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NEWNAN HERALD NEWNAN, FIRDAY, FEB 5 MILITARY SAPPING Origin of the Trench Work of the Modern Battlefield. DITCHES DUG BY PEASANTS. In the Middle Agee Civilian* Were Forced to Do the Labor to Which Sol diers Would Not Stoop—Sappers and Miners and Then Successors. in stories nnd reports of modern buttle* the worn of the suppers la or- ten metitlulieu. "To Mini" or “Slip pin It" was an early way of approaching a strongly roriitied position by menus ot n tjlfi-li. It was also a very early form or treneti work. Tile rortltied piisi tlons against wiilet) saps were employ ed were the stone walls of castles or or cities When the nmUinu <>t cannon had nut progressed so far that solid shot could lireach stone walls, nut wlieti eannnu were powerful enouitli to keep uruietl men at bay or to destroy them. It be came necessary to make an approach to the walled poHltlou In a way which was difficult to attack successfully and for which at that time no way of checkmating hud heen thouitht of by the defenders. A narrow ditch was dug In the direction or the wall to he aaaalled. This ditch, which wan wide enough for oue luau to dig lu. was called a sap, the digger a aap|>er. and the end of the ditch toward the enemy was the aaphead. As the leudlug sap per dug forwurd he protected himself and the nupbeHd In rarlous ways, usu ally by pushing a screen ahead of him. This screen was of various rorras, a bag of sand or a sheet of metal In clined to deflect arrows or gun shots, i When the aaphead had reached the desired point the ditch would tie wid ened, the excavated earth forming a parapet on each side, and the guns would be brought ho close to the wall that they could not be reached by gtins mounted ou the wall, for lu the timea '.In which these conditions prevailed walls were high and cannon crude and they could not be sufficiently depressed to reach an enemy at the tout of the wall. : Sapping was usually done by peas ants impressed or lured tur that serv Ice, because soldiers m ihe armies or the middle ages were more skillful with weapons than with tools amt the work ot digging trenches was beneath their dignity, while It also savored or a disinclination to close with the ene my, even though that enemy was lie bind stone walls with cannon—cannon at which men armed with modern weapons would aiulle, hut which In their day were weapons of great effect. Vnuban. the great military engineer, reilued supping and brought It Into a system by which any fortified place could be approactied, reached, mined nnd breuebed. These saps arter awhile were dug In a number of ways. Many forms of the approach trench were devised. Un covered trenches were cut forwurd, de flected at right angles und then cut forwurd to be again deflected further along, each of these deflections from the straight course of the trench form ing a transverse for the protection of the trench. Some trenches were roof ed In with timber and earth as they were cut forwurd, thus forming a bombproof covered way. Some saps were cut or dug In the fashion of a tunnel, the surface ot the earth not being disturbed ut all. Double saps or numerous parallel saps were dug close up to the posltlou to be attacked. Mining of castle and city walls or city gates Is as old as the use of gun powder In war, uud “undermining” of walls was practiced In war before the use of gunpowder. When sapping had become systematized and generally ern ployed In offensive operations against fortified positions the military work of sapping nnd mining was combined and Instead of being done by peasants or “civilian” iaoor was committed to spe cial troops. These troops became adept In this Important work, nnd be cause of the extra labor Involved and the hazard of this duty these, called sappers and miners, were given high er pay than other troops. As the years nod the centuries went by other duties were put upon these troops—erection of held fortifications, erection of many forms of obstacles to Impede an aggressive enemy nnd hold him under fire at a known range, de struction of bridges, construction of bridges, demolition of buildings and many other things. Gradually the sup pers nnd miners’ duties became greatly enlarged and refined, and In many armies they came to he called engi neers. In all armies every soldier today does work that formerly fell to the laboring and hard working sappers. Every sol dier today knows how to handle a pick and spade as well as to shoot a rifle, pistol, magazine gun or cannon. AJI soldiers now dig trenches, gun pits nnd the like, but construction work, requir ing higher technical training. Is done by the engineers, successors to the sap pers of old. In many kinds of construc tion the engineers may be aided by troops of other hrnnehes and by civil ians, hired or Impressed.—Washington Star. An Old Story. Snbbnbs (arriving home)—Well, dear, anything new happened today? Mrs. Snbbnbs—The cook's gone. Subbobs— I asked yon If there was anything new happened.— Boston Transcript. WHISTLER'S CLEVERNESS. Tho Artist Could Fia In Hi* Mind Any Effect In Nature. It whs Whistler's ha hit to memorize an effect In mature, uud Mr. T. It. Way. In his "Memoirs,” gives tan exaanple of bis cleverness at It. I shall never forget aa lesson lie gave me oue evening. We haul left the stu dlo when It was quite dusk ami were walking along tho road lay Ihe gardens of the Chelsea hospital, when lie |s)lnt- ed to a group of Imllillngs In the dts- tanee. an old publle House nt the cor- uer of the road, with windows and shops showing golden lights through the gathering mists or twilight "Look!" he said. As he did not scent to have anything to sketch or make notes on. I look out my uotehouk and offered It to him. "No. uo; lie quiet!” lie said, tllld after a long pause he turned and walked back a few yards; then, with Ills buck to the scene, lie salil; a* “Now. see If I have learned It." and then he gave a description of the scene, perfect lu every detail or ar rangement and volur. as lie might have repeated a poem lie had learned by heurt. Then we went on. ntid soon there came another picture that appealed to me even more than the former. I tried to cull bis attention to It. but lie would not look at It. "No, no." he sold; "one thing at a time.” In a few days I was at the studio again, and there on the eusel was the picture. FINALLY SHE BALKED. It Wai a Good Schema, but 8h* Thought It Waa Going Too Far. It was an extraordinary uotlcc: “Eleemosymary Typewriting institu tion.—Anybody wishing tyiiewrltlng done, but hijvlng uo money to pay for name, wilt he accouimodated to this office between the hours of 5 and 10 p. m.“ A young woman waa tacking the sign on the office door when the man In a plaid suit stopped. “Who la the public benefnefor?" he asked. “Me." she said. ”1 thought 1 might as well advertise nnd save my employ er’s friends the trouble of hunting mo up. They always have something for me to do. Even on days when 1 am so busy that I hardly have time to breathe they come In with rolls of manuscript nnd ask the manager If 1 have time to copy It. Sometimes that makes the manager squirm. “’Are you quite busy, Miss .lones?’ he asks. 'Quite/ I say. Then the rannager thinks. But lie always gives In. 'Oh. well,’ he says, '1 guess that Isn't very important, .lust let It go and copy this for Mr. .' So 1 copy It. and -Mr. — suys. ‘Thanks; you nre very kind.' He never thinks of puy- lng. It Is the easiest way Id the world to get typewriting done. 1 was afraid there might be a few men who had never heard of the scheme, so L have put this sign out for their bene fit’’—New York Post. Catching a Thief. In Dewsbury several years ago a gen tleman present nt a public gathering had the misfortune to have his watch stolen, a magnificent gold repeater. Standing up. he announced his loss and added: “It Is now two minutes to I). At 9 o’clock the watch will strike the hour, and ns it is loud 1 nsk every one to keep quiet We shall then bo nble to put our bands on the thief.” A dead silence ensued, and one individual, seized with a bad fit of coughing, en deavored to leave the room. He wns promptly accosted, searched und the missing property found In his pocket. It afterward transpired that the watch would not have struck, as It was out of order.—London Express. A Thorough Cate. Every schoolroom is supposed to have its romancer, or boaster. There was a mild epidemic of mumps In an uptown school not long ago, and a teacher asked the pupils In her room how many remembered having the dis ease. A few remembered It, but most of them bad never beard of It. Then the romancer attracted the teacher’s attention. “I get the mumps, teacher," he smil ingly said. "1 get It around my face so. And 1 get one by each eye—and one under my neck.”—Cleveland Plain Dealer. Crude Petroleum. Roumanla holds the honor for the earliest production of crude petroleum, having put it on the market In 1857. Two years later the United States pro duced Its first petroleum, 2,000 gallons. Italy was n producer the following year, and Canada, within twelve months, entered the field. ItusBla | quickly followed, and for years these countries were the sole producers. Rus sia Is now second only to this country. Hawaii’* Crater Lake. Waiapele. or Green lake, on the Is land of Hawaii. Is a body of fresh wa ter In the pit of an old crater near Kapoho. This lake covers an area of about five acres und Is fed by springs below the surface. A pumping plant takes water from this lake for domes tic use and for Irrigation purposes. Whale*. The whale Is not a fish. In every- Bilng which characterizes a true fish and separates It from other classes, as reptiles, birds and mammals, the whale resembles the last named (the mammals) nnd differs radically and fundamentally from the fish.—New York American. GERMAN CIVIL COURTS. Mod* of Proc*dur* Whor* Commsroial Case* Are Tried. The "haudeisgerlcht.” or wuutuotvlnl court. Is presided ovev by one Judge uud twu laymen know n as "hamlet* rlchter"—sAJiuuierelai Judges iionmmt ed l>y cotouierelnl Inslles and Mpimlnt- ed by the government Any German is eligible w ho Is registered h* n mer chant. thirty years old -ul otherwise qualified as specially ded liy law. Only conimerelai eases me sent Co this department upon motion of either par ty. 1 witnessed a trial between mer chants and was miieli pleased with the speedy method of determining the case. Instead of submitting teelmleul busi ness questions to a Jury, who In all probability never heard of the like be fore, and then offering the testimony of experts on eneli side or the ease, which often has a tendency to eon- fuse the Jury rather than to enlighten them, the German commercial Judges possess personal experience In busi ness and skill In affairs of commerce of the greatest value In arriving nt correct Conclusions. Besides, Ibe pro cedure. us a rule. Is brief sad to the polut and einmes little delay to the litigants. So far as I could ntmerve, this system worked very satisfactorily. —Fred II. 1‘eterson lu Case uud Com ment. THE MAN WHO LAUGHS. The Reason Ho Doe* So From the Physical Point of Visw. Laughter Is an Involuntary response of certain muscles to. a communication from nerves controlling their action. We laugh because wo receive nn Im pression through our sensory nerves that causes u demonstration from the muscles which express mirth. The vigor or heartiness of laughter depends upon the susceptibility ot the brain to what Is received through the sensory nerves. They get the Impresalon In throe wuys—from something we see. feel or bear—and seud It along to tho nerve center. From there It Is sent along other nerves connected with certain muscles or glauds and excites them to activity. The nerves nre like so many electric wires, and tho sensory nerves set as a battery, by means of which the elec tric currents of life are transmitted. The muscles buve the power to ex press the state of gladness. Indicated by laughter, according to the poslttve- ncss of the Impressions pussed along the nerves which operate them. You lough less heartily the second time you hear a funny story because the Impression Is less positive. — Rocky Mountain News. A Book That Wasn’t Published. A singula, plan Tor honoring heroes was proposed lu 1882, If we tnay credit (V ajtZ ^omeynuuCte*»a A so-called “cold” is often just a forerunner of some se vere disease sure to follow unless the cold is “caught” in time. When you catch cold, “catch” hold of it at once and cure it A neglected “cold” often causes quick pneumonia and death. Whatever be your needs in the drug line, come to us for them. Prescriptions accurately compounded. THE BEST DRUG STORE We Give You What You Ask For J. F. Lee Drug Prompt Delivery TWO PHONES v>\ I Efficient Service tho following footnote to "La Typo graphic," a |iociu by Lo Pelletier, pub lished In that year nt Genova: "In Feb ruary last several newspapers an nounced that the largest book ever printed will shortly appear In London under the title “The Pantheon of Eng lish Heroes." The pages of this book will be twelve feet long und two feet wido and the letters' six Inches high. It has been found uecessury to erect spe cial mnchlnery for the manufacture of the paper required. This gigantic work will be printed by steam In characters of gold, no ordinary printing Ink being used In the process. Only a hundred copies will be issued, und these will serve to ndoru the principal libraries in England.” You will not find that book In any public or private library. Poarlo. Tbe use and popularity of pearls date back to about 300 B. C., but they were known to yet older peoples, and espe cially to those of the east. The Chinese records go still farther back, and oys ter pearls were received as tribute In tbe twenty-tblrd century B. C. It is probable that they were found In tbe waters of Ceylon and India 2,000 years ago, und the Greeks of conrso both knew nnd recognized the value of tho pearl. But it wus not until the Roman empire wns beginning to rise that tbe knowledge of the value of the pearl became general. Unfortunate Namur. From tbe tenth century to 1421 Na mur was the capital of a dukedom, but was merged In the Netherlands In 1421. It was captured In 1092 by Marshal Vauban In the Netherlands war and three years Inter by William of Orange. Again in 1740 tbe French General Clermont took It, and It was taken from tho French by Joseph II. In 1794, but restored again later. In 1815 It was defended with great bravery In tbe Waterloo campaign.—London Answers. Interrogating a Reformer. “I shall leave politics a poorer man than when I first accepted office,” Hold tbe patriot "Excuse me." responded tbe friend, who Is a little bard of bearing, “did you say 'poorer' or •purer?' ’’—Wash ington Star. Easy. ”1 wish I knew how to get rid of trouble." "I’ll help yon out. I know a fellow who's always looking for It!”—Judge. Alligators' Teeth. Ivory from alligators’ teeth la as rich tn hue as nnd bas a brighter luster than tbe best tusks tbnt ever came from an African elephant. There Is work on God’s wide earth for all men that he bus made with bands and hearts.—Carlyle. Unclaimed Letters. The following list of unclaimed let ters will be Bent to the Division of Dead Letters, if not called for within two weeks: E W Attaway, Mattie Beasley, Pellie Beasley, Allie Budler, Martha Brun- ster, Joe Boswell, G J Bradley, Will Cox, Tommie Clark, Mamie Clark, Willie Cooks, J E Carroll, Willie Mae Hines, Julia Hill, Susie SuBie Jackson, Eddie Moreland, P L Meeks, Newnan Towels Mill, Lee Nicenon, Mrs. J H Morgan, Love Nelson, J D Pearson, Annie kinder, Love Strickland, W A Sanders, Mrs. N D Stamps, Mrs. N C Tolbert, Urice Tell, Mrs. S L Wood, O T Watkins, Sam William*, Carrie Wilks, Nonie Wiggins, Rev. J M Woods, Lucy Wyatt, J G Bartlett, J T Brady, Geo. Bradley, Mary Bledsoe, C C Black, J L Bur & Co. Luke Beavers, J W Davidson, Jimmie Davis, Winnie Danneck, Will Gamon, Mary Graham, Mary Hart, Jennie Hurton, W T Jack- son, Jennie Lou Lambert, H F Mutt, Charlie Mathers, Harvie Payton, M O Phillips (2) Willie Mae Ragland, Laura Ann Ragland, Annie Right, Earnest Richards, Cicero Riggins, Mattie Sturling, R L Thomas, Eliza Thurman, Lone Woodruff. To avoid delay in delivery have your mail addressed to street and number, box number, R. F. D. number or gen eral delivery. In calling for the above, please say "advertised.” Susie M. Atkinson, P. M. Five Cents Proves It. A Generous Offer. Cutout this ad., enclose with 5 cents to Foley & Co., Chicago, Ill., and they will send you one trial package of Foley’s Honey and Tar Compound for coughs, colds, croup, bronchial and la grippe coughs. Foley’s Kidney Pills and Foley's Cathartic Tab lets. For sale in your town by all deal ers. There’s a fine bit of a story out on a well-known North Georgia Congress man, who has an agricultural bent of his own, and who dearly loves to send free seed to his constituents. A woman wrote him recently asking for Borne garden seed. He sent back by return mail a generous supply of what she asked for, mailed in the regu lar official envelope. In a couple^ of weeks the seed went back to the Con gressman. The woman had read the card on the corner of the envelope, which says: “Three hunded dollars fine for private use. ” She wrote the following note to the Congressman; “I am much obliged for the seeds, but I wanted them for private use and could not possibly afford to run the risk of having to pay the $300 fine.” If a better cough syrup than Foley’s Honey and Tar Compound could be found, we wiuld carry it. We know this reliable and dependable medicine has given satisfaction for m're than forty years; therefore, we never offer a substitute for the genuine. Recom mended for coughs, colds, croup, whoop ing cough, branchial and la grippe coughs. No opiates. Sold by all dealers. Ignorance is the mother of suspicion, hate, backbiting, lies. Blander, and the whole brood of evil imaginings that keep people apart. Our Finely Ground, Standard Whitestone-Limestone Trade-Mark The Finest Ground and Highest Grade on the Market $1.75 Per Ton WHITESTONE MARBLE CO- ATLANTA. GA. After Many Years. J. L. SoutherB, Eau Claire, Wis., writes: “Years ago I wrote you in re gard to great results I obtained from Foley’s Kidney Pills. After all these years I have never had a return of those terrible backaches or sleepless nights; — I am permanently cured. ” Men and women, young and old, find this relia ble remedy relieves rheumatism, back ache, stiff joints und ills caused by weak or diseased kidneyB or bladder. Sold by all dealers. ‘‘Where’s your little brother?" ‘‘He hurt himself.” *‘How?”| “We were seeing who could lean out of the window the farthest, and he won. ” People Say To Us "I cannot cat this or that food, it does not agree with me.” (Jur advice to all of them is to take a Dyspepsia Tablet For Halo liy ALL DEALERS. before and after each meal. 25c a box. John R. Cato* Drug Co. SPECIAL TO WOMEN The roost economical, cleansing and germicidal of all antiseptics Is Are You a Woman? lohible Antiseptic Powder to As a medicinal antiseptic for douches In treating catarrh, Inflammation or ulceration of nose, throat, and that caused by feminine ills it has no equal. For ten years the Lydia E. Plnkham Medicine Co. has recommended Paxtlne in their private correspondence with women, which proves Its superiority. Women who have been cured say it Is ‘‘worth Its weight In gold.” At druggists. GOc. large box, or by mall. The Paxton Toilet Co,, Boston, Mass. m Cardui Thu Woman’s Tonic ! FOR SALE AT ALL DRU661STS P Pay your Subscription.