin foshu
Jems eJid I.aiLv Hope’s Exhibited Yoke) Maurice ; Bower of
Maximillian diamonds . by
r
arv, inconspicuous package through
the registered mail, postage two shill¬
ings. It is not impossible that the
Southampton romance w’as conceived
and paid for at advertising rates l>y
the owners or underwriters to divert
attention, for the diamond was valued
at four million and insured for two
and a half million dollars.
Two more large diamonds have since
been found in the same mine, one
weighing 334 carats and the other 4«>0
carats. One wonders who can afford
to buy these stones. It will cost enor¬
mously to put them on the market.
Most diamonds are sold outright by
ifl miner to the cutter, and one of the
biggest South African diamond kings
has said that the margin of profit up¬
on which the entire than
is carried on is but little larger
the percentage of gain in any other
line of business.
The jewellers of Paris claim that In
proportion ns the value of the dia¬
monds in a necklace decreases, so does
the cost of setting increase. A dia¬
mond necklace that sells for $14,900
has cost the jeweller $<500 in mount¬
ing, while one that sells for $200,000
will require an expenditure of only
$300 in the mounting- from the
$199,700 remaining in the latter case,
still further deduction must be made
for the expense of preparing the
stones. The figures obtained on a
$200,000 necklace in a Paris shop indi¬
cated that the diamonds composing it.
were valued at much less than $89,000
when rough. The woman who buys
such an ornament contributes more to
the actual prosperity of the working
class than many of the so-called
social reformers who rave at her ex¬
How Diamonds are Cut.
So far. Europe has been the center
of the diamond-cutting industry. In
Amsterdam there are more than 15,000
cutters, in Antwerp 3,000, in the Jura
Mountain district 000, in Paris 200
and in Loudon only 150. They are
divided into three classes, cleavers,
shapers and polishers. The cleaver
examines the rough diamond, and if
be . finds a flaw cuts it into as many
perfect gems as the grain of the car¬
bon will permit. For tills purpose the
rough stone is set in a mold to which
it Is securely attached with aluminum,
and then applied to the cutting tool
a circular saw about 5 inches in diam¬
eter, made of soft copper, with a mix-
PAGES 1 TO 4-
metal fork which form part of the
apparatus, the diamond is held against
the revolving disc, and as sometimes
a stone less than an eighth of an inch
lu diameter has 100 facets, great nice¬
ty on (lie part of the workman is re¬
quired, and the position of the dia¬
mond is changed more than 100 times
before the requisite lustre and finish
are secured. The polisher works al¬
ways with a magnifying glass, and
makes from $3.00 to $4.00 a day.
Three Hundred Diamonds in Necklace
In the $200,000 necklace mentioned
there were 300 diamonds. Allowing
three days’ hrtitnge (rough shaping),
and three months’ polishing <>u each,
the sum expended for these two items
alone amounts to $110,700.
After the stones arrived at the jew¬
eller’s, they had, of course, to he
mounted. To this end the big shops ■
of 1’aris employ a staff of designers,
goldsmiths, silversmiths, setters and
polishers. Usually, the designers are
men who have come into the shop in a
less Important capacity, shown talent,
been sent by the firm to an art school
a
ion. According to his ability, a do
ignor earns from $(10 to $100 a month.
Ie may work for months without pro
luelng a single sketch that goes to the
studios, then in a week he will turn
>nt two or throe that meet the diill
■ult taste of the employer. Designs
ire done in water colors.
In Paris, the real jeweller is not the
owner of the shop, bat tlie craftsman
who fashions tlie gold or platinum in¬
to the skeleton that holds the precious
stones. In America he is called a
gold or silversmith. Each separate
clasp or gem-holder, goes first to who (lie
polisher. Then to a Jeweller
assembles,"or joins together, the entire
frame for tlie necklace, tiara, or
whatever the design may call for, and
again to the polisher.
The setter, ns ills name Indicates,
fastens or sets the diamonds into the
framework, and sends it on a last, visit
to the polisher.
Polishers are Women.
The polishers are usually women. of five
As a rule they work in groups who
or six under a patroness, keeps
a littU* apartment In a narrow street
of Montmartre, Gaillon, Mall, or soina
other cheap and crowded quarter of
Paris. With good luck the patroness
| makes polishers from $1,000 taken to $1,200 apprentices a year.
Tlie are as
at 14 years of age. At 10 they may
get forty to sixty cents a day, and at
18 a dollar to a dollar twenty.
The labor of all those craftsmen on
the necklace In mind amounted to
about $300, which added t<> $110,700
for preparing the diamonds, and
deducted from the selling price of
$200,009 left only $89,000 to cover cost
of rough stones, Incidental expense of
bundling, etc., could not have left
any phenomenal profit for tlie mine
owner who dug and delivered them to
the cutter. Such a necklace Is said to
furnish work enough to support 400
families for a year. Of course, this
does not take into consideration the
workers in the mines, nor the heavy
staff of clerks and officials necessary
to carry on the big diamond producing
fields. The business of finishing the
raw diamond for final
continued effort of rubbing
monds against each other brought on
a nervous jerking of the forearms,
and the strained altitude of the head,
always bent forward to wateli the
shaping of the gems, caused great
swellings at the back of the neck.
Usually the “hruteur" spends three
days on the shaping of a stone and
makes from $2.40 to $3.00 a day.
The polisher who makes the facets,
uses a machine which carries a metal
disc placed horizontally and revolving
at the rate of 2,800 revolutions per
minute. The disc is of steel with a
preparation of diamond dust and puri¬
fied olive oil rubbed Into the surface.
By means of a copper holder and a
Every reader of this paper should have this booh.
Cut off the coupon and mail lo us with $1.50.
Illustrated ttmWpk ¥{ -1 By eu * b * *•
by Published August ist
Ernest
18 TH
Haskell THOUSAND
ALREADY
The All Bookstores,
$1.50
Missouri an
The romantic adventures of John Dinwiddie Driscoll ^nicknamed “The Storm Centro
at the Court of Maximilian in Mexico, where his secret mission comes into conflict
with that of the beautiful Jacqueline. The best romantic American novel of re- y
cent years. / .
/ x ***< *
“ linn what so few of its class possess, the element s of reality] wrought /
ty infinite pains of detail, vei ieimilitude, suggestion " X n>
—8t. Louis Republic. / ^
“A remarkable first book, of epic breadth, carried through un- / Hi -
swervingly. A brilliant story.”~ X. Y. Times Saturday Review.
“ There is no more dramatic period in history , and the /
story bears every evidence of careful and painstaking / ^4.
study.**—*!. Y. Globe. / .•*
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.
133-137 East 16th St., New York.
offers the best paid labor to be found
in Europe. Owing to the duty on cut
gems brought into lids country, Amer¬
ican dealers are building up a similar
Industry in tlie United States, and it
is rational to suppose that the crafts¬
men employed in lids country will
receive even still higher wages than
those paid abroad.
Have Several Lives.
“At this height.” said the guide, as
they paused on the mountain side to
gaze down the valley, far below, “peo¬
ple with weak lungs often die.”
“Wonderful country, wonderful cli¬
mate,” murmured the visitor.
“How’s that?” said the guide, sus¬
piciously.
“Why I suppose of course you have
a way of bringing them to life again
for the next flying.”