Newspaper Page Text
PAGE TWENTY
World Affairs
Continued From Page •
became a period of email states,
in fact the only era in history
when such countries as Poland,
Lithuania, Estonia could pursue
their courses, unfettered. France
and Italy, with such efforts as
the Little Entente made un
successful bids for leadership,
and Russia and Germany began
all over again with new ideal-
Ogy. Germany gained the lead,
but Russia grew in strength to
the proportions of a challenging
power, up to the time of World
War 11.
Dr. Askew, second speaker of
the morning session, reviewed
“Political Developments in
Eastern Europe since World
War 11. Stating that Eastern
Europe’s political background
following Warld War II was
definitely communism, Dr. As
kew recalled the numerous
purges of Stalin, the deporta
tions of 1938, ‘4O and ‘4l: cor
ruption in leadership of Poland
•nd other countries: the 5 Year
Plans, etc. as contributing fac
tors in strengthening commun
ism's hold. The cold war, the
Soviet’s coersive strategy in
gaining ends, has adversely giv
en Tito, Yugoslavic leader, an
Opportunity to develop a social
ized version of Marxism, which
has profoundly affected com
munist thinking throughout
Eastern Europe. Poland now
has a rather uneasy freedom
under communism. Russia’s
stepping up of the cold war
in Berlin and elsewhere shows
that she will seize every oppor
tunity short of war to expand
her power, said Dr. Askew. In
conclusion, he stated that both
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Russia and the West should
recognize the urgency of end
ing war.
Dr. Joseph Airov, Associate
Professor of Economics, Emory
' University, who spoke on "Ec
’ onomic Tensions of Eastern
, Europe”, opened his remarks
‘ by saying that these tensions
: extant in Eastern Europe are
i a direct consequence of the
• emergence of Russia as a world
; power after World War 11. Af
ter the war the Eastern Euro
pean satellites went through a
phase of being made into im
ages of the Soviet economic sys
tem, with goals set on highest
political level rather than mar
ket demands; state control of
imports as well as exports; col
lective farms, 5 year plans, etc.
all of which created discontent
and tension. Satellites are for
bidden to accept the U. S.’s
Marshall Plan aid.
Since World War II there has
been a significant shrinkage of
trade between the Soviet Bloc
and rest of the world, and in
crease between each other. With
emphasis on industrialization
and manufacture of machinery
. and weapons, the people bore
the burden of deprivation in
; consumer goods. However, un
der Kreuschev’s recent, more
. liberal policy, the production
i of industrial and consumer
. items has been more equalized,
l with less restrictions upon trade
with rest of world. The output
: of these satellite states, which
• has doubled our own in some
i instances, is phenomenal, said
; Dr. Airov.
“Finland’s Struggle for Peace
and Freedom” was discussed by
Dr. Rollin Chambliss, Professor
of Sociology, University of
Georgia, who spent several
years in Finland as a Fullbright
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University. The situation in
Finland two years ago, stated
Dr. Chambliss, was such as you
would expect in a country “lo
cated on the sharp edge of a
razor”, as the Finnish people
wryly describe their position
They face a terrific problem of
economic survival, and are
troubled at the indifference of
their neighbors and friends to
their grave problem.
At about the same latitude as
Alaska and Labrador, with 30
degrees below zero winter wea
ther; livestock production de
pendent upon a six months
feeding program; only 8 pct.
of the cold, poor land suited to
agriculture with draining prac
tices; the problem of food and
fibre production becomes the
first problem of economic sur
vival. Importation of agricul
tural items is the solution; but
to import, a country must in
turn export items which they
can produce.
The only product of conse
quence the Finns have to offer
is wood; they have vast
stretches of spruce, pine, burch
and aspen, and by-products;
some copper and ore.
History has contributed to the
problem, with class conflicts
between Swedish-Finns and
Finnish-Finns (Russia won Fin
land from Sweden in 1809);
was overspread by Bolshevism
in 1917 with a resulting strong
communist party; was invaded
by Russia in 1939 with the loss
of an important seaport, Pork
kala, disruption and loss of a
main shipping canal and ’/3
hydro-electrical power; and in
1939 fell heir to 1/2 m : llion
Karelians conquered by Russia,
who chose to come to Finland.
Our press credits Russia’s de
mands upon Finland for repara
tions in the form of locomotives,
hydro-electric plants, saw
mills, etc. while imposing sanc
tions precluding import of nec
essary raw materials for their
manufacture, thereby building
up insurmountable economic
tensions and pressures, with the
recent Cabinet Crisis in Fin
land.
The Finns are a proud, stoic
people, who do not want char
ity — they want peace, under
standing, trade and the oppor
tunity to be self-sustaining,
concluded Dr. Chambliss.
In answer to a question from
the audience, Dr. Airov stated
that he did not think there was
any basic change in Soviet pol
icy despite their overtures of
friendliness and exchange of
trade. This he continued, is
merely the expedient plan of
furthering their aim of defeat
ing the West economically; it
is better to buy than to pro
duce thse items, now that they
have caught up with us indus
rially.
In answer to the question as
to what we in America could do
to keep Russia from winning
the economic war, Dr. Airov
frankly expressed grave con
cern for the future, unless
America adopted a stringent,
planned economy; and appro
priated more money toward
education, the space age de
velopments; and certain busi
ness concerns.
The afternoon session, “The
Nations Speak” was presided
over by Prof. C. Lee Harwell,
EAO Administrative Assistant,
w’ho introduced Dr. William A.
Beardslee, Director of the Grad
uate Institute of Liberal Arts,
Emory University, who made
further introductions.
Mr. Robert Bunzl, Austrian
I Consul of Atlanta, spoke on
THE COVINGTON NEWS
"Austria — A Bridge Between
East and West”. Mr. Bunzl re
। viewed Austria’s cultural a
> chievements, beauty and posi
tion as a true bridge between
least and west.
Coming to America in 1940,
the speaker.had left his home
land as a province of the Ger
man Reich —a little country
half the size of Georgia with a
j population of 7 million people.
Describing a 40 year period
from 1914 to 1955 as one of un
rest, civil war, revolutions, and
foreign occupations, he added
that today Austria is prosperous
with a stabilized currency, taxes
that have been reduced three
times and little unemployment.
This recovery Mr. Bunzl at
tributes to four factors —l.
U. S. Marshall Plan and Loans;
income from bonds issued in
the U. S. and Europe; 2. Mini
mum Armed Force necessitating
only 8 pct. of national budget.
3. Exports of steel, machinery,
lumber, textiles, electric pow
er, etc.; 4. Tourist Attraction
of Austria, with its Vienna
Opera, musicians, and art trea
sures collected through the cen
turies.
Describing his homeland as
unambitions pol itic a 11 y, the
speaker outlined the form of
government as a democratic
republic, with two parties, the
Peoples’ Party and the Social
ist Democratic Party. Because
of its role as an asylum for
both east and west, Austria has
had h«avy strain on its econ
omy in the constant stream of
refugees within its borders. Its
example of compromise dates
back to the abdication of Napo
leon I and the Vienna Congress
of 1815, which is known in his
tory as the “Dancing Congress”
because of the festivities during
the convention.
“Sweden and the Cold War”
was discussed by Mr. Kjell
Oberg, Press Counselor, Royal
Swedish Embassy.
Opening with the statement
that one of the most encourag
ing phases of American Life
was our interest in foreign
countries; Mr. Oberg expressed |
pleasure that his country also
was in the fortunate position of
not being forced to a canned
opinion on everything.
Citing Sweden’s policy of j
neutrality through two world j
conflicts the speaker stated that
his country had had no war
since 1814. Mankind, he con
tinued, is rapidly approaching
the crossroads in the atomic age,
when we shall have to decide
whether to ban atomic wea
pons, or see them spread from
one country to another; with
the possibility of atomic war
fare starting in some remote,
small country in the world,
with the result that we should
awake to find there are no re
mote corners of the world.
Each generation of future
civilization will have less and
less in common with its prede
cessors because of the great
scientific and technological a
chievements. We will probably
find in future civilization that
more and more we shall be in
fluenced by opinions of Asians
and Africans because of sheer
numbers when they gain this
scientific progress. Coexistence
can be a dangerous thing if
colored races look with suspi
cion on the white man, and he
in turn cannot ally the suspi
cions of the colored man. Co
existence like charity begins at
home.
In questions from the panel
made up of Dr. Ernest S. Lent,
visiting professor of Political
Science of Emory; Dr. C. Jay
Smith, Jr., Associate Professor
of History University of Ga.,
and Prof. Richard L. Gunter,
Emory at Oxford, it was
brought out that Sweden has
I the most highly developed Civil
Defense program in the world,
with underground industries,
etc., which could double as '
; bomb shelters. Such powerful I
defense measures do not neces-
I sarily reflect pessimism, how
ever, pointed out Mr. Oberg.
Poland and the German
Question” as discussed by Dr.
| Marian Dobrosielski, Ist Sec
iretary, Embassy of the Polish
People’s Republic is coexistence
m practice. With differences i
between individuals and na- I
tions, as well as their common I
goals accepted, co-existence is
the only alternative for peace, j
continued the speaker. He nam- i
ed as the problem common to I
all nations, the finding of a
compromise between the free- :
dom of the individual and so- I
cial justice.
Relative to the armament
race, he stated that now that i
we have reached the stage of
being thoroughly capable of
destroying each other, we must
try to understand and respect
i each other, despite the great i
| distress on both sides. Agree
ment on a large scale must be
gin in agreement on small mat-
I ters.
In pursuing this line of
thought, Mr. Dobrosielski cited
the proposal for the Demilitar
iazation of Central Europe, pro
hibiting stockpiling of arms in
that area, which gained wide
spread support in Europe but I
met with opposition from the
west because it gave Russia the
advantage of superior arms. If
such matters, and small begin
nings could be approached on
the basis of “people to people
diplomacy”, it would help in
larger international relation
ships.
The speaker stated that Po
land had found their free world
policy embraced prior to World
War II a failure, and their a
greement with Soviet Union for
mutual protection beneficial.
Having been twice invaded by
Germany, Mr. Dobrosielski
stated that Poland as well as
many other European countries,
was afraid to see Germany re
armed.
The Hon. Silviu Brucan, En
voy of the Rumanian People’s
Republic, discussed “Rumania
and the Nations to Eastern Eu
rope”.
He recognized basic differ
ences in economic and social is
sues, between Communist Ru
mania and the United States;
and cited necessity of seeking
a common language, at least in
interstate relationships.
Focusing on war or peace,
Mr. Bucan pointed out that war
was always an evil; though re
garded at times a reasonable
choice since risks could, in the
past, be balanced against ends
achieved, and quoted the Ger
man strategist Clausewitz who
at the beginning of this century
said “war is a continuation of
politics by other means”. In
fact war was regarded as pro
fitable, with increased markets,
high profits, new lands: and
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was waged by the military with
the civilian more or less pro
tected from destruction. Now,
due to tremendous progress of
science and technology, these
political, military and economic
tenets have been made obso
lete.
In view of stockpiles of nu
clear weaponry held by both
East and West, sufficient to an
nihilate mankind, Mr. Bucan
said there was no sane answer
to what could be achieved by
a third World War. The real
danger threatening the world
today, he continued, does not
lie in the circumstance that one
side is behind the other in some
specific range of modern wea
ponry; it is that political think
ing and approach lag far behind
the scientific and technological
state of development. Are
statesman, politicians, diplo
mats and social scientists pre
pared to realize the enormous
impact of these scientific and
technological break - throughs
of the atomic age upon inter
national affairs and relations
between states and nations?
Rumania, according to the
speaker, considers the path of
peaceful coexistence between
the two basic systems of our
contemporary world, the way
of avoiding the danger of an
other World War. (
In his opinion, the West’s
greatest assets in the competi
tion with the socialist states are
in the economic rather than in
the military field.
In conclusion Mr. Bucan
stated that whereas in the past
war and peace involved chief-
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ly the choice of opposing par
ties, nowadays as a result of
colossal destructive power pos
sessed by man, a new element
has appeared, binding all peo
ples in the common interest of
survival and saving civiliza
tion. , , ..
(The Evening Session of the
World Affairs Institute will
be carried in next week s
Covington NEWS).
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