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LETTER STATE CHEMIST John M. McCandlcsg Regarding Fertilizers. HE OIVES FULL EXPLANATION 0* the Anel/sle of Fertllliere Contain. cd In Hie Lett Letter and Alto Ole. cutset the 8ubject of "Fillers." In the analysis of the complete for- Ullzcr, the mono calcic or superpboe- hate of lime given at 9.52 per cent, oontalna 6.78 per cent, of water-soluble phosphoric acid That la to say in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer, there are nine and fifty two hundredth* pounds of superphosphate of lime, which dissolves readily In water, and of this amount five and seventy-eight hundredths pounds aro pure pffospbo- rlc acid. In like manner the fertil izer contains in one hundred pounds 3.02 pounds of reverted phosphate cf lime, and of this amount ono and fit- ty eight hundredths pounds aro pure phosphoric acid, and readily soiubl- In water, but which does dissolve slowly In the soil and soil-water. This Is also sometimes called "cltrato-solu ble" phosphoric acid, because it dis solves In a solution of citrat cof am monia made to imitate tho action of soil water. The water-3oluble phos phoric acid or 5 78 pounds, and the re verted phosphoric acid, or 1.68 pounds, are added together, making 7.30 pounds, nnd their sum Is called the available phosphoric acid, being con sidered aa available for the use of the plant. Under the '‘reverted” phosphate of lime you will see in the analysis there are |.99 pounds of trl-ca!clc phosphate, or, as It is usually called. "Bone-Phos. phate” of lime. Of this amount (0.91) ninety one hundredths of a pound Is pure phosphoric acid, but it is in tho form of trl-calcic phosphate, and will not dissolve In pure water or In the soil-water, and It Is, therefore, called the "Insoluble" phosphoric acid. It ia sometimes also called the "Acid’’ soluble phosphoric acid because, when the chemist analyzes it, be uses phos phoric acid to dissolve It. The "Avail able" phosphoric acid and tho "Insol uble" phosphoric acid added together make what In called the "Total" phos phoric acid, or all the phosphoric acid thero is in tho fertllizor. Valuable Qaulltiea of the Gyptum that la Found in Fertllliere. Referring back to The analysis, un der tho item trl- or Bom- phosphate, you will find that the fertilizer also oontalna twenty-four and sin tenth! pounds of sulphato of lime or gypsum or land piaster, which aro all differ ent names for ono and the same thing. Gypsum Is a good fertilizer of Itself, and has a apodal action of lta own tn the, soil, breaking up tho potash-yield ing silicates In clay soils and bringing the potash Into soluble form aa sul phntc of potash This gypsum, a< has been remarked, was formed when the sulphuric acid was mixed with tb^ powdered phosphate rock, and It If now' hold a prisoner by tho lime In such a way that it has lost all of Itf former caustic and corrosive qualities, and can do no harm but only good Is tho soil. Under the Item of gypsum we find 3.19 pounds of sulphate of potash; this comas out of the kslmt used In milking the fertiliser, and it contain! one end seven tenths pounds ot actual potash (K2 0). Undor this Item you find three-tenths of a pound of muriate of potash, which also came out of the kainit, and this contains 0.19 of a poun^l of actual potash; under thin Item again you find 0.66 of n pound ol actual potash. This came out of tht cotton seed meal. Adding the thro! actual potash Hems together, they amount to two and forty five hun dredths per cent (2.45) or pounds pel huqdrod. lastly. look further down the lino till you como to the item pro toln. You already know all tbout protein us I have written you so much about it In previous letters. Tty* thirteen and two tenths pounds v protein contain* two and eleven hun dredths (2.11) pounds of nitrogen. Now, when the State Department ot Agriculture analyzes a fertilizer, It does not make such an analysis as this, because It would bo too laborious, toe costly, ami would really do no prac tical good: ho they go at once Into the meat of It nnd analyze the fertilize! for its available phosphoric acid. It* nltrogen and potash, and calculate it value from these three ingredients. The analysis of such a fertilizer at we have been discussing would appear in the annual Bulletin in this form: Available phosphoric add Insoluble phosphoric acid.. Nitrogen Potash (K2 0) .7 3f> p.c. 0.91 p.c . 2 11 p.c. 2.45 p c substance put Into a fertiliser, or ex isting there naturally, which la not phosphoric acid, nitrogen or potash. Filler* are of two kinds, natural and artificial. I have just given you an Instance of a natural "filler," in the complete analysis of the fertflzer made out of acid phosphate, cotton seed meal and kainit, and in this mixture only twelve and elghtf-three hun dredths pounds per hundred consisted of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and pot ash; the rest was all filler, put there by nature In the original making of these materials. It is true, man did put In some sulphuric add, but that was necessary to make phosphoric acfd available or soluble, so it can acarcoly be considered as an artificial filler. The artificial "filler" Is the filler put In by man for the purpose of reducing the total percentage of plant food in a fertilizer Ttle materials used as artificial “fillers" are numerous; they may b« sand, powdered cinders, graph ite slate, shale, pyrites cinder, marl, gypsum, etc. All of them are prao- tlcally without any value srs fertilizers; kow Is It, then, you Inquire,, that such substances can be put Into our fertil izers, if we have an efficient inspec tion by the Department of Agriculture. I will explain to you bow that is. Suppose that a manufacturer, Instead of having on hand only South Carolina Acid phosphate, cotton seed meal and kafnlt when you call on him for an 8-2-2 goods, has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade. He has say, acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock, which contains 20 per cent, of available phos phoric acid; also nitrate of soda with 1C per cent, of nitrogen, dried blood with fourteen per cent, nitrogen, sul phate of ammonia with twenty per ent. nitrogen, muriate of potash w* 60 per cent, of potash; with these ma terials on band ho receive* your order for a fertiliser, guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant food a3 the law will permit via.; twelve per cent., made up of eight per cent avail able phosphoric acid, two per cent, nitrogen, two per cent potash. Con sidering the materials ho has on hand, ha figures out this formula: 826 pounds of 20 p c. acid phosphate 216 pounds 14 p. c. dried blood 76 pounds of 1C p. c. nitrate of soda to pounds 60 p. c. muriate of potash 1200 pound! Now in this 1,200 pounds of high- grade materials he has all the plant food you called for. with a small mar gin for safety. You called for eight per cent, of a ton In available phos phoric acid or one hundred and sixty pounds, and tn hi* 825 pounds of twen ty per cent, acid phosphate he has given you one hundred and sixty-five pounds of available phosphoric add; you called for two per cent, of a ton. or forty pounds of nitrogen, and In his 218 pounds of dried blood, containing fourtoe*n per cent nitrogen and seven ty-five pounds nitrate of soda with six teen per cent ot nitrogen, he has giv en you forty-two and one-tenth pounds of nitrogen. In like manner you called for forty pounds of potash, and In elghty-flvs pounds of fifty per cent, muriate of potash he Sax glv4n you forty-two and a half pounds of actual potash. Now the bpst thing both for you and the manufacturer, the cheapest thing for both of you, would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up In six sacks, which, up- Inspection and analysis, would show: Available Phosphoric Acid .. 13.75 p. c. Nitrogen 3.50 p. c. Potash 3.64 p. c. But no, you won’t have it that way, you must have a ton. ten sacks of 8-2-2, The manufacturer ralher than enteT upon a campaign of education with all of his* customers, obligingly freights Into bis factory eight hundred pound* of powdered slate mined some hundred away, utterly worthless as fer tilizer. and mixes it In with the twelve hundred pound* of good fertilizer mak ing one ton. This mixture on inspection and analysts shows : Available Phosphoric Acid... .8.25 p. c. Nitrogen - 2.10 p. .c Potash 2.12 p.c. Uons of a great social and Industrial problem, or which will compensate for the failure to exercise his own inte:- llgence on the part of the individual citizen. Think for a moment, sup pose we should pass a law making It Impossible to use any artificial "fill ers" In the manufacture of commercia. fertilizers, by raising the giade to a very high point. Do you out see tba* by so doing we should at once paralyze this great Industry, and cut short tho cotton crop of the State, since we would at onoe bar the use of Soutn Carolina acid phosphate, cotton s*-- 1 meal and kainit and a number of other good materiel of similar grade, thus at once ralre the price of th-- hlgh-grade materials to an uni^ard-of degree by greatly increasing the de mand for them? No, the conditions nave been very thoroughly studied in every particular by (he Commissioners of Agriculture of (be various States, aided and ad vised by those best qualified by experi ence and training to understand the 'matter in ail of its details, and the re mit of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fertilizer law print ed In Bulletin 39 This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plant food of ten per cent, minimum under the old law to twelve per cent, minimum, and pro tects tho farmer In every way that a good and just law can protect him will give him the highest grade of fertilizers he has ever bought, it will protect him against fraud, it will guar antee that he gets every pound of fer tilizing value that he pays for; In fine, It is the best fertilizer law now on the statute books of any State, but even such a law cannot prevent the use of “fillers.” Only education on the part of the farmer, and a demand on his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use of “fillers." When you and your brother farmers study the per centages of plant food |r fertilizer, and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a high-grado goods to buying ten sacks of a goods containing only (he same quantity of actual plant food, then there will be no more "filler" put Into high-grade fertilizer materials, but the capital of the manufacturer, and the skill of (he chemist will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present low-grade fertilizer materials as much as possible of the "filler," which God and nature have put there. Yours truly, JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist. 12 S3 p c As you tee this analysis only foots up twelve and eighty-three hundredth! pounds per hundred You need no long er ask what constitutes the other etghty-aeven and seventeen hundredths pound*. All this extra 87.17 per eent te "filler” put in by nature nnd not by man. All About "Fillers. 1 * In this connection ws any profitably say a few words in regard to "fillers.* ▲ "filler" may bs defined a being any A Small Quantity of High Grade Fertil izer Better than a Large Quantity of a Lower Grade. Now suppose you had exerclked a little common *en*e and bought tho six sacks, analyzing 13.75. 3.50 and 3.54. you would have been saved the cost of mining, pulverizing and freight ing of the artificial "filler" to the fac (ory, and the freight on four sacks of It from the factory to your railroad station, and the wear and tear on your mules hauling that extra one hundred pounds ten miles to the farm Wouldn’t it have been much bette* have bought the six sacks, and when you got home, if you wanted it in the proportion of 8-2-2, which Is c good proportion, to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with wood’s earth, or compost, or oven sand, before dlstr* utlng? I think I hear you say, well that’s true, but why don’t you fix the law sad raise the grads so these tel Iowa can’t put In all thla artificial "filler." « My dear friend, there never yet j wax, and there neter will be. a law framed wbSch can meet all the oondl- * COTTON ANTHRACNOSE. Recently the cotton planters in some parts of Laurens and Dodge counties, Georgia, have been considerably alarmed by the appearance of a rath er serious trouble in their cotton fields. Specimens of the injured plants and bolls which have been sent to the Goorgla Department of Agriculture and and to tho State Entomologist, show that the 1086 Is being caused by the disease of cotton known as "anthrac- nose.” The appearance of this disease is most characteristic and is most com monly noticed as it affects the bolls, although It does occur to some ex tent upon both the leaves and stems of the cotton plant The first sympton of the disease up on the bolls Is the appearance of small red speck* or dots. Theae rapidly eulsTgo In Ize with tho result that the part of the surface affected becomes sunken and soon attains a bladtoned color. These diseased areas are usually circular or oval In form, but as several spots frequently occur upon a single boll, these areas, sooner or later, unite so tha thalf, or even more, of the boll Is affected. "Spores" tTe soon developed upon the blackened area. It may be well to explain hero that these "fungus" diseases as they are termed, are caused by very low forms of plant life—In realty vege table organisms of a very simple form. Like the higher type ol flower ing plants with which we are all fa miliar, there must be provided some j means by which the plant is propa gated and spread. Flowering plants produce seeds, and while it cannot be truthfully said that the “fungous* plants produce seeds, yet (hey do produce spore* which correspond In their function to the seeds of tho com mon plants. These spores are dlstrtb- ted by winds, insects, and in other ways and germinate very much as do seeds of grain or other plants, and again start the disease in a new locality or upon another plant. .As stated above, the spores of the an- thracnose. formed upon‘the blackened areas of th# diseased bolls, are color* less, but they become so abundant upon these diseased areas that they give the latter a grayish appearance. It is by means of these spores that the disease is spread from boll to boll and from plant to plant In the cotton fields. The attack of the anthracnose fun* gus oftentimes results In the boll’s re maining closed, and the lint within falls to mature. At other times the tip ot the diseased boll will open np slightly; but In this case also the lint fails to mature and the boll eventual ly dries up, asaming at dark brown eotor. Strangely enough, the attacks of this disease are often attributed to insects, th ecotton planter believing that the befit have been "stung" by some vary small and elusive insect and that i J sees only the effect of their "poison ing.’' At a matter of feet, insects are in no way responsible for this trouble, and have no connection with It whatever aside from the possibility that certain insects may carry the spores of the disease upon their feet or beak* as they travel from one plant to another. Thla Is a case in wblcl A the remedy la hard to apply, partly because of the nature of the disease and also because the morphology and life-history of the fungus causing the disease have not been thoroughly worked out by scien tists. An intimate knowledge of all stages of a disease or of the develop ment of an insect in most cases gives a clew to how the disease or insect may be successfully dealt with. This very necessary intimate knowledge of Insects and diseases can only be ob tained by careful and thorough scion- tiff c study, by using the highest power microscopes and by observing the in sect or disease in all stages of its de velopment and existence, and noting its behavior upon different plants and under differing * climatic or weather conditions. Hence It is that the sci entific work proper along theee line* 1s indirectly of the greatest impor tance to the farmer. At this season of the year (July, Au gust and September) we know of nothing the farmer can do to check the cotton anthracnose, except that possibly where the disease has not ob tained much of a start, the diseased bolls could be carefully picked off and burned up, thereby reducing the crop of spores that will later spread the destructive disease throughout the entire field or plantation. Even If this is practiced, however, the thracnose fungus is likely to have ob tained a start upon tho leaf-scars and Injured parts of the stems and it prob ably could not be entirely eradicate' by this hand-picking method, in fact, the practicability of this plan Is ques tionable. but it is the only plan that can be applied at this season of the year, that offers any promise whatever of success. Spraying the cotton field* with some fungicide like Bordeaux mixture for example, Is Impracticable, as The fungus obtains a hold deep in the tissues of the cotton plant, where it cannot be reached by an application of liquid or dust. Poison of all xlzu-t is ,of course, entirely useless against a trouble of this kind. In spite of all this, the planter can take some very sensible steps towards reducing the damage from this disease another season. It seems highly pro able that the fungus which causes this disease may continue to live in t soil for some time, and thus re-infect the following crop of cotton. In lo calities where the anthrtciuwo occurs, therefore, cotton should not bo plant ed next year upon land that has been In cotton this year. In other words, cotton should not be placed upon the some piece of land two years In suc- slon. This Is only a part of the doc trine of "rotation of crops." Were the farmer to always carry out a sys tematic rotation of crops, year after year. In which the same crop never succeeds Itself upon the same piece of land, his losse sfrom insects and disease would b egreatly reduced with out any attending cost whatever, and In addition the fertility of his soli would be conserved to much greater advantage, thereby reducing his Wrtll- izer bill. The selection of the proper cotton seed for planting In a locality where anthracnose occurs, is of the greatest Importance. Two courses are open In the selection of seed. One Is for the planter to secure, for next year’s planting, cotton seed from a locality where the anthracnose does not oc cur. as It has been clearly shown the the spores of this disease aTe often times retained in the lint upon the seed, and are hence ready to infect the'young plant as soon as It breaks open the seed-coat The other course would bo for the planter to carefully select resistant seed from the diseased areas upon his own plantation. In almost every bad ly diseased field a plant will be found here and there which shows no indica tion of having been attacked by the anthracnose. f This plainly indicates that there is something about that In dividual plant, that enables It to resist the diseaso successfully. If seed b selected from this resistant plant. U plants grown from this seed will, to a coniderable extent, show tho same re sistance. Selection or seed can b« made from $he most resistant of these plants the second season, and if this systematic seed selection is carried on successfully for a few yean, the plant er will have developed a strain ol cotton resistant to anthracnose and will have solved the problem at very small expense. In case the planter for any reason does not carry out this plan of seed selection he had becst* be sure to ob- tai nhis cotton seed from some locali ty where the anthracnose does not ex ist. Such a locality may exist only • few miles away and daring the sum mer and early autumn rs the time the planter should be looking about tor the source ot his next year’s supply of teed, nnd be should now assure himself by a personal examination that the fields from which his aeed Is to come are tree from this disease. WILMON NEWELL. State Entomologist Atlanta, On, Aug. 8, 1904. Jurors Drawn. The jury commissioners, Mess. A. M. Knight, O. H. Jones, W. M. Denton, W. 8. Booth and W. H. Roberts, completed their work of revising the jury list Thursday, and the following grand and traverse jurors were drawn for the November term of Ware Superior Court: Grand Jurors. A 1 Griffin, 8 D Pittman, Mathew Tatum. W B Goodrich,J M Heoderaou, J A Jones, H L Gray, James Koox, R A McCranie, J L Inman, H L Thomp son, John G StefTeb, J E Dickint, E M Hymen. 8 T Wright, T Bunn, J W Adams, O car Lott. F A Bates, O H Lowther, W M Harbin, F B Hargraves, B F Brvan, R C King, J 8 Sharp. J M Smith, Geo. W. Corbitt, VV H Dyer, J L Stephens, Geo. A Croom. Traverse Jurors—First Week. W II Bradley, E M Cribb.H D Breen, A Sessotns, Dave Kirkland, J J Wide* man, M J Murray, VV H Roberts, G Ratliff, W W Griffin, U W Carter, An* drew Sweat,CC Buchanan,A J Jordan, J W Uagley.W E Steed ley, John Lynn, J Allen, J R Bennett, H S DuBoae, R Knight. J A Farris, W M Bladen, I H Wilson, Joshua Campbell, W M Hickox, W M Fivensh, J J Murray, J M Lee, H O Benton, E M Cason, Ben Jallins. L R McFoy, P C Tomlinson, W. B. Hargraves, Sr., M D Hlackshear. Traverse—Second Week. H J Wu»Uen, J Guilford, D*vvd Hickox, I) B Bladen. W H Booth, VV K Sweat, 8 R Jeuk.ns. John W Lee, A B Springer,O W Edeufield,J L Cockfield, J R Knight, H VV Wilson, VV M Albrit* ton, Geo. W Deen. R F Whitehead, J W Murray, Alfred Jordan, VV R Ratliff, Joe Arno’d. Ed Barber, VV M Denton, D L Brantley, N B Garrett, Mathew Jordan, VV II Cason, VV T Brinson, R A Lee. M LGoodyear, R G Bennett. VV I) Owens, J C Kirkland, 8 F Floyd. B E Weathers,J J Wilkinson.D J Waldron City Court Jurors. Jurors drawn for September term, 1904, City Court of W ay cross. LAWYERS. r AW0FHCE07 ±J J. L. SWEAT A SOB Office in Few Lott and Hitch Building. S IMON W. A JAMES W. HITCH. Attoxvxt’s A Couvsxioxs at Law. Lott A Hitch Building, Waycross, Ga. Office in Lott A Hitch building, Solicitor-General of the Brunswick Cl» Waycross Ga- V E/ Waycross, New f ott Rnildlngl J ohn c. McDonald, Attorney-at-Law, Wilson Block. Waycross. Georgia, T OOMKR A REYNOLDS, Attorneys and OounseUon-at-Law. Lott A Hitch building. PHYSICIANS. block: OflicebonnOlolOb. m„ 3 to 4 p. m.. and (i to 8 p. in. Dr, Walker’, residence ou Gilmore itiwt. Dr, Iilar 1 . residence Gilmore .tract. Telephone con- nectlon, at offices nnd residence,. Order, should be left at Seal, Pharmxor. Office at iteeidence, Brunei Street, Telephone No. HO Office over Star Clothing! Store. Beme dence next oorner. Office hour, 8 to ft ,. m .* ... 1 p. m. W. W. Apsley, Collector. Mike Sweat, D STaylor.C U Andrews, P R. LOVELACE, DenluL It II Hanley, David Corbitt, Ieaac Car- V*. Office np-atein, ReddingBnildiny ter,.II J Sweat, J J Henderson, - v Strickland, J T Brown, W O Thrift, W F Tuten, L W Herrin, John T Watt, John W Carter, T Bunn, J P Lide.G W Endenfield, D W Fates, E L (in.man, H L Henderson, J W Cox, H L. Herrin, J J Wilkinson, M J Murrey, W A Mc Donald, D Salisbury, Sam Crawford, W U Taylor, W M Txylor, RobL L. Singleton. FOR SALE—By Avery A McMillan, At lanta, Ga„ several drat clau second hand Frick Kcllpae engine*, boilers and saw mills. Term* ea,y. Japanese Vegetation. Papers and magazines .are commenting on the fact that the strength and endurance of the Japanese armies, over whose suc cess the world is marveling, are the resulti of a diet which is largely vegetable. The old fal lacy that rice eaters are less strong than meat eaters is going the way ot that other notionalist alcoholic drink is a necessity in warm countries. Vegetarianism is constantly gaining in favor in this country, but perhaps few realized how truly the reign of the frying pan was over till the recent strike in llie Chicago stock yards raised the price of ail animal foods. During this struggle the retail dealers have lost money in about the same proportion as the wholesale houses. The public has serenely- eaten eggs, vegetables, fruit and i-ccasioually fish. Meat is no longer a necessity. With our two score or more i f vegetables and all the year round fruits of many kinds, it is easier for ns in America to vary our diet than for Europeans, with their scant dozen vegetables and their ex pensive and poorly stocked fruit marketf. t DENTISTS. D R. ALLEN BROWN. D. D. S. Office np stun In McCnllcy A Walker’, bonding, tender, hi, profMonnl service! to the pnblio. Wsycroe,, Georgia Plant Avenue. Residence at Mrs. Oleman’e. It will be to yonr interest to see me before bavins work done Atlantic Coast Line Time. - DEPARTURES. For Savannah and the East. Train No. 68 6 20 a m 82 B 50 a m 22 0 30pm 40 10 15 p m For Brunswick and local points. Train No 89 leaves 0 25 a i 87 6 35 p r For Tifton. Albany ind local points. Train No. 90 10 10 pm 88 9 55 am For Suwannee, Gainesville, Ocala Tampa, and West Coast. Train No. 39 leaves 6 55 a m For Valdosta, Thomaaville, Montgomery, • and Wc*t. Train No. 89 leaves 0 55 a m 85 12 40 pm 57 10 15 pm ARRIVALS, From Savannah and the East. Train No. 39 arrives 005 im 35 12 20 p m 21 0 15pm 57 10 00pm From Jacksonville.St. Augustine,Tampa and South. 22 0C5pm i. 40 10 00 p m Strayed, a Jersey bull year ling, strap around neck, with piece of rope attached. Please notify V. L. Stanton. d&w. No more elections for the pres ent. That’s good. A positive crime it ia, to let Tbs baby with colic fume and fret; When put to work upon the same •TEE 1 HINA” justifies its fsmfc % TEETHINA” Overcomes and Conn* teract* the Effects of Yhe Sommer’* H»*at, Aids Digestion. Reflates tbe Bows’s %rtd makes teething easy. Costs onl? 85 cents. From Tilton, Albany and Local points. Train No. 89 arrives 0 05 a n 87 • 0 25 pn Train No. 40 arrives 0 10 p r From Brunswick ar.vl locai points. Train No* 88 leaves 9 45 a r 90 0 10 pr From Valdosta. Thomasvile, Montgomery and West. Train No. 59 arrives 0 00 a m 32 9 45 a m 40 6 10 pm Sleepers between Jacksonville and 8t Louis on trains 40 and 57 and 58 aid 39 via Waycross ami Montgomery. sleepers between Jaektonville an<v ( Jacon via Way errs* and Tifton on Trains "No. 40 and 90 and 89 and 19. All trains Daily. For Amber information as to through car service, trains makiof local etops and schedules to points on or beyond our lines Apply to R. B. POLLARD, Ticket agent Passenger station. Waycross Ga. U. WALSH, Traveling Pcsecnxer Agent H LEA°Y ki>, ° m Division Passenger Agent. w.i.cSfio’* *■ Traffic Mfr. WUmlayton. V. 0