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mil 11 n iimhi
*»n, having a sum in hank from which he is continually drawing large snp-
P* le ^i would expect the same interest each year ? Yet this is exactly what
the farmers are doing. They are exhausting their lands and still expecting
them to yield the same returns. By planting, if only a little each year, in rye
or clover and_ grasses, the important beginning is made, which, I hope, will
usher in_a brighter era. This, once accomplished, the way will be opened for
a reduction of the cotton area; for the worn lands, being supplied with the
humus so much needed, we cannot only reduce the area, but lessen the cost of
production—the consummation so devoutly to be wished.
The danger from rust and fruit failure, at the most critical period of plant
development, will also be greally lessened. We can give more attention to
the raising of stock, the cultivation of fruits and vegetables, the beautifying
«f farms and homes, and the promoting of those conditions which are so nec
essary to the happiness and prosperity of a people.
ANALYSIS.
Bxsmuda—Albuminoids, total....;....
Crude filler, digestible
Nitrogen free extract, total. ......
Nitrogen free extract, digestible
Fat, total ;
Fat, digestible......
Nutritive ratio
lie season was onlv a moderately good one for oats. The excessive rains in
January,' February and March, followed by a sudden drought in April, reduced
the yield probably one-third. With perfect seasons the yields of the best
plots would have reached nearly one hundred bushels, and the effect of the
fertilizers would have been much more marked. This experiment, however,
and the; following one, was not intended as an eflort to produce a very large-'
yield of oats, as some may assume, yet we have heard of none larger the same
..... IOtTO
6.09
| 20.20
11.71
46.00
: ............. 28.98
..'.’..’....1........' 1:7b
INORGANIC MATTERS IS A TON 07 AIR DEV HAY, CONTAINING 14 PER CENT.
Water.
Bermuda—Nitrogen.... _ ......
Phosphoric acid......
Potash-
Soda.......;."....
Magnesia —
Sulphuric acid.-. .........................
Chlorine ;....
.... 34.20 pounds.
.... 9.19 pounds.
... 60.22 pounds.
... 9.20pounds.
... 6.48 pounds.
.... 17.45 pounds.
... 16.84 pounds.
..... 49.35 pounds.
_. 12.63 pounds.
In many sections of the State the once despised and much dreaded Bermuda
grass will play an important part in the system which we wish to inaugurate.
In ; this grass we have a crop furnished‘.by kindly nature, which, by actual
analysis, as above, ranks higher than any other grass, arid TnakeS f a Splendid
summer pasture. It can also be cut several times during the season and the
hay cured for winter use, afifordihg a valuable food supply during the entire
year. A Bermuda pasture, once well set and intelligently managed, is a • valu
able and lifetime' investment, and with proper care can be restricted to neces
sary or desirable bounds.
B. T. NESBITT, Commissioner.
VALUABLE RECIPES.
The following valuable formulas are taken from the bulletin of the North
Carolina Agricultural Experiment .Station, and will be found of practical bene-
fit and useful for reference if this circular is preserved:
No. L—ABSENTEES.—LIQUID. —n •'
Parisgreen or London purple......................... 1 pound.
Flour or starch cooked into paste with water.... 5 pounds.
Hard water 150 to 250 gallons....
Directions.—Stir the arsenite into water, then add the paste, and thoroughly
mix. Apply with a sprinkler or-spraying-pump. . . - .
No. 2.—ABSENTEES.—POWDER. ~ ; "
Paris green or London purple ..._ 1 pound.
Flour 10 pounds. a f
Road dust, lime or coal ashes.. 20 pounds.
Directions,—Mix the arsenite with theother substances. Apply with a bellows,
Bag or sieve.
No: a—KEROSENE.—OINTMENT.
Lard — — 1 pound.
Sulphur (powdered)..............,.......,...:. 1... 2 ounces.
Kerosene oil — :.— j-pint;
DirscfiOTW.-^-Mix the lard and sulphur, then add the ofl. Keep in a tightly- js-. jj
dosed can. Apply by rubbing. * ’•?. '2' £ %'■ • Ja' »
• 4& k v ■; Nog4.—-POThSH SOAP- 0 ~; J ' - - -- *
f ' r ' 1‘ pound:: f- ,c : "4. j i-A
3 pints. - . >
3. gallons, .. . f !■ "
Directions.—Boil the lye in the water until all dissolved. Then add the oil ' -. :
and boil for two hours. Replace evaporated water with hot water from time to
time. After two hduis of boiling remove from fire. When cold the soap '.
should be solid and may be cut with a knife. Use one pound pf this soap to eight
or ten gallons of hot Water. Spray upbn lice, infested plants and trees, or rub
- branches with a stiff brush.or with'the hand.
Discussion.—-Formulas Nos. 1 and 2 are insecticides and can be used to
much purpose in a war against' gnawing insects and worms of all classes. No.'
2may he applied by a bellows, or may be sifted on the plahts with a common
sieve, or from a tin bucket perforated with fine holes. Formula No. 3 can be
made at little cost, andkept on hand and will be valuable to. rid poultry or
stodc of lice or other parasite. Formula No. '4 has been highly recommended
for plant lice, and is easily and cheaply made. The liquid as applied to plants •
costs about fifteen cents pOr-hundred gallons.
From. Advance Sheets of Bulletin No. 14, to be issued from Vie Georgia Experiment
Station.
FERTILIZER TEST ON OATS—1890-91.
The object of this experiment, was to find the relative effectiveness of the
three valuable elements always present in what is called a 9complete fertil
izer—phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen.
Gray, gravelly soil, with hard, red clay subsoil, made a fair crop of oats in
1890, ; followed immediately by peas, which were converted into hay. The, acre
was broken sixinches deep with a 2-horse turn-plow, October 15, and then di
vided into ten.plots of one-tenth of an acre each, running-east and west. The ;
unaided productiveness of the soil increased from plot 1 throughout the series,
plot-1 being of poorer quality than any . - Fertilizers were prepared and applied
as in Table I., by mixing the same with the seed oats, sowing all together at
the rate bf three bushels of “Appier” oats per acre,, and.covering, with a cut
away hmrowtbe'day the landTwas.brqken.; burrowed with- smoothing har
row October 18, and rolled with heavy iron foUm the same^day.
TABLE' L—FERTljLtaER EXPERIMENT ON OATS.
BesuUs.—These may not be considered as absolutely conclusive lint very sig
nificant, and a careful study of the table will be. found interesting and instruc
tive. For instance, take the nitrogen series, plots 1, 2 and 3. On plot No. 1
the cost of the fertilizer was $S.92 per acre and the yield of oats 39 bushels.
Plot 2 had twice as much; cotton seed meal as No. 1, increasing the eo=t by
$3.26 per acre, and yielding an increase of 7 bushels per acre. On plot 3 the
cotton seed-meal was trebled, increasing the cost by $6.52 per acre as compared
with No. 1, and producing an increased yield of 22 bushels.
Now fake the phosphoric acid series, 5, 6 and 7, comparing with plot 4—-un
fertilized. Plot 5 of this series was fertilized exactly as No. 1—the soil being
considerably better. The yield was 58.3 bushels per acre, an increase oyer the
yield of unfertilized plot 5 of 15.3 bushels, at a cost of $8.92. Plot 6 received
just twice as inch superphosphate as plot 5,'increasing the cost by $2.21, but
without increasing the ytddqf grain. Plot 7 received three times as much super
phosphate as plot 5, still further increasing the cost (by $4.42), and actually re-
aucing the vield by 0.6 bushels.
t Now take the potash series, plots 8, 9 and 10. Plot 8 was fertilized precisely
as 1 and 5, the corresponding plots in the preceding two series, and produced
58.7 bushels per acre. On plot 9 the potash was doubled, producing an in
crease of 2.8 bushels, at a cost of $3.45., Plot 10, which.received three times as
much potash as plot 8, costing $6.90 more per acre, actually produced 1.7
bushels less per acre. , „
Conclusions.—Ot course, the results of one experiment should never be accepted
as absolutely conclusive; but these indicate very decidedly that nitrogen is the
most effective element as a'fertilizer for oats on this land In this case the
cotton seed meal was the only element which paid a good profit od cost,
whether in single, double or treble doses. The' experiment was not sufficien tly
elaborate to indicate jnst what proportions of the different elements would
give best resnlts. It would require very many experiments to determine any
such rule; but it is Sufficiently clear to indicate that cotton seed meal-is an
excellent fertilizer for oats on our ordinary old lands, and that it, or some
other nitrogenous material, should form-the principal part of any nuxtnre in
tended for this crop;
Incase itisdesired to fertilize oats -very moderately, it is probable that cotton
seed meal or crushed cotton seed would answer every purpose; but in liberal
manuring it would be safer to add aeid phosphate and some form of potash-
say, about in the proportions, more or less, of the mixture used in plot 2. A
good proportion for average old uplands would be as follows:'
Per acre for oats ■!
We would advise sowing in September and October. The risk of winter
Irfiiing- nf early sown fall oats is . not greater tban the. risk of drought and rust
^hen sown in the Spring, bridle the fall oats will usually treble the yield of
spring oats. . .
• We have not found it practicable, on hard, stiff and rocky or foul land, to
put in a crop of pats satisfactorily-with a cut-a-way harrow alone,, or without
previous thorough plowing of the land. But on soft, clean land, or after
the smoothing harrow and roller is recommended in order to get a smooth,
even surface for the reaper or cradle. After reaping the oats, then sow one
and one-half bushels oi peas per acre, and convert into hay when in full
bloom. 2
VARIETY TEST OF OATS.
Two varieties only, tbe “Appier” and the Texas Easi-proof, were sown in
alternate plots of one-tenth of one acre each.. November 5th the land was
' broken with a two-horse plow, six inches deep,-and immediately harrowed
with a cutaway harrow. Each alternate blot of one-tenth acre was sown to
“Appier,” and the intervening plots to “Texas,” at the rate of two and one-
half bushels per acre: The fertilizers, as shown in Table IL, were sown with
the oats-the same day (November 5) and covered with cut-a-way harrow, fol
lowed by smoothing harrow and roller. The oats were harvested June 10, all
being then fully ripe, but the Appier- oats several days or a week earlier.
Condusions.—The Texas pat is a very good variety; but the Appier is evi
dently more prolific, and earlier, and therefore decidedly preferable. Both
were absolutely free from rust, and' tbe Appier is believed to he a little more
hardy to resist winter killing.
, TABLE IL—VARIETY TEST OF OATS—“AFFLER” OATS AND TEXAS
V : - BUST-PROOF OATS.
- 4 Puns o»
lij) ACRtt T^ifTFr. ;
Fkhtilizeb Applied.
Yield of Foub Plots.
: '-".V
•If
■Si
ii
J k
.1 i
a ^
If-
d |
#
T
o
|
S :
t
o
: l 1
.O B-
. O, ; *
- -
? <
Apples.
.215
96
746
1150
445
705
55
'Texas.
2151.
•96
746
1097
492
605
47.2
- ...•''i;
The land on whichlthto test was made is decidedly, better, than that of
the preceding experiment (Table I.), yet the results are inferior. This
difference is probably due to - the /fact, (1) that in the first described experi
ment the oats were sown.three weeks earlier; and (2) in the first there was a
larger proportion of cotton seed meal used, in the best plots, and a smaller'
proportion of potash' (muriate). The two experiments were on adjoining
acres. Thus we often find that one experiment may. corroborate another.
The Experiment Station is now engaged in Sending ,one-half bushel of
the Appier oats to ! a selected farmer in every county in the State, in order to
disseminate tbe variety as widely as possible.-
The following table explains itself:
TABT,F. trr—VaBTETY TEST OF TYFTB'.ATfi
Each plot contained 5
rows 2 feet wide and
. 209 feet long.
Plots or 1-10
or
Acre.
Fertilizebs per Plot.
.YIELD.
■ . i •
II
!! i,
l
i .
A
1 '
• CQ
■ - .'
H
i
u
a
-1:."
."S'-
CQ W
6
i 1
u
s
I
1
PH
■i'
M
£ A
pH
-jr ■
-1
fi
ll
r
. i :
gf
28
16
32
232 ~
147.5
124:5
39
$'8.92
2
28
16
:• 64'
277.5
130
147-.5
46 .
12.18
3:
28
16
96
365
170
195
61
15.44
*4
bed r<>
v?oi
245
108
137
■43
-
if
28
T6
32
327
140.5
186:5.
58.3 .
8.92
■ 6
t\-
56 h'
T6-
.' 32 -
”327-
140.5
T86;5
58.3
11T3-
.7,'-
. §1
84 '
16-^
32
317-.5
133'
■ 184:5
"57.7
13.34
8
rif
28
16
32
327.5
143
184.5
57.7
8.92
9
28
32
32
350
156.5
193.5
60.5
12.37
10
23
48
32
312.5
132.5
180
.56
15.82
VARIETY.
Velvet Chaff.....
New Genesee
Fulcaster
WfllliGr »»
Purple Straw, White
EdrpleStraw, Red'il.'
Red May...
Fultz.........
Riete
10 Naples,
. - ^ _
i c
YIELD.
■ o .
Per acre
Bushels.
§
- I-
71.5145.51
99 62.5 36:5
109 70.5 38.6
104 67
96.5 57.3139.2
96.5 55.5 41
84 51 33
il6.5 73:742:7
77.544:533
89 .155.6133.3
9.01
12.6 !
13.3
12.8
13.6
14.2
11.4
14.8
11.4
11.6
June 10
June 10
June 10
May 26
June .2
June 2
June 10
June 10
June 10
June 10 her 10,
Fertilizers Applied.
The TO Plots were all
fertilized broadcast at
the rate per acre of:
H "uerphoSpHate.' 300.1bs
r. Potash..-'.... 150 “
C. S. Meal-. 400 “
Wheat sown Novem-
>, 1890.
* ‘Unfertilized. - 14 i
It will be observed that plots 2 and 3 contain each the same! quantities of1
superphosphate and potash, but varying quantities of cotton seed meal; hence;'
these maybe called the nitrogen senes. Riot 4 was not fertilized'rat alb ' In'
each of plots 5; 6 and 7 the potash and cotton seed meal are in the same qnan- :
•ties the superphosphate being doubled and trebled in plots 6~ind;7; hence, !
\bese may he called the phosphoric acid series. Lastly;-plots 819 and 10 vary?
. . ... v - 1 - —^tethepotaiftseries:- • - *
if .' . ' -.4 ;
Conclusions.—It was. a -favorable season for wheat. Rust appeared on the
blades of- every variety, but did not extend to the stems in any .case: The
Fultz wheat made the largest yield, 14.8 bushels per acre; the purple straw
white and purple,straw red-followed^clbsely in yield, 113:6 and-14.2-bnshels
respectively, and were ripe eight days earlier. The Walker wheat (a local
variety) wasnot so productive, but was a week earlierthan tbe last two. It
is probably the most reliable wheat, one. year with another, of any of the
varieties named, on account of "its earliness and consequent greater exemp
tion from rust. No fertilizer test was. made in wheat: Like oats, wheat re
quires a large proportion of nitrogen, probably not so much, relatively as
oats, but more phosphoric acid. > B. J. REDDING,
... ' Director.
Every farmer or other person interested in farming: is entitled to receive
the bulletins of the Experiment Station, which are published quarterly. AH
raid be addressedrfol’
GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATION, ' *
EXPEBQMNT^GAe * .