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WASHINGTON . = T — O TRIFEEEIIIG {"" Lo nmni «s—‘e"d; EORGE WASHINGTON was - born 176 years ago < His name . will live through all the ages as the liberator and founder of the greatest country the world has ever known. Washington was, and is, America incarnate. The United States has outgrown the fond est hopes which he entertained for the national fledgling he nursed into life, but with that growth has grown the name and fame and honor of him who is in truth “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.” : % * * Bhe first recorded observance of *Washington’s birthday appeared in the Pennsylvania Packet on Tuesday, February 17, 1784 (old style). It was sent by a correspondent in New York, and-read: “Wednesday last being the birthday of His Excellency, General Washiugton,__ the same was «celebrated here by all the true friends ©of American Independence and Con stitutional Liberty with that hilarity and manlv decorum ever attendant on the sons of freedom. 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A e Lot P b 3 o Bsl B e o AALSRE XR g ¢ W TAR e o gy rS e e Bri e IR ot \-‘*s"r*» e e RER Se e R LVe RA e e o Ben T SRR s e SR e % £ 7 PR R B S e, liT A e RSY DN 3 el SETR T '4’.*@.«,’.-',’ ik S G BRR AR BA et S . ‘\*‘,»»‘s&iv"»fi}d e R i\fia\ st et '&i‘,‘é‘;:_-,«. et s ERISE o T e T prs Rl N et : ~’_’,x!;f?:,' o 4-'2}3"5'5 RS RSys<§ R A SR | e -'f":?"é:»“fia""'- e IR T X AL R $ ):“:4‘;;:;2?;? ; __-ig.-; fi;_-‘%&‘_.‘.’-‘?-fiffi??- e \ NAR ,x«‘,v Horrl v o £O P e N i SRR | Sl :«'-/.,rv,...:-.z Te A R e o < P o e B gWoo et eR LR § 3 SR RS O AG SO ;,q_.,.hg,,r,, S I i ey A eST B s WASHINGTON IN 1779 i ] ] 179, AGE FORTY-SEVEN E Vv ) iE FORTY-SEVEN, BY C. W. PEALE the entertainment was given on board the East India ship in the harbor, to a very brilliant and respectable com pany, and a discharge of thirteen cannon- was fired on the joyful oc casion,” * * * What a difference between condi tions then and now. At that time there were barely 5,000,000 people in the United States. There was real 1y no great American city, New York having only 33,000, Philadelphia 30,- 000, Boston 18,000 and Charleston 16,000 inhabitants. Washington died in December, 1799, and the progress of news was so slow at that time that some of the settlers beyond the Alle ghenies did not learn of his demise until February and March of the next year. ‘ * % * At the time of his death Washing ton was probably the richest man in the United States. 'He had vast hold ings of real- estate, and more than half of his wezalth lay west of the Alleghenies. Some idea of his ex tensive holdings may be had from an advertisement which appeared in the Alexandria (Virginia) Gazette of the time, which contained several col umns describing lands that he wished SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN. By V. de Paredes. to lease or sell. He offered to “lease 8000 acres of Mount Vernon land, the- properties known as the River Farm, the Union Farm, the Dogue Run Farm and the Muddy Hole Farm, respectively.” The lands for sale were “9744 acres on the southeast side of the Ohio River; 23,266 acres on the Great Kanawha; 3042 acres on the Little Miami, within a mile of the Ohio, and 5000 acres in the Green River country of Kentucky.” * * * When he mjuried the pretty Widow Custis, Washington received into his hands oue-thkird of the famous Custis fortune, amonnting to about $70,000 in momney. ' He purchased, among other places, Great Meadows, the scene of thie battle in the French and Indian’War where he fought his first fight and “signed the first and only capitvilation of his life.” At Wash ington’s Run in the Alleghenies there is an old water mill in operation which stands on the site of one that hg built in 1775. J L % His diary, carefully kept almost without a vreak from 1760 until the close of his eventful life, shows his careful, methodical habits, and gives much information about his extensive business affairs, Among the products of his place were a yearly manufac ture of 1000 barrels of meal, 2000 barrels of good whisky, and freQuent OR e eSA R R ‘,_‘:\.,,f,;}”«:;:‘ e ‘.;;v‘.«,-'x.‘;i&;..'w,:‘,;:,‘ P R, v R A R R e et hae P ‘;,—'g (g G e Nt ',:-,\‘vf“,:f_ff";’j‘ Wgy """-"2%"v-it,fl‘{(:',fl'-"‘;.;7",':',":-,'::'s-‘»," b w,w;‘% i e Z",':'<.'l’-(;',,’(;¢‘,ga R ey - Te S ;)%.‘i}&,,fiv‘%;’» Sy cet ik ST es e L geT RS AT R R g SRR SR Vi S es e ,‘%»"“f‘%“’?’*é‘"’;fi st ~_;»'.’.‘;.‘,5.-;;,%’3: S e ‘f\‘%%“",«“{\« Yol iy e »/.Jfi;,_c\,;i-,- .._r«_’,é?;a}:?é:‘f‘.'iiv’.}»'é."-'%-"»-'»:'f‘»' G H Sel eSR DR g A eRO e e ! 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TOIRRER T A e RLA R e e SRR e P T BR U A L k. s}}":}%&’ ;“i%” ‘%‘ o A JE vel : o BokE T REATS .‘f*r,v¢‘7:"‘>" "}w o{4;‘7&- g R AL IR A RIR LR e W Bl e e R R g B TTe s i iy A R S 2sß e B RR AT 'M’P’:% :‘fi' %‘ SR Rl e T BTR B R T "cfigi;{i"‘:"#bifl i S M G R eSeTST TRI eL IR ot AN Sl 5% LTtg. 28 0 A s i (85 R¢MTTR |R, G Tgt e il j“"'- 7 (SR Tk e Winie 2 DR URETNE” o MRTRt VA AR | SRR A o ‘ gIrA” Ty ¥ eYE e Vs e. B R ALy g §oli g W%‘ e SPRET. os M gy SRRt Bl TL e Ie Y b HCs Blgfi i afi"%«;z%/ eR L T it WATe igy SRR r 5(?’%"& A;i AR e e ~';l‘€.{§"f %il f‘%\' RN AoWL T e e, I i e ekt A ABy Get R % S g VY Tl eB B AA N S R By Sl eoo .5 ~.-“.,f, oo Ry .y eRt DNI il ik GG B ; i &% 5 %,_‘t.fi‘ “"""l""}""’{g"f‘ e fias sIU Hs P SR e o % ',J4 o L b Lkl SN i 2{;?:?#3 7 "5’;24;/‘/‘ .g ’% GRS il RTR e i sARR e A lafill/‘ i B " SELELOE TAN B se e Sot i sy I I X RO SR ML IR O iMR R B AL eALA e G Bsk "‘»,43?; e ’;»%W")"’?g/ GA G e s bl ) AR ‘;QW“:;/ AT Rsk e e lovs UL - S es Vi LeSNs 5N B ss Y p R e )‘-‘3 s e A N 7 y v ‘1 , MOUNT VERNON AS IT 1S TO-DAY - sales of hogs, sheep, etc. From 1759 to 1764 Washington was his own ex porter, sending out the produce from his great farms to Bristol and Liver pool. Large quantities of tobacco were handled in his name during this time, and his agents in England were instructed to keep their eyes open for any improved agrlbulZural imple ments and send them to him. ~ ¥* * * That Washington was a careful manager is shown from a letter which @" g R SRR e R e TR B 7 R AR ‘ AR \3{:@ RS T OANe R R "‘\\ ! 3 S AR RAR i B TR BR S T N».A AR R Y pORE e ‘?M&*Mfiffi%fi&w b\ % & RS K p A R R e T ALOBREANR L} P A e R L) b T ORI A CRRERNL B 3 R Eig e T N SR TR AR R e s B e T it e i M‘»’Q@«‘@\\ : : s e 's‘““R"‘\““?\\\‘m\“fi’\*‘*« AN G AR eGtR NN T . h ‘3\{‘3:;\\\“‘};‘»»k\gggfiwxx‘f\g“ PRr R sSRRN X e x%%‘}\’%\i&\%‘g} SR “ e 1 L R R R ¥ RITN AR Vi, R eG ST R R fl R *‘“s*\, T S t‘&tfi}’*\“ffl*;} 0 .’a\ff‘”‘\!‘\“*\ o ,); N e e B " ’ L 3 SRR se R e BiaE e e eg 3 SIDE ELEVATION OF A TYPICAL SMOOTHBORE, AS MOUNTED IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. he wrote to one of his overseers. “Economy in all things is beneficial and desirable on a farm. It shows itself in nothing more evidently or more esgentially than in not suffering the provender to be wasted, but on the contrary in taking care that every atom of it be used to best advantage; and likewise in not permitting th&; plows, harness and other implemm. of husbandry, and thé gears belong-. ing to them, to be unnecessarily ex posed, trodden under foot, run over 7 \ / By 3 ‘ £ , R Y l MR ) \ %’ _‘:; ‘N \ b E e 4 A\ St Vs : \\ " A % o A . TN RS GENERAL GEORGE WASIHINGTON, Taken from the living features with a physionotrace by C. B. J. F. de Saint Memin, ’by carts, and abused in other respects. More good is derived from attending to the minutiae of a farm than strikes ‘most people at first view.” }** & A - Washington's fideliby to detail is shown by the care with which he kept ‘his account books. The entries were written in clear, careful letters, and among them are found entries like these: “Paid for bonnet and trim mings for Miss Custis, $2.75:” “Paid freight on asaddle of mutton brought from Baltimore by stage, $3.75:" “For 160 mulberry trees, $2.66;” “Delivered to Mr. Dandridge to pay for handkerchiefs for Miss Custig, $.20;” and this rather surprising entry, “Paid Timmins for soup, $16.” Whether in the old executive mansion on Broadway when New York was the capital of the United States, or on hig Virginia plantation, all his ac counts were kept in the same ac curate, painstaking way. Wheneyer ! R \ : ¥ 12y = v DECLARATION Y o\ WY oIR ‘A e YLy AN s f O\ \\ B l_ -“@s‘ 4 N Q':’-:‘i A AN ; ’ \ lii“ 5 " '| % v y 1 AL | q AT ;‘\} ‘ > B b S R RN & A f;“' )i‘\: Ry . V Fachne. | George Washington. He was the truthfullest of men, And vet full oft [ wot He said, “I'm glad to sce you” when He really was not. his agents in England sent him any articles he required them to forward the original vouchers from the shop keepers. * = - One of the most widely circulated stories about any public man who ever lived is the old one in connection with Washington, the cherry tree and the hatchet. The first mention of this is found in “Weems’ Life of Washington,” published in 1808. This Mason L. Weems was an itinerant preacher who is alleged to have man uffictured many illustrations and events found in his book. For this reason it has been claimed that the hatchet story was manufactured out !ol whole cloth. Ve cannot be too sure of this, however, because Mr. R. H, T. Halsey in his book on blue ‘Staffordshire pottery, describes a mug that he saw on which the story 'was depicted in full. The mug was of rough earthenware and was made in Germany between 1770 and 1790. It was decorated with a quaint little boy, a cherry tree, a large hatchet ‘and the fmscription, “G. W., 1776.” L & * * * . One of tho most interesting relics | OB exhibition at Mount Vernon is not to of an American incident. Mnging in @ glass case on'the wall ol one of the corridors is a massive rir"on ‘key which was used to unlock the Bastile before it fell at the hands ’of the Paris mob in the first revolu “tion, This extraordinary souvenir was presented to Washington by La fayette. The boy-guides at®*Alexan dria are fond oi pointing out the house where General Washington met Mrs. Custis at a ball, and they de scribe the incidenf in the character istic way of Young America: “He was comin’ down the stairs with Miss Sally Fairfax, and they wuz gone on each other, and Miss Sally she got mad because George made £OO-800 eyes at Mrs. Custis.” —~Louisville Courier-Journal. Washington’s letters were noted for dignity and simplicity of style. In corresponding with his ward, George Washington Parke. Custis, when that A };"'v'-"‘;i;,l:—.."-‘;;' T e B \f;‘v“,wr pe "‘5" “i'a)“}’t\‘:\ SRR R R o 2 G SR SR IO PR Y g B ""‘ b )§)\)& \ st O N arceg TR T B 2 R R BN L N e N A NS N ot i | $e P e O e TR - N BN Go%e »’{éé:: STR Y e | o 8 PRt e P ; 3 Rke B | oo o 0 P ; ; T % g Gy s R % AR TR Rt 5 b R A BRI N o . B Rt s W B 2 20, o 5 v POBe e 3 R ',,,:"‘ [ iiy:c W e SIS, Gl X N RDR 4 RO RRO AL RAN # WASHINGTON., Y ; From a drawing by C*B. J. ¥. De Saint Memin, —-—-———-‘———————-————_—____ youth was at college, the General ob served the same phraseology and dig nity that he maintained with his older friends. He addressed this boy as “Sir” with the same gentle gravity that he used when he later addressed each ?f his grandnieces as “Madam.” e T T BT Li K R PED T TRO 33 BT Mo PETY TN I SRNGSS { Mot Llt RN NES3 355 st et ey et e e R ISR JOTS AR | Al S VA W 75 A et RS DA XS e A > [ “ 39 x‘; e SEO AN o 5 P Dt R , 3 & ) QIC : o . : A Safety Lantern. The lantern is a barn necessity, but it is not necessary to take risks of getting the place on fire. Keep the lantern out of the stalls. Run a wire ‘ acress the barn, behind the stalls, and high enough to be out of the way. Then with a hook or rein snap the lantern may be suspended to the wire and quickly moved along the whole length of the barn.—lndiana Farmer, ‘Goats For the Farm. The owner of a badly brier-infested or bush-covered farm nhas before him an expensive and disagreeable task, if he intends to clear it by manual labor. Many millions of dollars have been expended in this country in that | kind of work, and many millions more will be spent in the same direc tion. But the Angora goat will do the work for nothing and will pay for the privilege. It prefers briers and bushes to the best clover or grass that was ever grown.-— Arkansas Honfeskead. Gentleness Pays, Gentleness pays with the flock of poultry the same as with the dairy herd or any other kind of live stock. A mistake many farmers make is this: Every time the fowls get into mischief . they are energetically shooed, clubbed or pelted with stones or other missile;, This will certainly drive the fowis away from the seat of trouble, but it will do more than that —it will drive the profit out of them. Don't make your fowls act toward you as though you were a scarecrow. Make them feel that when you come around there is a protector among them, not something that will scare or harm them.—Epitomist. Farm Names. Missourihas a new law under which the owner of a farm in that State may, on payment of $1 in the county court, register an exclusive name for his land. The idea is not simply poetical or orpamental, for the name, in the course of business, may become a valuable trade mark. Ex clusive names are regarded assets of value in mercantile and manufactur ing industries, and there is no reason why the farmershould not have what ever advantage there may be in a name that will identify his products tfi the market. No map, however, should undertake to do business un der the name of his farm. It is ab surd to sign letters ‘‘Lake View Farmsg,” or to say that “Elm Grove Farm has sold a fine bull.””—Country Gentleman, 2% Notes About Sheep., R. A. Pastle, of the Ohio Agricul tural College, says: There is some thing about sheep that appeals to you that you do not find in any other elass of live stock. "I cannot tell what it is, but it exists nevertheless. I can not do better than to quote a few notes from Mr. John Ray’s talk here. 1. Do not breed to a dry-fleeced ram. . : 2. The sire is the proper im prover, but in order to be such he must be a good individual and de scend from the best lineage. 3. Study sire, dam and blood lines. 4. It you are a Shropshire breeder breed to beat Mansel, of England. 5. Follow the show ring, but show only good, well-fitted sheep. 6. Have a right ideal and breed to produce it. 7. Honesty is of as much impor tance in sheep hreeding as it is any where else. - c— Rustless Steel. Industry was greatly advanced when inventors learned how to utilize the iron oresg which contain phospho rus. Left in the iron or steel thig phosphorus made a brittlemetal. The gimple plan of using lime with the melted iron ore made many of these ores available, as the lime made a chemical combination with the phos phorus and thus removed it. This gave pure iron and made a combina tion of lime and phosphoric acid, which, in basic slag gives an excel lent fertilizer. Now we are told of a new process for preventing rust on steel or iron. The plan is to treat the metal with a form of phosphorus which prevents or retards oxidizing. 1f this be true we shall take the phos phorus out of the ore and then put a part of it back into the steel. But let us not be too sure about this, A rustless steel ig greatly to be desired, but a false story about it might make a fortune for a fakir. — Rural New Yorker, Rats. If the poultry house is in such a condition that rats may run around in it or under the floor if it has a wooden fioor, the farmer might as well give up raising chickens in that building. Rats are as bad as any dis ease the fowls can hdve because they are so cunning in their work and of ten are impossible to exterminate. | At the time the house is built, fut ure trouble with rats can be avoided by putting one-inch-mesh wire net ting under the floor, or burying it in the earth if that constitutes the floor of the house, Cement floors are very certain to keep out all kinds of var mits, says the Agricultural Epitomist, and their use is oftén advisable for that reason if no other, If you are hothered with rats in an old poultry house that has a wooden floor, there is séarcely any way out of the difficulty unlesgs the construction of the flooy is changed. If the floor is an earth one, remove three or four inches of the top crust (which will be good for the sanitary effects anyway) and before refilling with fresh soil or gravel cover with fine mesh wire netting being careful to see that it fits up tight at the wall of the house, A Points For a Profitable Cow, . The following are the esgsential points in a good dairy cow, as stated by a practical man: A continuous milking cow will al inost always have a large jaw, in dicative of good feeding qualities; a long slim ewe neck, accompanied hy a thin sharp wither. As you past down her back you will find the double chine; her ribs will spring from her back, so that they form a wedge, viewed from the front, on both sides. Next, you will find high hip bones —the higher the better—if you can hang your hat on them all the bet ter. Her thighs will be flat, and she will have a lgrge paunch, the more the better. What is the value of the last indication? The greatest bulk of food is composed of roughage. The cow cannot make something out of nothing; to produce a large flow, she must be a big eater. If she and her ancestors are and have been good feeders, and have had the structural form here described they will be big producers. In addition, the cow, must be loose jointed, and she must have a wedge shape, viewed on both sides, as well as from the top and under lines. Such a cow, so built, cannot put the feed on her back, but will utilize it to put it in the pail.—= Farmers’ Home Journal. ey Fate of Barn Cellars. 1 At a meeting of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, much in terest centred in the discussion 6f barn cellars. Most dairymen of New. England have long been taught that progressive farming demands a barn cellar for storage of manure; but of late years many of the milk inspec tors and boards of health have de clared in favor of storage at some distance from the barn, 03 The speaker of the occasion, C. B. Lane, of the United States Dairy, Bureau, expressed the opinion that in time the barn cellar will have to go. He advised all dairymen who were rebuilding or remodeling their barng to make other arrangements. Tha barn cellar, he said, gives off gteam and odorg which come through the floor and are great brgegers hot flles. It would be better, he thought, to iav’é a ‘q};fgfiifi‘e plt fiot less ii'a__'fi' thirty feet from the dairy barn. ™ There was much difference of . opinion among the dairymen present, -many of them contending that a barn “cellar properly constructed and cared tor cannot injure the quality of the milk or affect the health of the cat tle. Some good New England authori ties, including prominent instructors ot the Massachusetts and Maine ex periment stations, are defenders of the carefully managed barn cellar., It will take something more than “say 80" {o convince many dairymen that cellar storage is not still a good plan for the Northern States.—American Cultivator. . mebite. 45 i Canker Among the Hogs. There ig some complaint of canker by hog growers, and as the Okla homa™ Station has tested the follow ing remedy for it and found it valu able, we give it here from the sta tien bulletin: “This is a parasitic disease and is contagious, spreading rapidly among pigs. The cause of the disease is a small parasite similar in some re spects to that of mange, but is much more difficult to treat successfully. The disease first shows by a con traction or wrinkling of the skin of the nose or face. This is often ac companied by slight swelling, 'The pig rubs its nose snifles, and shows in various ways that the diseased spots irritate and burn, Gradually, these diseased spots break out as small sores, occasionally sloughing out to form ulcers of considerable size. These sores or ulcers may oc cur on any part of the head and occa sionally they will extend over the sides and under part of the body. Since the disease is contagious and spreads easily, all pigs showing any signs of the trouble should be gseparated from the healthy ones. The following preparation should be ap plied to the diseased spots: A mix ture of carbolic acid and lard in the proportion of one of acid to eight of lard may be -applied to the dis eased spots before sloughing ocecuys. For open sores or sloughs use iodine one part and vaseline six parts. Ap ply this ointment once every two or three days. A tobacco solution, to bacco one part and water twenty parts, may be made by steeping the tobacco for ten to twenty hours in warm water, This may be applied to the ulcers instead of the iodine and vaseline, The disease is gener ally stubborn to treat and several applications of any of the above reme dies may be required to affect a cure Saves “Moving Up.” “A new improvement is shortly to be tried in Leeds tramcars,” says the Engineer. ‘“This consists of the pro vision of a partition or sereen divid ing the car into two compartments, not necessarily of equal dimensions. Thig will save inconvenience in more directions than one, an® apart from its making it zasier for the conduetor to seat his passengers, the latter will be largely freed from the ®inoyance of having to ‘move up’ in a body to recomimodate a late arrival,”