Newspaper Page Text
THE ASUBCRN ADVANCE.
II. D. EDITOR.
i' 1
«
CUBAN WAR IS REVIEWED.
Aslis Congress for Authority to Take
Means to Terminate the Ex¬
isting Warfare Between
Spain anti Cuba.
WASI11NGTON. April 11.—The presi¬
dent of the United States transmitted to
congress today the following message on
the Cuban situation and tho Maine affair.
TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED
STATES:
Obedient to that precept of the consti¬
tution which commands the president to
give from time to time to the congress
Information of the state of union and to
recommend to their consideration meas¬
ures as ho shall judge necessary and ex¬
pedient, it becomes my duty now to ad¬
dress your body with regard to the grave
crisis that has arisen in the relations of
the United States to Spain by reason of
the warfare that for more than three
years has raged in the neighboring island
of Cuba.
I do so because of the intimate connec¬
tion of tlie Cuban question with the state
of our own pinion and the grave relation
to the course which it is now- incumbent
upon the nation to adopt must needs bear
to the traditional policy of our govern¬
ment If It Is to accord with the preeept3
laid down by the founders of the republic
and religiously observed by succeeding ad¬
ministrations to the present day.
But One of Many.
The present revolution is but the succes¬
sor of other similar insurrections which
have occurred in Cuba against tho domin¬
ion of Spain, extending over a period of
nearly half a century, each of which,
during its progress has -subjected the
United States to great effort and expense
in according its neutrality laws, caused
enormous losses to American trade and
commerce, caused circulation, annoyance
and disturbance among our citizens ami
by the exercise of cruel, barbarous and
uncivilized practices of warfare, shocked
the sensibilities and offended the humane
sympathies of our people.
Since the present revolution began in
February, 1895, this country has seen ’the
fertile domain at our threshold ravaged
by fire and sword in the course of a
struggle unequalled in the history of the
island and rarely paralleled as to the
number of combatants and the bitterness
of the contest by any revolution of mod¬
ern times where a dependent people,
striving to be free have been opposed by
the power of the sovereign state.
Our j’eopie Have belield a once
prosperous community reduced to
comparative want, its lucrative
commerce virtually j.aralyzed, its
cxcex j tI olsa I productiveness dimin¬
ished, its fields laid waste, its mills
in ruins and its people perishing by
tens of thousands from hunger and
destitution.
We have found ourselves constarincd, in
C.e observance of that strict neutrality
X/hlch our laws enjoin, what the laws of
nations commands, to police our own wa¬
ters and watch our owm seaports to pre¬
vent any unlawful act in aid of the Cu¬
bans. Our trade has suffered; the capi¬
tal invested by our citizens in Cuba has
been largely lost, and tho temper and
forbearance of our people (have been eo
sorely tried as to beget a perilous unrest
among our own citizens, which has Inevit¬
ably found its expression from time to
time in 'the national legislature, so that
issues wholly external to our own body
politic engross attention and stand in the
way of that close devotion to domestic
advancement that becomes a self-contain¬
ed commonwealth whose primal maxim
has been- the avoidance of all foreign en¬
tanglements. All this must needs awak¬
en, and has indeed, aroused the utmost
concern ra the part of this government
as well during my predecessor’s term as
In my own.
Evils to Our Country.
In April, 1896, the evils from which our
country suffered through the Cuban war
became so onerous that my predecessor
made an effort to bring about peace
through the mediation of this government
In any way .that might tend to an honor¬
able adjustment of the contest between
Spain and her revolted colony, on the
basis of some effective scheme of self-
government for Cuba under the flag and
sovereignty of Spain. It failed, through
the refusal of the Spanish government
then in power to consider any form of
mediation or indeed of any plan of settle¬
ment which did not begin with the actual
submission of the insurgents to the moth¬
er country, and then only on such terms
as Spain herself might see fit to grant.
The war continued unabated.
The resistance of the insurgents was In
po wise diminished.
The efforts of Spain were Increased by
the dispatches of fresh levies of Cuba
and addition to tho horrors of the
ASH BURN. WORTH CO.. GA.. Fill DAY. APRIL in, 18 !)S.
strife of a new and Inhuman phase un¬
precedented in tho modern history of civ¬
ilized Christian peoples.
The policy of devastation and con¬
centration inaugurated by the cap-
tain general, Pnndo, Oct. 1, 1890,
in the province of Pinnr del Kio,
was thence extended, to embrace all
of the island to which the x ,owcr
of tho Spanish arms was able to
reach lsy occupation or by military
operations.
The peasantry, Including all dwelling
In the open agricultural Interior were
driven Into garrison towns or Isolated
places held by tho troops. The razing
movement in the provinces of all kinds
were Inaugurated. Fielus were laid waste
dwellings unroofed and fired, mills do¬
stroyed and in short everything th at
could desolate the land and render it un¬
fit for human habitation or support'was
condemned by order of one of the con¬
tending parties and executed by all the
powers at their disposal.
Horrors of Concentration.
By tho time the present administration
took effect a year ago, reconcontration—
so called—had boon made effective over
the better part of the four central or
western provinces, Santa Clara, Ma'tan-
zas, Havana and Dinar del Rio. The ag¬
ricultural population to the estimated
number cf 300,000 or more was herded
within the towns and tlheir immediate
vicinage, deprived families of support,
rendered destitute of shelter, left poorly
clad and exposed to 4fhe most unsanitary
conditions. Tho scarcity of food increas¬
ed with devastation of the populated
areas and the destruction and want be¬
came misery and starvation.
Month by month the death rate increas¬
ed in an alarming ratio. By March, 1897,
according to conservative estimates from
official Spanish sources, tho mortality
among the reconcenlradoes from starva¬
tion and the diseases thereto Incident, ex-
ceeded 50 pcrcc-ntum of their total num¬
ber. Practical relief was accorded to the
destitute. The overburdened towns, al-
ready suffering from the general dearth,
could give no aid. So-called “zones of
civilization” established within the 1m-
mediate area of effective military con¬
trol about (he cities and fortified camps
proved illusory as a remedy for the suf¬
fering. The unfortunates, being for the
most part women and children with aged
and helpless men, enfeebled by disease
and hunger, could not have tilled the. soil,
without tools, seed or shelter, for their
own supper* or for the supply of the
cities.
B.econcentration adopted avowed¬
ly as a wav measure in order to cut
off the resources of tlie insurgents
worked its xiredistined result. As I
said iu iny message of last Decem¬
ber, it was not civilized warfare;
it was extermination. The only
peace it could beget was that of the
wilderness and the grave.
Meanwhile the military situation In the
island had undergone a noticeable change.
The extraordinary activity that charac¬
terized the second year of the war, when
the Insurgents Invaded even the thitherto
unharmed fields of Dinar Del Rio and
carried havoc- and destruction up to tho
walls of the city of Havana itself, had re¬
lapsed Into a dogged struggle in the cen¬
tral and eastern provinces. The Spanish
arms regained a measure of control in
Dinar Del Rio and parts of Havana, but
under tlie existing conditions of the rural
country, without immediate improvement
of their productive situation. Even thus
partially restricted the revolutionists held
their own and their conquest and r.b-
mission, put forward by Spain as the es¬
sential and sole basis of peace, seemed as
far distant as at the outset.
Grave Problem of Duty.
In this slate of affairs my administra¬
tion found itself confronted with the
grave problem of Its duty. My message
of last December reviewed the situation
and narrated the steps taken with a view
to relieving its acuteness and opening the
way to some form of honorable settle¬
ment.
The assassination of tlie prime minis¬
ter, C'anovas, led to a change of govern¬
ment in Spain. The former administra¬
tion pledged to subjugation witiiout con¬
cession gave place to that of a more lib¬
eral party, committed long In advance to
a policy of reform involving the wider
principle of home rule for Cuba and
Puerto Rico.
The overtures of this government,
through Its new envoy, General Woodford,
and looking to ^n immediate and effect¬
ive amelioration of the conditions of the
■Island, although not accepted to the ex¬
tent of admitted mediation In any shape,
were met by assurances that home rule,
in an advanced phase, would he forth¬
with offered to Cuba, without waiting for
the war to end, and that more humane
methods should thenceforth prevail In the
conduct of hostilities. Coincidentally with
these declarations, the new government
of Spain continued and completed the pol¬
icy already begun by its predecessor, of
testifying friendly regard for this nation
by releasing American citizens held tinder
one charge or another connected with the
insurrection, so that by the end of No¬
vember not a single person entitled in any-
ay to our national protection, remained
. a Spanish prison.
While these negotiations were In pro-
gross, (he Increasing destruction of the
unfortunate reeoneen trades and the
alarming mortality among them claimed
earnest attention, The success which
had attended the limited measure of ro-
lief extended to the suffering American
citizens among them by the judicious ex¬
penditure through the consular agencies
of the money appropriated expressly for
their succor by the joint resolution ap¬
proved May 24, 1S97, prompted the hu¬
mane extension of a similar scheme of
aid to the great body of sufferers, A
suggestion to this end was acquiesced In
by flic Spanish authorities.
On the 24th of December last, I caused
to be Issued an appeal to the people, In¬
viting contributions In money or In kind
for the succor of the starving sufferers
til Cuba, following this on the 8th of Jan¬
uary by a similar public announcement
of the formation of a central Cuban re¬
lief committee with headquarters In New
York city, composed of three members
representing tho American National Red
Cross and the religious and business ele¬
ments of Ihe community.
American Charity.
The efforts of that committee have been
untiring and accomplished much.
Arrangements for free transportation
to Havana have greatly aided the charit¬
able work. The president of the Ameri¬
can Red Cross and representatives ot
other contributory organizations have
generously visited Cuba and co-operated
with the consul general and the local au¬
thorities to make effective distribution of
the relief collected through tlie efforts
of the central committee. Nearly $200,000
In money and supplies have already
reached the sufferers and more Is forth¬
coming. The supplies are admitted duty
free and transportation to the interior
has been arranged so that the relief, at
first necessarily confined to Havana and
the larger cities, is now extended through
most if not all the towns where suffering
exists. Thousands of lives have already
been saved: The necessity for a change
In the condition of tlie reconcentrados is
recognized by the Spanish government.
Within a few days the orders of General
Weyler have been revoked; the reconcen¬
trados are, it is said, to be permitted to
return lo their homes und aided to re¬
sume their self-supporting pursuits of
peace; public works have been ordered fo
give them employment and a sum of JG'JO,-
000 has been appropriated for their re¬
lief.
The war in Cuba is of such nature that
short of subjugation or extermination a
final military victory for either side seems
impracticable. The alternative lies in
the physical' exhaustion of the one or of
the other party or perhaps of both—a con¬
dition which' in effect ended the ten years
war by the truce of Zanjon.
The prospect of such a protection
and conclusion of the present strife
is a contingency hardly to he con¬
templated with equanimity by the
civilized world and least of all by
the United States, affected and in¬
jured as we are, deex>ly- and inti¬
mately by its very existence.
Realizing this it appeared to.be my duty
in a spirit of true friendliness no less to
Spain than to the Cubans who .have so
much to lose by tho prolongation of the
struggle, to bring about an Immediate
termination of the war. To" .this'end I
submitted, on tlie 20th ultimo, as a re¬
sult of much presentation and correspon¬
dence through the United States minister
at Madrid, propositions to the Spanish
government looking to an armistice until
October first for the negotiations of peace
with the good offices of the president. In
addition, I asked the immediate revoca¬
tion of the order to reconcentration, so
as to permit the people to return to their
farms and the needy to be yelle-ved with
provisions and supplies from the United
States',' co-operating with the Spanish
authorities so as to afford full relief.
The Reply of Spain.
The reply ot the Spanish cabinet was
received on the night of the 31st ultimo.
It offers, as the means to bring
about peace in Cuba, to confide the
prexjaration thereof to the insular
parliament inasmuch as the con¬
currence of that body would be nec¬
essary to reach a final result, it be¬
ing, however, understood that the
powers reserved by the constitution
to the central government are not
lessened or diminished.
As the Cuban parliament does- not meet
until the 4th of May next, the Spanish
government would not object for its part
to accept at once a suspension of hostili¬
ties if asked for by the insurgents, from
the general in Ohio/, to whom -it would
pertain In such case, to determine t'he
duration and conditions of tho armistice.
'"The propositions submitted by General
Woodford and the reply of tho Spanlsfh
government were both In life-form of brief
rtve’rfioranda, and the texts of’whjbh are
before me, and are substantially In the
language above given.
The action of the Cuban, parliament In
th* matter of "preparing” peace and tho
manner of its doing so are not explained
In tie Spanish memorandum; but from
General Woodford's preliminary rc-pprts
of preliminary discussions, preceding the
final conference. It Is understood the
Spanish government stands ready to give
the Insular government full power to no*
gvtlata ponce with the Insurgents, wheth¬
er directly or Indirectly It does not ap¬
pear. With this last overture in the di¬
rection of pence and Us disappointing re¬
ception by Spain, the executive was
brought to the end of his effort.
Kin Last Message.
In my annual message of December hist
I said:
"Of the untried measures these remain
only: Recognition of the Insurgents as
belligerents; recognition of the Independ¬
ence of Cuba; neutral Intervention to end
the war by Imposing a rational compro¬
mise between tho contestants and Inter¬
vention in favor of one or the other party.
I speak not of forcible annexation, for
that cannot be thought of. That, by our
cade of morality, 'would he criminal ag¬
gression."
Thereupon 1 reviewed these alternatives
In the light of President Grant's measured
Words, uttered in 1875, when after seven
years of sanguinary, destructive and cruel
hostilities In Cuba, ho reached tho con¬
clusion that the recognition of the Inde¬
pendence of Cuba was impracticable and
indefensible; and that (ho recognition of
belligerence was not warranted by tho
facts according to the tests of public law.
I comment especially upon the latter as¬
pect of the question, pointing out the in¬
conveniences and positive dangers of a
recognition of belligerence, which, while
adding to the already onerous burdens of
neutrality within our own jurisdiction,
could not in any way extend our influence
of effective offices in the territory of hos¬
tilities.
Nothing has since occurred to
change my view on this regard, and
I recognize as fully now ns then
that the issuance of a proclamation
of neutrality, by which x>rocess the
so-called recognition of belliger¬
ence is published, could, of itself,
and unattended by other nction, ac¬
complish nothing toward the one
end for which we labor—the in¬
stant pacification of Cuba and the
cessation of tlie misery that afflicts
the island.
Turning to the question of recognizing
nt this time the Independence of the pres¬
ent insurgent government in Cuba, wo
find safe precedents In our history from
an early day. They are well summed up
In President Jackson’s message to con¬
gress December 21, 1836, on the subject of
the recognition of the Independence of
Texas. •* »» J.
I said in my message of December last:
"It is to be seriously considered whether
the Cuban insurrection possesses beyond
dispute the attributes of statehood which
alone can demand the recognition of bel¬
ligerency In Its favor.”
The same requirements must certainly
be no le3s seriously considered when the
graver issue of recognizing Independence
Is In question, for no less positive test
can be applied to the greater act than to
tho lesser; while on the other hand the
Influences and consequences of the strug¬
gle upon the Internal policy of the rec¬
ognizing state, which form Important fac¬
tors where the recognition of belligerency
Is concerned, are-secondary. If not rightly
ellminable factors when the reul question
Is whether ihe community claiming rec¬
ognition or Is not independent beyond per-
udventure.
Nor from the standpoint of expe¬
rience do I think it would be wise
or prudent for this government to
recognize at tlie present time the
independence ot the so-called
Cuban republic. Such recognition
is not necessary in order to enable
the United States to intervene and
pacify the island. To commit this
country now to the recognition of
any particular government in Cuba
might subject us to embarrassing
conditions of international obliga¬
tions towards the organization so
recognized.
In ease of Intervention our conduct
would be subject 'to the approval or dis¬
approval of such government. We would
be required to submit to Its direction and
to assume to It the mere relation of a
friendly ally. WhertMt shall appear here¬
after that there Is within 'the Island a
government capable of performing the
duties and discharging the functions of
a separate . nation.
For Anued Intervention.
Ab a matter of fact lri the proper forms
and attributes of nationality, such gov¬
ernment can be. promptly and readily re¬
cognized, and the relations and interests
of the United States with such nation ad¬
justed.
There remain .the alternative forms of
intervention to end the war, either as an
impartial neutral by Imposing a national
compromise between the contestants, or
as the active ally of the one party or the
other.
As to the flrst,»R Is not to be forgotten
that during the/last few months, the re-
lation of the United States has virtually
been one of friendly intervention In many
ways, each ndtei,of Itself conclusive, but
all tending to the) exertion of a potential
influence towardljan ultimate pacific re-
suit Just ami honorable to all interests
concerned. The spirit of all our acts
hitherto has been an earnest, unselfish
desire for peace and prosperity in Cuba,
untarnished by differences between tho
United States and Spain and unstained
by (he blood of American citizens.
The forcible Intervention of the
United States as a neutral, to stoi>
the war according to the largo dic¬
tates of humanity and following
many historical i>reccdonts where
neighboring states have interfered
to check the hopeless sacrifices of
life by internecine conflicts beyond
their borders, is justifiable on rn-
tional grounds. It involves, how¬
ever, hostile constraint upon both
the xiarties to the contest, as well
as to cnforco a truce ns to guide tho
eventual settlement.
The grounds tor such Intervention may
be briefly summarised as follows:
First—In Ihe cause of humanity, uud
to put an end to the barbarities, blood¬
shed, starvation and horrible miseries
now existing there, and which the parties
to the conflict am either unable or unwil¬
ling to stop or mitigate. It Is no answer
to say this Is all In another country, be¬
longing lo another nation, and Is there¬
fore none of our business. It Is especially
our duty, for It is right at our doors.
Second—We owe It to our citizens In
Cuba to afford that protection and In¬
demnity for life and property which
government there can or will afford, and
to that end to terminate the conditions
that deprive them of legal protection.
Third—The right to Intervene may he
justified by the very serious Injury to the
commerce, trade and business of our peo¬
ple und by the wanton destruction of
property and devastation ot the Island.
Fourth, und which 1 h of the utmost Im¬
portance for the present condition of af¬
fairs in Cuba is a constant menace to our
peace, and entails upon this government
enormous expense. With such a conflict
waged for years in an island so near us
and with which our people have such
trade und business relations— when tho
lives and liberty of our citizens are in
constant danger und their property de¬
stroyed and themselves ruined—where our
trading vessels are liable to seizure and
are seized at our very door by worships
of a foreign nation, the expeditions of
llillbuslerlng that we are powerless to re¬
press altogether and the Irritating ques¬
tions und entanglements thus arising—
all these and others that I need not men¬
tion, with the resulting strained relations,
are a constant menace to our peace and
compel us to keep on a semi-war footing
with a nation with which we nre at peace.
Tho Maine Matter.
These elements of danger and disorder
pointed out have been strikingly Illustrat¬
ed by a tragic event which has deeply
justly moved the American people. I have
already transmitted to congress tho re¬
port of the naval court of Inquiry on the
destruction of the-battleship Maine In tho
harbor of Havana during the night of the
15th of February. Tlie destruction of that
noble vessel has tilled the national heart
with Inexpressible horror. Two hundred
and fifty-eight sailors and marines and
two officers of our navy, reposing In the
fancied security of a friendly harbor,
have been hurled to death, grief and waul
brought to their homes anil sorrow to the
nation.
The naval court of Inquiry, wlho, It Is
needless to say, commands (he unqualified
confidence of the government, was unani¬
mous In Its conclusion that the destruc¬
tion of the Maine was caused by an exte¬
rior explosion, that of a submarine mine.
It did not assume to place the responsi¬
bility. That remains to he fixed.
In any event the destruction of
the Maine by whatever exterior
cansc, is a patent and impressive
proof of a state of things in Cuba
that is intolerable. That condition
is thus shown to be Bncli that the
Spanish government cannot assure
safety and security to a vessel of
the American navy in the harbor of
Havana on a mission of peace and
rightfully there.
Further referring In this connection to
recent diplomatic correspondence, a dls-
patdh from our minister to Spain, of the
26th ultimo, contained the statement that
the Spanish minister for foreign affairs
assured him positively that Spain will do
all that the highest honor and Justice re¬
quire in the matter of the Maine. The
reply above referred of the Slat ultimo
also contained an expression of the readi¬
ness of Spain to submit to arbitration all
t'he differences which can arise In this
matter winlch Is subsequently explained
by the note of the Spanish minister at
Washington of the 10th Instant as fol¬
lows:
“As to the question of fact which
springs from the diversity of views be¬
tween the report of the American and
Spanish boards, Spain proposes tftiat the
fact be ascertained by an impartial In¬
vestigation by experts whose decision
Spain accepts in advance.”
To this I have made no reply.
President Grant, In 1875, after discussing
the phases of the contest as It then ap¬
peared und its hopeless and apparent In¬
VOL. VI. NO. „ •'(i.
definite prolongation, said: "in such event
I nm of the opinion that other nations
will lie compelled to assume the responsi¬
bility which devolves upon them and to
seriously eonstder the only remaining
measures possible, mediation ami Inter¬
vention, owing, perhaps, to the largo ex¬
panse of water separating the island from
the peninsula, the contending par'ies np-
pear lo have within' themselves no de¬
pository of common confidence to suggest
wisdom when passion and excitement
have their sway and to assume the part
of peacemaker.”
In (Ills view, In the earlier days of the
contest, Ihe good offices of the United
States us mediator were tendered In good
faith, without any selfish purposes in tho
Interest of humanity and In sincere
friendship for both parties, but were at
tho time declined by Spain with the de¬
claration, nevertheless, that at a future
time they would he indispensable.
No indication has been received
that in tho opinion of Spain that
time has been reached. And yet the
strife continues with all Its dread
horrors and all its injuries to tho
interests of the United States and
other nations.
"Each party seems quite capable of
working great injury and damage to the
other, and know well all tho relations and
inlcrcsts dependent on tho existence of
peace in tho island, hut they seem inca¬
pable of reaching any adjustment and
both have thus far failed of achieving
any success whereby one party shall pos¬
sess and control tlio Island to the exclu-
slon of the other, Under tho circum-
stances the agency of others, either by
mediation or by Intervention seems to bo
tlio only alternative which must, sooner
nr later bo invoked for die termination
of the strife."
Cleveland’s Reference.
In the last annual message of my im¬
mediate predecessor during tlio pending
struggle, It was said:
"When the Inability of Spain to deal
successfully with the insurrection lias be¬
come manifest and it is demonstrated that
her sovereignty is extinct in Cuba for uli
purpose of its rightful existence and when
a hopeless struggle for Its re-establish¬
ment has degenerated Into a strife which
means nothing more than the useless sac¬
rifice of human life and the utter destruc¬
tion of the very subject matter of tho
conflict, a situation will be presented in
which our obligations to tho sovereignty
of Spain will be superseded by obli¬
gations which we can hardly hesitate to
recognize and discharge."
In my annual message to congress; Do-,
comber last, speaking on this question, I
sa id:
"The near future will demonstrate
whetlhor tlio Indispensable condition ot a
righteous peace, just alike to the Cubans
and to Bpaln ns well as equitable to all
our Interests so intimately Involved in tho
welfare of Cuba, Is likely to be attained.
If not, the exigency of further and othei*
action by the United States will remains
to he taken. When tfliat tlmo comes that
action will he determined in tlio line of
Indisputable right and duty. It will ho
faced, without misgiving or hesitancy in.
the light of the obligation tills govern¬
ment owes to it, to tlie people who
have confided to it the protection of their
interests and honor, and to humanity.
"Sure of the right, keeping free from all
offense ourselves, actuated only by up¬
right and patriotic considerations, moved
neither by passion nor selfishness, the
government will continue its watchful
care over the rights and property ot
American citizens, and will abate none
of Its efforts to bring about by peaceful
agencies a peace which shall bo honor¬
able and enduring, if it shall hereafter
appear to he a duty Imposed by our obli¬
gations to ourselves, to civilization and
humanity to Intervene with force, It shall
b: without fault on our part and only
because the necessity for such action will,
be so clear as 'to command the support
and approval of the civilized world.
The long trial has proved that the ob¬
ject for which Spajn has waged the war
cannot be attained. The fire of lnsurrec-
tion may Maine or may smoulder with
varyini; seasons, but it has not been, and
it is plain that it cannot be, extinguished
by present methods. The only hope of re¬
lief and repose from a condition which
car. no longer be endured is the enforced
pacification of Cuba, In the name of
humanity, iu the name of civilization, in
behalf of endangered American interests
which give us the right and tlie duty to
speak and to act, the war in Cuba must
stop.
Asks for Authority.
In view of these facts and of these
couditions I ask congress to author¬
ize and empower the president to
take measures to secure a full and
final termination of kostilities be¬
tween the government of Spain and
the i>cople of Cuba and to secure in
the island the establishment of a
stable government capable of main¬
taining order and observing its in¬
ternational obligations, ensuring
peace and tranquility and the se¬
curity of its citizens, as well as our
own, and to use the military and
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