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THE PICTURESQUE DAIRIES
OF EUROPE.
Government Investigation Shows
Them Below the American Standard.
GUY ELLIOTT MITCHELL
We often hear of the model dairies
of Europe, co-operative dairies into
which a apeak of dirt is never allowed
to lodge, of Danish butter that is in
truth a dream and brings a fabulous
price, of eggs guaranteed fresh and
country-like, and other reports of the
■way they do things on the fine old
farms of Europe until one begins to
think that one can not be more than
half living in this country. Hut how
much of this sort of thing will bear
investigation and (lose analysis?
The Dairy Division of the United
Rates Department of Agriculture is a
progressive and useful institution and
has done several things to destroy
prevailing fallacies and incidentally
establish the fact that American meth¬
ods as a whole, in at least some phases
of agriculture, are as far if not farther
advanced than those of any other coun¬
try.
Not the least interesting of such In
formation gathered was that collected
by the late Henry E. Alvord, for many
years the chief of the Dairy Division,
in a tour of the countries of Europe
FELLING MILIC IN DENMARK
for the purpose of looking into the
dairy industry of the continent.
Major Alvord stated first, upon his
return homo, that while the United
Elates 1ms never evolved a strictly
dairy cow of its own, it has now noth¬
ing to gain through the importation
of new blood from Great Britain, tho
Channel I: lands, the Netherlands, Den¬
mark or France. There are many pic
t risque ami useful breeds of milch
■ at,tie in these countries but they do
not compare, lie stated, with the adapt¬
ed American breeds. For Instance,
COMBINED DWELLING AND COW STABLE IN DENMARK STABLE IN FRONT
conveniences of arrangement or case
in cleaning. While much attention is
paid to cleaning cow stables, it is ap¬
parently more from an appreciation of
the value of the manure than from an
effort to have sanitary conditions in
the dairy.
Foreigners Provide Good Feed.
There is one thing where Europeans
may be ahead of Americans. They
seem to be better versed in the feeding
of cattle. Even tlie poorest peasants
do not hestitate to purchase concentra¬
ted cattle foods where necessary, yet it
appears that the only reason tlie na¬
tives can give for this practice is the
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Holland Cheese
Market.
Pam Price
Winners.
Brittany, in the north of Fiance, lias
i itilin its borders pretty, active little
black aiul-wliite cattle with marked
daily characteristics, producing often
nil astounding quantity of milk for
their si c, but they are believed to be
useful in the United States only as
playthings.
American Cow Stables Up to Average
In the stabling nnd general care of
daily cows no foreign country shows,
in i-i acral practice, any methods or
c. tnluions better than our own. While
tin average conditions throughout the
country arc undoubtedly far from
what they should be, the United States
MODEL CO-ODER \T1VK EUENOU
CREAMERY
farmer and dairyman are making
rapid strides forward as cun be
anywhere.
Major Alvord found
few places in Holland and
where there is such close
between the dairy cows and
ns the oocupancy of connecting
ments, so often described in
fancy by European travelers.
pie room for improvement in our coun¬
try, the only foreign country from
which the United States can possibly
learn anything is Denmark. There the
best creameries are models of cleanli¬
ness, good order, and systematic man¬
agement. But all t.v.-se details are ac¬
complished only through a lavish ex¬
penditure of labor which would appal
an American creamery manager. It is
not an uncommon thing for six or
eight persons to be constantly em¬
ployed for six or eight hours a day,
turning out a quantity of butter which
is ordinarily made in this country by
a man and a boy who have all the work
finished daily at 3 or 4 o’clock in the
afternoon.
Major Alvord found it impossible to
draw any comparisons between the
methods of cheese-making and the re¬
sults in this country and those abroad.
It is believed that the American fac¬
tory system, common to the United
State3 and Canada, is superior to any¬
thing elsewhere. In variety and fancy
cheese this continent can not yet at-
conditions do exist abroad—where
cow is taken in as a member of the
family—as they do in no place in the
United States, but they are the excep¬
tion. Stables which in summer are
converted into conservatories and
rooms for weaving'and cheese curing
are the unusual and show places. The
construction of cow stables generally in
the dairy countries of the Old World
is of a substantial nature, with little
regard paid to light and ventilation,
stereotyped answer:—"My father did
so.”
The American farmer. Major Alvord
thought, lias undoubtedly n much more
intelligent knowledge of the principles
of feeding, but there is probably more
carelessness and waste in feeding ani¬
mals of all kinds in America than any¬
where else in the world.
The most astonishing feature of Eu¬
rope in the care of milk ou the farm is
the entire absence of refrigeration in
France, and the general ignoring of
j the value of cold in dairying. In the
! matter of dairy appliances and oquip
! meat, the United States is surpassed
by no other country, although Den¬
mark and parts of Great Britain stand
about as well.
In most big cities of Europe there
are a few well-conducted milk delivery
establishments, such as are usually
found in our smallest cities, while in
sonto localities dairy, animals are
driven through the streets and milked
at customers’ doors. Milch cows are
managed in the same way oven in the
best streets of Paris and of Rome,
l’aris probably has the poorest milk
service of any of the large cities. Lour¬
ing tlie Exposition at Paris in July,
1900. a special show of perishable dairy
products was held as au annex to that
[ exposition.
Paris Milk Exhibit Very Poor.
While the French producers had
every opportunity of exhibiting their
goods in the best possible shape, the
only samples of natural milk and
cream, absolutely free from chemical
preservatives and uncooked, which
were sweet and palatable after noon
of ttie exhibition day, were from the
dairies in New York and New Jersey,
then eighteen days from the cow! Tlie
American products had been preserved
solely by cleanliness and cold. Major
Alvord made the statement on his re¬
turn from Europe that no milk-supplv
company in Europe could duplicate this
performance.
In butter-makiug, while there is am
tempt to compete with the Old World.
In order to learn the bottom facts
about making any of the famous spe¬
cialties in cheese, it is necessary to go
to the locality where they originate.
Making Dairy Work Popular.
Americans find novelty in Europe in
the "fairs” and “markets” where prod¬
ucts of the dairy are sold to the highest
bidder. In Normandy the wives and
daughters of fanners and peasants as¬
semble by the hundred in the parks or
along the streets, selling their
"mottes” of butter. The cheese fairs
of Frome, England, and Kilmarnock,
Scotland, and the street markets of
Alkmaar, Hoorn, and Utrecht, Holland,
also present lively and interesting
spectacles in connection with the sale
of dairy products.
Major Alvord’s observations show
that while too much can not be said
of the Industry, frugality and thrift of
Europe’s dairymen, a close comparison
leads one to feel that the conditions of
the industry in the United States are
decidedly more satisfactory in almost
every particular.
Wholesome Cider Vinegar.
In an ordinary cheap restaurant the
safest thing to do if you wish to use
some vinegar on your food is to try and
get half a lemon. Then you will know
that you are not eating out the lining
of your stomach with caustic chemi¬
cals. Vast quantities of ‘‘pure cider
vinegar” aie quite innocent of the
meaning of apples and are distinctly
injurious, being purchased by the re¬
tail dealer in barrels, at seven to ten
cents a gallon, which every apple grow¬
er knows is a prohibitive price for
cider vinegar. However, real cider
vinegar is a good condiment. The rea¬
son it can not be sold for the prices at
which chemical vinegar is offered is
that it takes from one to three years
to make properly.
The cider first must go through the
process of alcoholization, and then be
changed into acetic acid. There are
methods of artificially hastening this
process, but the product is not first
class, and it can only be done on a
t^lhen Alexander aslved nis Aunt
©lie grew on an electric plants
answered* rather tart H tear
cur rents 2 Suppose^- dearc
“Sunset'’
large scale. The ordinary big
cucumber pickles are usually
free from cider vinegar. The only
to make them edible is to soak
pickles in strong brine, to extract
acid, then to soak them in water
get out the brine, and finally
them in real vinegar.
Pure vinegar can be made as
from other fruits as from
Grapes, plums, and other fruits which
contain a considerable proportion
sugar, which is converted into
and then into acetic acid, make good
vinegar.
The Department of Agriculture
in press a short bulletin on
which can be had upon application
members of Congress. It is known
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 233 and is
piled from the work of the
agricultural experiment stations
this subject.
Thoroughbred Milch Goals.
Among the various European milch
goats the Spanish goat is said
to be foremost in the quantity and
quality of milk given. The accom¬
panying illustration is from a photo¬
graph taken by Explorer David G. Fair
child, of the Department of Agricul
SPANXSH MILCH GOAT
ture, while he was touring Spain
making observations of the milch
goat industry of that country
The remarkable size of udder of this
goat is nothing abnormal among the
Spanish goats, but on the other hand
is the general rule. Many of these
goats give eight quarts of milk a day.
Briefs From Everywhere.
British Columbia is the only British
province in America which has
served the old English custom which
obliges judges to wear wigs.
In Arizona Indian children may be
seen catching ants and eating them,
and in Mexico the honey ant is eagerly
sought after by the natives as an ar¬
ticle of food.
Nine-tenths of the people of Persia
are Mahometans.
The Irish bogs, it is stated, could pro
(luce fifty million tons of peat a year
for one thousand years.
The steel in the modern band-saw is
of finer quality and will stand rougher
usage than the far-famed Damascus
blade of the ancients.
The physician in China collects no
fee, but receives a percentage of the
n^nney paid to the apothecary.
l/orene, a new chemical compound,
will, it is said, double the life of meta’s
exposed to the air. such as bridges,
vessels, tanks and the like.
An adulterator of food in Germany
is liable to a term of imprisonment of
six months and a fine of 1,200 marks.
A man will die for want of sleep in
about ten days and for want of air in
about five minutes.
A Laplander will sometimes travel
on skates one hundred and fifty miles
in a day.
Cromwell was a gypsy baiter. He
once ordered them expelled from Eng¬
land and if they refused to depart by
the next wind they should be hanged
without delay.
A bee, carrying no burden, will fly
at the rate of forty miles an hour.
Carrying a load of honey his speed is
reduced to about twelve miles.
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