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VOL • INSTALL WORLD'S BIGGEST OTNAMQ •HUM rter at Um « r» of the tow*** ■M H M <f tkf M to* rHMMM to tkf M4«( t Not Hw Iml tl lb* trctraor Mam •Muriate •HI M« it to to long tof Stole!. 4«ii«w*4 to toto f)' b) Far f< ip w ui puts at ari¬ MCC I* U» se, at s prm<q>lc a<4 ll**i K«fol» rWCOfiitocd, Mr* Utc Nv« lurfc World. * , is 1831 Michael Faraday, an Ekfe tiahuisn. • pupil of Sir Humphrey I **nj, »Idle working la lilt laboratory •ogagvd to MjH-iimedial roM*areb. of a auddrn dtorotcml tb« ton by mean* of alitcb rtoctrlrity could lie created by aiecbaalcal proceos. Faraday mad* a report ot bta discovery and that re¬ port. of course, e*cited dtocuaaioB, jet It **• looked upon merely a* un In tcreating dlecoverj of a tfccreu fora ua Miapocted uataral tow. Future Nat Foreseen. No one at that time could see tbe wonderful growth in store for Fara¬ day's tittle generator, or dynamo as it was then called, it was but 12 Indies to disrueter. most io-ignifleanf today when compared with tbe first of three gigantic generators just in¬ stalled at the Niagara Falls power plant, instead of 12 inches in diame¬ ter. this new Titan ot Niagara has a rotor, or revolving unit, 21 feet to diameter. I Where Faraday's Generator per hape bad a pt.ll ot but a fraction of one borne pcu tr, ibis new turn-blue, designed and mill by t*e General . of hav¬ ing made er.ci. use hi^f’araUay’s dis¬ covery as to demonstrate the avail¬ ability of it for creating electric en¬ ergy by mechanical means. Professor Pachlnotti, of one of the Italian uni¬ versities. invented a machine by means of which the law that was dis¬ covered by Faraday was made com merciully available. Is Easily Obtained. To the popular mind it is a problem to define the modern dynamo, or gen crutor. The underlying principle is the rapid continuous change in the relative position of a lot of wires ol copper and invisible magnetic lines oi force. The existence ot these lines ol force was discovered by Faraday. The! rapid whirling of the copper wires! across the magnetic lines of force may be produced by a steam engine, by! water power, or by any other means ot effecting mechanical work. In the dynamo electric energy is easily obtained by mechanical means Tite mechanical means are represented by the rapid whirling uf copper wire* which are bound around a large tub* or disc, in such manner as to brinj the wires within the lines of the mag netisin. It is necessary to set up t i magnet the size of which increase; proportionately with the increase ii the amount of electric energy desired For the largest dynamos a very larg* magnet is essential. Faraday never discovered what that mystic force which we call magnetisu really 1*. But for that matter, as Doc - tor Stelnmetz lias often said, it cat also be said of electricity itself that, while the world now understands some of the manifestations of electric energy and is able to manufacture that en¬ ergy, no one has ever authoritatively stated what electricity really is. Ail we know is. that Faraday's dis¬ covery of the law has made it possi¬ ble to create electric energy in any amount through the operation of me¬ chanical means. The mechanical means are themselves obtained either through the burning of coal, whereby u steam-driven engine whirls the cop¬ per wires, or by means of water pow¬ er, as at the, Niagara Falls electrie plant. Adequate Supply for Years. The physical conditions existing at Niagara Falls are not duplicated else¬ where in the world. The immense drainage basin of the Great Lakes con¬ tributes an almost uniform ouiflow of water of such magnitude that the question of adequate supply is not one wbl^i. neqd ,be considered for many years to come. This continuous flow of over 200,000 cubic feel a second, finds its outlet tjirpi^L yin {tofu tivnr. vfosb. Wtt TIMES-COURIER*' runeigi) e total bright a# Sit fed fito i*i<« Ueltce Kn« usd Ontsrio. Ot tola 8M feet. M3 feet to eanmnttwtcd e tbe oetarect ItuC.t awA —tohrr 83 teal to to tbe ra p id s tonwetltoiciy ,tbove, a*' that « .itito a distract 4 an* •otic tlierv is available a tetai bra d of 211 feet ; or. cruet Suing tbg M fret of droji to tbv Iowm rapids with tfest ab o ve Ifwvw estot* s brad of SI 4 fret v idee mi«j be Jci doped wMito abaci ’me mile*, dtotance being m e a sured a tbe Amtwxi alto ef to ft t*,\ litis n«« <>f water and the n*torsi w-ad aveiietde prorld# a wsiw ef .area f«« met barer p*«W Midi mwiei <*ntto«rj «adiUiiss <ot tuight t sped would be need to tbe ful) foi industrisi purposes. » One (silts aiaaa baa prneotrd tbe perfect working at economic law In this reaped, and that factor is <ba value of the enured and rapids front the arva u standpoint. That this value to a rssai one. no thougbtfai person will deny. "Man cannot lire by limtd alone.’’ and ubo can doubt that Gad who. to If is tofiaite wisdom, gave us Mtgan, inti cdi d m to miaisier to the spirit as well as to tbe body of man¬ kind? It to Just beginning to be recog¬ nized that the division mom ultimate¬ ly be node at tbai point where the sum total of bunion b<a»cflt shall be a maximum And when that point is finally determined, the |*ortioo of the energy which to found not necessary to maintain the spiritual value* will undoubtedly be made available for In rial . auri P ur V'“““' Use Niagara Power. Aa early as 1725, near 200 years i go, a primitive sawmill nude first use ot Niagara i*>wer, and * 100 year! ago - •mail waterwheels were used in mills , along the upper rapids on the shore and small island of tbe American The I of the existing de velopme be placed as far back as 1MB, construction of a hy draulic w»s begun, extending ■ head of the rapids -flit*’ waterwheel parks by means of two arc lamps. Excursions were run from various parts of th.i country to see tbe new wonder. The second hydro-electric develop¬ ment and first commercial installa¬ tion was made in 1885 on Bath island. The generator of this unit with a ca¬ pacity of 1C amperes at 110 volts was used for lighting a mill on the island. As soon as these early installations bad demonstrated the possibilities of electrical power the real hydro-electric development began. This was in 1891. and there has been a gradual growth since that time. A treaty between the United States and Canada limits the amount of water to be taken from Niagara falls for commercial purposes to 21 per cent of the total. This is now being utilized, 10 per cent on the American | side and 11 per cent on the Canadian. The demand for electricity has steadily increased, and to meet this, since no more water can be used, en¬ gineers began work on plans to use more efficiently the present water sup¬ ply. Thus tin? idea for larggr genera¬ tors culminating in the world's largest machine recently installed. More to Be Installed. This new 70,0*10 horse power hydro¬ electric unit usvw 3,000 cubic feet of water a second with an efficiency of at least 93 per cent. It does not in¬ crease tbe diversion of water in any' way, but does materially increase the efficiency of conversion into power. It uses the same umount of water former¬ ly used by seven 5,000 horse power units, and delivers energy equivalent to the output of 14 such units. Two more units of the same size are being built and will be in use before tbe close of tbe year. This will add 100 , 0 (H) horse power to the output of the Niagara plant without the use of any additional water, making a total output of 098.400 horse power gener¬ ated by tlie American company, a record for hydro-electric systems in tills country. If this same amount of electricity were generated by steam it would re¬ quire about 7,000,000 tons'of coal a year. The turbine of this 70,000 horse pow¬ er unit is the highest power capacity water wheel ever built It is a product of the 1. P. Morris division of the Cramp Ship and Engine Building com¬ pany of Philadelphia. The water wheel is a single-piece steel casting weighing 105,000 pounds. The turbine casting and control valve required 32 carloads of parts. The turbine converts the power of the fall¬ ing water into mechanical energy, which Is transmitted by means of the 32- fo.c ij to the generator ~Wt Push For Prosperity—Give U«;* Puli’ ELLUAY, G BORGIA, FRIO AY, APR. 11. 1924 mu-shoot mu ni PUCE 8T PIANO Ar»rod Wonderful at rides are bait to the field af medtotoa and it baa been ewtabltafeed that day are living 10 to 15 years than those of SO and 75 years age sad their energies and useful ness li ve been extended fully IS years. This to due to tbe fact that moth, rs are dressing more sensibly and teeing ta atbletics and outdoor exert'cos, homes ate better ventilated and ..tore sanitary, people take better cm* of their teeth, stomach and feet and I sve physician*, surgeons or dentists a :tke needed repairs. Some of tbe other principal |» inta brought out at the sessions and c inle of the American College of Surg ona, held in Chicago recently, were: Cancer may be killed by “coming" the cells with electricity, using » ma¬ chine of low voltage with a htgl tVe quency current. This is especially use¬ ful when cancel s are ac located that an operation Is Impossible. Exhibited at one clinic was a man who carries around with him 78 feet of. piano wire, which Ig wre iped around bis heart and main art-Ties. These had become flabby and tt *eat ened to burst. Since these* were wrapped with wire, bis health has greatly Improved. General use of electrically d-lven machines and saws for trephining and other bone operations Is replacing the mullet and chisel and old-fash oned saw. This hastens the operatlot, and saves the patient much of the shyck. Several exhibits were of “human carpentry,” such as broken •■wgs screwed toffethy with mt-al pj tom tendons replaced with silk, straightened and reupholstered, tew of the original bone. Consequently when a surgeon starts in to rebuild a broken man he calls upon the tibia tor his basic material. Alaska Fur Shipments Show Increase in 1923 Furs valued at $1,794,159 were shipped out of Alaska during the year 192!!. according to a report received by the Department of Agriculture. Tbe total number of furs shipped from Alaska during 1923 was 397,287. Wlii'e this number exceeds that of the previous year by 2,040, the value is $5,127 less because of the lower prices -paid for some kinds of furs. As usual, the muskrat exceeded all others, both in numbers and in total value of skins, 319,611 of these having a value of $367,552, being the year’s export. Next in order came the white fox, numbering 7,930, with a value of $297,476; the beaver, with 14,341 skins, worth $258,138, and the red fox with 19,787 skins, valued at $215,740. The most notable decrease as com jared with 1922 is the mink, 31,983 of those skins being shipped that year and 20.66S in 1923. The most notable Increase is the red fox, 5,979 skins be¬ ing exported tn 1922 and 10.787 in 1923 _ _ rectly above. The gigantic generator establishes a new high mark in design and con¬ struction of electrical .equipment. The stator of the generator weighs 228 tons. The rotor with its 28 eight-ton poles weighs 399 tons. The revolving elements, consisting of rotor, shaft and runner, total apnroximaiely 500. tons and are suspended from the top of the unit by a Kingsbury thrust bearing. One hundred and ten cars were re¬ quired to transport the machinery and equipment composing this 70,000 horse power nnit. New Pressure Tunnel The three new hydro-electric units will receive their supply of water through a new hydraulic pressure tun¬ nel. The big tube, measuring 32 feet In diameter and 4,300 feet in length, carries the water from the head of the rapids above the falls under the city of Niagara Falls to the edge of the high cliffs below the falls. It was excavated through solid .-oek and the spoil removed would fill a train of gondolas reaching from Buf¬ falo to Utica. The tunnel discha ges into a great forebay, from,which the water Is conducted to the turbines by means of three 21 -foot slope tunnel penstocks cut through tbe limestone cliff. mine TO SHEIK INTO O.S. RISKY Many Killed and Robbed by Smugglers. Pity tbe |K*<>r alien, who, oppressed by circumstances tn Ills native land decides to come to America, only to find that the quota assigned his nation under tbe law of the United States has been filled; for of such is the horde of victims preyed upon by the alfen suicgglers of Mexico, freebooters, who vie with the famous pirates In blood¬ thirstiness and unscrupulousness. Tite alien who entrusts himself to the mercy of this crew, which agrees for a stipulated fee. to place him upon American soil, has risked not alone capture by the United States Immi¬ gration officials and consequent de¬ portation to his land of origin, but his very life thereby. Judging by reports reaching the bor¬ der from the seaports of Mexico, an eager flock of immigrants constantly floods the towns of the Mexican lit¬ toral, each anxious io invade fh- land of promise beyond the lUw Grande. Operate From Tampico. Tampico, because of Its compara¬ tive nearness to the border long has been the favorite landing place for these people; similarly it has been the “hang-out" of several desperate gangs of cut-throats, masked under the guise of alien-smugglers. The alien handing himself over to the smuggler pays high for the service that is promised, even guaranteed, but which all too often fails to be deliv¬ ered. The fee is based largely upon what the immigrant may have with him. If he is incautious and displays much money, the fee will be as near the sum total as possible. Of course, there Is a minimum fee and without considerable ready cash no alien could coup! jtpon starting bis trek for the boner. 4 few, a very few, Actually do reach ■^yHtean soli and -the comparative where,.if 1 cs, Vi < the oppor umed back rrican icami many never ■ If they do, “lay low" to such good purpose that the.lr relatives or friends, waiting anxiously in Mexico, fall ever to hear from them again. * If they go by water, launches, are used in the effort. Often their objec¬ tive is the lower Texas coast, between Brownsville and Corpus Clirlsti, where the practically deserted shore line of fers excellent chance of landing with¬ out apprehension. If the alien is wise he insists upon going ashore near Gal¬ veston, for the shores between Browns ville and Corpus Christi are spnrsely populated and there is excellent chance that the alien will perish of hunger or thirst, or be compelled to go into some small town, where his ap¬ pearance would lead to quick arrest. Many Have Disappeared. Once they pass Galveston and reach Houston, and lie low for a time, they ijave a chefnee to enter the interior through the mn^-natlons of an “un¬ derground railrord" declared by immi¬ gration authorities to be operated from headqua -ters in New York, Phil¬ adelphia, Boston, Chicago, St. Louis and other large cities of the East and Middle West few even are sent to the Pacific .-oast, jt Is said, but not many. At times launch loads of would-be entrants, and particularly. Chinese, have disappeared. The smugglers re¬ turning have maintained stoutly that they landed the men on the Texas coast and left them there as they had agreed. But waiting friends or rela¬ tives never received word from the men and feared the worst. The regularity of disappearance of aliens who, singly or in small groups, tried to run the international boundary guard long ago led to suspicion of foul play. This was clinched to certainty when a few months ago 41 party of six Italians was set upon by the Mexi¬ cans who had been hired to smuggle them across the Rio Grande. Five died, while the sixth, aided by dark¬ ness, escaped. Two Mexicans were executed by a tiring squad for this murder. Solves Payment Puzzle Of income Chicago.—Sending the government a blank check and inviting “Uncle Sam to write in the amount” is the way one man extricated himself from the income tax dilemma. “I am send¬ ing a blank signed check,” the letter received by the collector of internal revenue, said “I don’t know whether Coolidge is going' to cut the Mellon or not, bnt make out the check to suit yourself and if there is any re¬ duction, make it out in my favor.” The name of the pariy sending the jbeck Om* of the Last, Dies The ranks of the kahunas, or medi¬ cine men of old Hawaii, which have thinned steadily since the white man’s invasion of the Islands, have been de¬ pleted further^by the recent death of Kekeewai, on# of the last of the hrnas, at his home on the Island of Molokai. in olden times the purpose of the kahuna was twofold. Primarily, his duty was to heal the sick. Secondarily, he would, for a consideration, “pray to death’’ the enemy of any of his pa¬ tients or patrons. The islanders were so superstitious that the work of the kahuna usually was effective, and the victim, as soon ns heflffisccnrered that he was the ob¬ ject of the kahuna’s curse, would waste awky graduatly until death, ac¬ cording to the tradition. Finds Value of Average Human Being Is 98 Cents The net material value of an aver nge human being is 98 cents, accord¬ ing to analytical research made by Dr. 0. A. Plerle, head of the depart¬ ment of chemistry at the West Texas Teachers' college at Canyon, Tex Doe tor Plerle lias found the body of a man weighing 150 pounds if divided into its component chemical elements would be found to contain enough wa ter to wash a pair of blankets, enough iron to make a ten-penny nail, lime sufficient to whitewash a small chicken coop and enough sulphur to kill the fleas on a good-sized dog. All these elements he estimates could be pur chased at a drug store for 98 cents. Making Boy New Fingers Surgeons in. a hospital at Wichita, Kan., are making a new set of fingers for Prescott Breth’s right hand. Pres cqtt is four years old. . His fingers w’.e drawn out of shtpe in a fire, but skin from other parts of his body Is being used to make them like * new. \ 9- -a” ,: 3 . m m You can get the most food value out of wheat ■by eatirj bakings from good that are made plain flour. A depend¬ able baking powder must be employed or you do not get the full nutritious value of the wheat—nor will your bakings be as pal¬ atable and easily digested. The same results cannot be had if you use Self Rising Flours, which are improperly packed thus in porous allowing sacks or bags, of moisture from absorp¬ tion the air. Food authorities and physi¬ cians agree that bakings that do not raise Such properly foods are hard bad for health. are to digest and in time cause stom¬ ach trouble. Mothers who are interested in the proper growth (and and all health of their children mothers are) should never use anything but a good brand of plain flour and a time-tested leavener such as Calumet—the economy Baking Powder. Calumet has more than the ordi¬ nary leavening strength. It raises every value. baking to It is its height and of depend¬ nutri¬ tious pure able —do not look for a substitute— there is none. Use Calumet and be positive of whole¬ some nutritious and economical foods. PACKED IN TIN -KEEPS STRENGTH IN -. -v--,^ f T' •* TT ' ' 15 WORLD’S OLDEST ORUB DIES Of SENILE DECAY Takes Hie Final Meal ef Woo« Pulp ana P a ea n Away to I Mi A tragic discovery was made at the Natural History museum to Loudon > recently. Larva Longieornis, believed to be the oldest beetle grub. is- the world, was found dead In the Ameri¬ can white wood pencil box in whffb it had lived more than thirty yeers^ The grub was presented to the seum by a Dr. F. G. Clemow British consular service in 1918 when he came home. He had carried, u about with him in his pencil bomyfer nlmut twenty-five years, in through the Himalayas, up the Per¬ sian gulf, through Mesopotamia, ,d?uf fcey, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, I into Asia Minor and amen Bento. His • only complaint against this strange pet was that it used to make a clicking noise at night during. uMfcls that woke him up. Tite grub lived entirely on wood, it was given a fresh supply about two years ago and this had been chewed all over. It was only when a curious visitor wanted to see the grub, a few days ago, that Its death was discov¬ ered. An official In the entomological department declared that death must have occurred recently as he had l»eard the grub feeding a few days ago. it is presumed the grub died of •senile decay." It is to be embalmed and .preserved In Its old home. 1 7,000,000 To Be Spent On Tenn. Road?, Nashville, Tenn.— Tennessee will fjvard road bplMlng contracts trd«u |ne $7 ooo this year, it Is estlmat- d by the state highway commiaskmer. Tin* iirst letting of coutracto tn -February ras for $ 2 , 000 , 000 , while the next doe kpril 4, Is Is expected to be $1,590,000 with additional awards in May, June ind July to make the total $7,009,000 jr mora.