Newspaper Page Text
Thursday, November 27, 1941
WAR AGAINST WASTE
What’s Been Done In Other Countries
A series of articles on the Government’s efforts in Conservation, simplifi
cation, substitution, and salvage to make meute of our vital raw materials avail
able for defense production.
Conservation is an essential part
of any war economy. That is true
of all countries, whether at war,
preparing against war, or attempt
ing to weather the after effects of
war. Because they illustrate how
the problem has been met in other
countries, conservation techniques
in England, France, Japan, Ger
many, and Italy are outlined be
low, so far as the information is
available.
England
A Nation-wide conservation pro
gram. called the "National Salvage
Effort,” functions through 1,600 lo
cal authoritiese organized by law
and staffed with civilians. Each
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authority is told what materiats are
required, and given complete in
structions for collection and dis
position of waste, scrap metals, and
"household bones.” They are un
der supervision of the Salvage
Department of the Ministry of
Supply, to which monthly reports
must be submitted on results of
each local program. That way the
Ministry of Supply keeps informer
of movement of waste materials to
industry and has a ready index
to the availability of supplies.
Local authortiies are responsible
for collection and marketing of
scrap, and frequently utilize the
municipal refuse collection facili
ties, supplementing these with vol
untary efforts by such organiza
tions as women’s groups, boy
scouts, etc. All money received
from the sale of scrap reverts to
the community for local relief pur
poses.
In addition to the regular
monthly collections, special cam
paigns have been organized simi
ar to the auminum campaign in
this country.
To publicize the program, leaf
lets, posters, press release, films,
and radio programs have been
utilized, while a house-to-house
canvass of local householders to
advertise the program is some
times undertaken by cooperating
women's groups or clubs.
Success of the program is illus-
struction of new plants in which
the materials are to be used.
In addition, the Bureau engages
in research on substitute materials.
Definite prohibition against use
of nonferrous metals for such
things as kitchenware manufact
ure, works of art, building oma
mentation, etc. has been ordered
through a series of decrees.
Other decrees make it punish
able by law to burn, destroy, or
throw away such household waste
as rags, old papers, rubber, and
similar items. Collectors and deal
ers in waste must dispose of these
materials through a Government
office which controls sales to fac
tories. Prices and terms of sale
are established by law.
Also set up by decree is “A Ser
\ice for the Recovery and Utilize- j
tion of Waste and Old Materials." j
This agency was assigned the job
of organizing machinery for public
collection of waste materials, pro
viding for their use and working
with industry and local officials
for development of the program.
Germany
Germany already had a well
functioning conservation program
operating at the beginning of the
war, a program which in part
dated back to the end of the last
war. Present practices are merely
a continuance of that program with
added special measures that have
become necessary with the pro
gress of hostilities.
Control over collection, resale,
and final use of all scrap metal
and waste paper is similar to that
of other countries, but more strin
gent. Public participation in the
collection program is an integral
part of the program. House-to
house waste collection is carried
out on a broad scale, and collect
ion centers have been established
both in communities and in indus
tries. Industries are compelled to
donate waste products, but public
participation is voluntary. There
are stiff penalties assessed against
industries witholding pewter,
bronze, and brass objects.
School children have been draft
ed for house-to-house collection of
scrap paper, mostly old magazines
and newspapers. Prizes and other
inducements are offered to cer
tain industries for collection of
paper bags where they are widely
used, such as in the cement in
dustry. Potato plants and either
materials have been used on a
small scale as substitutes for wood
pulp in paper manufacture.
Export of scrap metals and
waste is under a licensing system,
having the effect of complete em
bargo on export of all necessary
scrap materials. Manufacturing
wastes cannot be disposed of with
out a government permit, while
manufacturing residues such as
ashes, slags, scrapings, etc. can be
sold only to scrap dealers or metal
manufacturing plants which had
regularly been buying these ma
terials.
Italy
There is a public scrap collec
tion campaign in Italy, taking such
form as collection of tin milk
bottle caps by school children.
Substitution of cardboard and
paper containers for food and
drugs has been put into widespread
practice. Other substitutions in
clude glass jars, and wooden con
tainers for jams, marmalade, to
mato juice, etc.
Japan
There is no public scrap collec
tion program in Japan mostly be
cause existing rigid controls have
the effect of preventing any great
accumulation of scrap. Neverthe
less, collection is made on a volun
tary basis by patriotic groups
which turn over their collections to
‘the Government.
Exportation of all metal scrap is
under a licensing system. There
are similar controls over produc
tion, importation, and use of all
metals and paper.
Conservation is accomplished by
far-reaching regulation over all
raw materials—new and used—
from the time of importation or
production to final processing and
consumption, The Government
controls disposal of all metal scrap,
requiring that it be routed through
a central control company which
is under orders as to when and
how to get rid of the materials,
what amount should be sold, and
what price should be paid. Cur
tailment of distribution and con
sumption can be ordered at any
time by arbitrary action of the
Government.
Paper conservation includes a
ban on publication of newspapers
and magazines not deemed to be of
j justify sufficient national of importance to
use paper required. By
j ; agreement the press publishes no
papers on special holidays, no eve
ning papers on 12 national holi
days, and cuts out at least 1
morning and afternoon paper per
month.
As an indication of the strict
controls exercised over raw ma
terials, tin cannot be used in man
ufacture of containers for tooth
paste and toilet goods, or for con
tainers for foodstuffs, cooking, and
household utensils, ornaments,
smoking equipment, stationers’
goods and toys—except ag these
goods are required for military
purposes or for export.
More than one billion pounds of
peanuts have been picked yid
threshed in the United States year
ly for the last seven years. t
! trated by these figures: Iron and
steel scrap is collected to the ex
tent of one pound per person per
month; 40 shiploads of paper were
saved last year: enough metal to
build 16,000 tanks; enough kit
chen waste to fwd 100,000 pigs.
; Official regulation of supplies
takes several forms:
First, there is absolute control
over exports through a rigid li
censing system.
The Ministry of Supply main
tains an industrial section to ad
vise manufacturers on distribution
of waste materials and to direct
them to sources of supply.
Departmental salvage covers
several Government divisions. For
example, the Ministry of Food
salvages food supplies damaged
by enemy action. The Ministry of
Home Security salvages timber,
metals, etc. from demolished build
ings. The War Office and other
branches of the fighting forces
have special salvage units work
ing in cooperation with other Gov
ernment divisions.
There is also a rigid rationing
system, and a program of substi
tution and simplification.
Paper conservation has received
special attention, with waste paper
collection on a country-wide basis.
Use of paper is controlled and
prices are under statutory control.
Successive orders have prohibited
issuance of new periodicals, re
stricted poster sizes, eliminated use
of paper for wrapping and pack
ing, and prohibited manufacture of
certain classes of paper goods,
such as paper cups, napkins, con
fetti, etc.
France
Since the collapse of the French
arrpies the “Central Bureau for In
dustrial Products” has taken over
supervision of all domestic con
servation in France. Units of the
Bureau have absolute control over
supply and use of all raw materi
als, effecting this control through
a licensing system.
Whenever an industry requires
raw materials in which a short
age exists, a formal declaration
must be filed specifying the ma
terials needed, how they are to
be used, and what quantity of fin
ished goods will be produced. The
control extends to proposed con-
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