Newspaper Page Text
LIOW e ipne Ay
The Dirt f N 't
‘e Uirlue of Necesstty
IS b o sey 24t 5
By Graham Hood,
534454420 RAZOR is an extremely useful article when it is applied to
, Its proper purposes, but the man who tried to cut through
: A”‘” 'l‘k&r‘i:on bars with”such an implement would soon find that it
s of little value to him. He would succeed in dulling his.
S W BRZOT quickly enough, however finely honed it might be, but
‘he wouldn't make much impression upon his bars.
In spite of this very apparent fact, however, there are
«#% Dlenty of people in this world who persist in vainly trying
» PRRTCR SN to amake a razor play the part of a crowbar, Hemmed in by
conditions that seem (® be too many for them, surrounded by obstaclessthat
are apparently insurmountable, they still insist upon attempting to hew their
way out of their predicament with the assistance of no more serviceabie
weapon than a razor, :
In contradistinction to this energetic but searcely wise class of individu
als we have the example of those more reasonable human beings who are pol
itic enough to make a virtue of necessity.
I they have uo other possession than a penny candle they do not throw
their property away in any vain attempts to run a universal lighting plant in’
opposition to the sun. Instead, they carefully hoard that little candle until
the time ¢omes when they are sorely in need of it, on which occasion it asserts
its value most advantageously, 80, too, given only a razor, they would find
someé means of making good use of it, but 2lways in its proper place as a
razor; never in lieu of a pickaxe.
The inability to make the most of the opportunities that may have been
offered by the pccasion in the failing that has frequently proved a serious
handicap in the race for success; whereas, on the o:her hand, the knack of
being able to make the best possible use of sich pale illuminants as the penny
candle, or such impossible tools as the frail-edged razor, has been the means
of helping many a man along the rough road that all must travel to reach the
heights where fame and fortune dwell, the heights where alone one may find
the realization of one's highest aspirations,
In order to attain these heights, which appear so impassable as one looks
at them from a distance, it is necessary to make use of every advantage which
opportunity can offer. If they are suited to our purpose, it is well! If they
are unsuitable, it is for us to discover some means by which we can bend
them to that purpose. To accomplish these feats there ig no time like the
present, The present is the time that is given to us for such achievements,
for the nature of tomorrow’s harvest—whether it he a profitable or an unprof
itable one—depends upon the manner in which we sow today.
It is for this reason that the man who makes a virtue of necessity has
an incalculable advantage over the fellow who is always waiting for a better
chance. The former may be just as thoroughly dissatisfied with his present
condition as the latter, but he does not make a lot of talk about it. He does
not go about bemoaning the cruel Fa%e that will not give him the opportunity
he deserves. On the contrary, he proceeds to make the most of the present,
disagreeable as the circumstances may be. He sows his seed properly at the
proper time, and then he prepares to cultivate it. Having cet for himself a
goal, he directs all his attentions to that purpose, and every faculty that na
ture has given him is made to do some good service. However menial his
position, however slight his opportunities, he makes the most of them, and
thus, unconsciously perhaps, he fits himself to take advaptage of the wider
fields of usefulness that are certain to open to the man who has wisdom
enough not to despise the small things which the present brings to him.
It is very easy to be discontented with one’s lot, especially when it is
filled with sms&ll, menial duties, To one who has not discovered the truth
that the appearance of the building of the future depénds upon the construc
tive work that is done today these menial tasks are extremely galling. It is
when one leuarns that it is these little things that are the paving stones over
which he must pass before he can attain his ideal that he reaches the point
where he can seé the wisdom of making a virtue of necessity.—From the
New York Globe. g 5
<& & & &
The ar~vmm
? Girl and Her Jo
™ N R S DRS
Sro Ey Hcrbogt,]. lg,apgood. ot e
e HERE are few employers who realize the importance of edu
cating the stenographer. Girls who take dictation, as a
l rule, hav> had little better tha;? a public school ¢ourse. A
few, perhaps, have gone half way through high school, but
E=m=—==f{l even so, their knowledge of the English language is ridicu
| ' lously limited.
: ; ‘ It is necessary for the employer, then, to devise means
e and methods of teaching the girls someching of the simpler
rules for writing in good style. If he will take the trouble
to do this, it will not be long before a marked improvement in the steno
graphic work turned out will be noticed.
I know of a large mail order house which employs over fifty stenograph
ers, They are not high salaried girls, none of them earning more than twelve
dollars a week, but their work ranks among the best I have ever seen, The
secret Is this:
The firm hires a man who has entire charge of the stenographic depart
ment, He assembles all the girls once a week and delivers a ten-minute talk
on good English. Supplementing this, each girl is given from time to time a
mimeograph sheet of implicit instructions regarding points to be observed in
matters of punctuation, capitalization, paragraphng, ete. One sheet is devot
ed to the use of the comma, another shows the correct form of the more com
mon abbreviations, and still another, the rules for using capitals.
Occasionally more time is appropriated for the general assembly and the
meeting is turned into an old-fashioned spelling bee. A number of prizes are
awarled, and the girls show great interest in the event. It is said they brush
up their spelling for days in order to be well prepared,
& & e &
VY
- »
g WN WY
ee . sttt s
By Ramsey Benson. $
’ " | UM is a variety of things, ranging roughly from the bitters
R 2 of the unco bunked to the booze of the bacchanal.
' R If efforts to abolish rum have proved uniformly unavail-
E ing, it is perhaps because the time has not arrived when we
| o can spare so effectual a scapegoat for carrying the sins of
! human weakness. Mankind fancies that if it weren't for
i rum it would be middling decent, and, conceivably, this il
d === lusion is worth all that intemperance costs them. Rum, at
all events, relieves the race of responsibility, and for that
is entitled to consideration, for responsibility is what differentiates us from
the beasts and gives the beasts all the best of it in the pursuit of happiness,
Rum, wrongfulness and rebates have called forth so much distinguished
virtue, both religious and civie, that . 13 difficult to say what we should ever
have done without them.—From Life,
& =& & &
N P | et
i Capturing a Husband
e —————
Ey George Harvey.
AU A s g
UCH that was thought and written years ago on how to
choose a wife was good enough for the time, but the recent
reversal of the relative attitudes of seeker and sought ren
ders it valueless. Nevertheless, despite of the fact that in
considering the points to be heeded and the precautions to
be observed by womankind, we find ourselves in a fallow
field, certain general principles may be regarded as estab
lished. It is best, for example, to capture a husband while
he_is still young, docile and plastic. Preferably also he
should be in love. He may then be trained after the manner best calculated
to serve the convenience of her for whom benceforth he must and should toil.
~~From the North American Review.
L
THE ART OF GETTING :
= [NTO THE NEWSPAPERS
& T
The Short Cut to Fublicity Revealed
by One Who Knows Every Road.
" ind By-Path.
. e
The following clever and readable
article on the subject uppermost in
eévery newspaper man’s mind, ‘“‘adver
tising,” is by Vietor Smith, the “On
the Tip of the Tongue” man of the
New York Press:
Advertise, |
Dear Tip-—What is the short cut to
publicity? I have been striving in
vain to get into the newspapers these
geven years. What can I do? =
Hackensack. PUBLICITY.
Strive your hardest NOT to get in.
Steal a million. Rob another fellow
of hig wife. Spring a sensational di
vorce. Beat the bank at Monte Carlo.
But the best plan of all is to adver
tise. lam in favor of the payv-as-you-t
enter proposition. Commerecial houses,
theatreg, circuses, ete., pay their way;
why should not society and the pro
fessions do likewise? The general
press is under no obligation {o you.
Address the business office at so
much a line, and you can obtain all
the publicity you require. Some
newspapers are not profitable because
they GIVE AWAY vast quantities of
space in free advertising, or puffs, t
the undeserving. The time is clos}
at hand when everybody and every
institution will have to “pony up.”
The Eternal Equivalent, -+ |
Every commercial business exacts}
the eternal equivalent in the granting |
of favors. Of no other institution in
the world is so much exacted free as
of the newspaper. It is a kind word
here, a kind word yonder, a puff here
and a puff there. For the price of‘
ONE cent a man expects, aye, even ‘i
demands, space worth hundreds of
dollars. But where is our quid pro
quo? Thecirculation is not increased.
We are giving something for noth
ing. Once in a while Tip's column
has a pardgraph about an interesting -
man. It is good reading for all who,i
take The Press; and the interesting
man, being deeply interested, buys
100 or 500 copies and scatters them
broadcast to interested people. What
does it amount to? Five hundred
copies cost $5-at retail; so there ig
an outlay of §5 for SSOO worth of ad
verlising. SHucks! The business is
too one-sided. It isn't fajr. "
Complimentaries.
Those not in the newspaper busi
hess imagine that the editor, mana
ger, all the subs and every reporter
and office boy, the compositors and
even the scrubwomen go about loaded
‘with railroad passes, theatre tickets,
boxes at the circus, police cards,
steamboat complimentaries, telegraph
and telephone franks, free use ¢ h
mails, race track ~b&flw;a&?*§wa
their friends on the outside are even
insistent upon obtaining these privil
eges. As a matter of fact, there are
but few complimentaries of this char»
acter flying about, and all are paid
for by the eternal equivalent, the
small matter of advertising. A Press
man, for instance, sent to Chicago,
may ride on a pass, but that pass has
been paid for in advertising. Before
the anti-pass law was enforced my
life was saddened Ly my inability to
meet the demands of friends for free
transportation. Some had neo deli
cacy abont asking for passes to San
Francisco. Now it is easy to say:
“You know the law: no mere freei
passes.”
As 1t is Done,
No gentleman of the staff is sup
posed to seek {ransportation from
any railroad, steamboat or steamship
company, from any submarine, air
ship or automobile company, on his
own recoguizement. If he wants to
go to Carlsbad, or the heart of Africa,
to the North Pole or to the antipodes,
to Mars or to the howels of the earth,
he is supposed to mention it to the
business manager, who, if he chooses,
refers it to the highest authority, Of
course there are department heads
who control certain and sundry priv
ileges of the pass evil, such as the
drama editor, the music editor, the
sporting editor, ete. If I want a free
pass for a theatre 1 may ask the dra
ma editor, and he may (if he feels in
the vein) send me a ‘‘pasteboard,”
but it is a quid pro quo. llf I want
to go to the circus I must ask the
circus editor. Do I want to go to the
race track? The sporting editor is
the man to snuggle up to. Bte,
Newspapers Overburdened, fi
The newspapergives as a rule about
Lwenty to one as its “equivalent.” No
other imstitution on earth could af
ford to do this and live. The news
paper is the maker of all men and all
corporations, the supporter of all.
the adviser of all. Mind you, Ido not
say CREATOR. Without its free pub
licity most of the men in political and
commercial lite to-day would he in
their graves, We are really too gen.
erous. The chief trouble is we do
not draw tight enough the little line
between news &and notoriéty. The
theatres get an awful lot of:free ad
vertising because a vast majority of
the people patronize the drama and
demand good report of it. oof the
opera. 8o of horse racing. Ete.
Just an Hlustration,
The man who has a can of lard to
Sell fails to understand why he does
not get a column or (wo a day of
beautiful description for his teu-line
egate ad., when a racing association,
with the same size ad., commands so
great an amount of space. He over
looks the fact that only a few persons
may be interested in a can of lard,
while tens of thousands are deeply
concerned in racing. The theatrical
éqnfilég‘nt cannot be estimated. A
hundred thousand 'people, 500,000,
1,000,000, may be anxiously waiting
Tuesday morning for a critique on
Marz Lankershine’s new play of “‘The
’thhné‘?h"o' di Stearxwier.” The ad
vertisement of the drama may amount
to S2O, but that cuts no ice with the
newspaper. It does its duty by allot
ting as much space to the perform
ance as the critic thinks the play is
-entitled to. .
¥ —
o Baseball.
Baseball gets 1000 times {ts
“‘equivalent.” Why? Because it is
an amusement for vast multitudes of
readers, The advertising of the game
amounts practically to nothing, that
ig, from a business oifice view. ‘‘No
money in it.” But no paper could af
ford to cut out its baseball reports.
The Press baseball articles are the
best, and they cost us a great deal of
money.
# T
1 Hunting and Fishing.
No other paper in New York is so
much.read by fishermen and hunters
as The Press. Here again the “equiv
alent” is altogether on our side. We
give 100 times as much as we get out
of it, but the Rod and Gun column is
expected daily by a multitude of
sportsmen, and to stop it would de
stroy a prominent feature which
pleases many who neither fish nor
ghoot.
® ———
,fi Wall Street, e
+ Wall Street receives an overabund
jance_ot valuable space, you may say.
‘The Stock Exchange forbids advertis
};_ng.,; More’s the pity. In a little
_while, however, all this will be
Tflchqn;ged through the publicity now
being.thrust upon it. Thirty years
‘ago a physician who advertised was
trowned upon as a quack. To-day
’some of the leading practitioners in
‘tfice themselves to the public by
means of printers’ ink. Stock Ex
fchén‘ge firms will have to advertise
or go out of business. The day of the
)“h@gh-horse” is past. 1 expect to see
}th”itime when all price quotations
,lh% be paid for, and at big rates.
‘[!%gn y Clews made a great fortune in
‘the Street. He is a firm believer in
[_mfiggrtlslng. and his card has been in
‘the papers for many years. He is the
'bfit)k‘x}own broker in the world.
I —
i ¥ 3 -
WHY HINDOOS :
WORSHIP SIVA.
ig Romantic Legend Tells How
’: ' the East Indian De&ty Came 1o
:; - Bless a Pcor Unlucky Hunter
il S meTT
% fi lindoos young and old solemnly
4 ived the fast of the Sivarathri,
0 "'f""redentffl\und!?,"xiid ‘gladly en
dured its deprivations. For twenty
four hours no religious Hindoo took
a morsel of food nor slept a moment,
but constantly prayed the god Siva
to grant his wish and relieve his suf
ferings or unhappiness.
The Sivarathri rests on a legzend
that comes from the misty past. A
penniless hunter went out one morn
ing, but when night fell only a puny
bird had rewarded his long day’s
hunt. Weary and fearing ferocious
beasts, the hunter took refuge in a
bale tree for the night, and hung the
“game' on a twig.
It so happened that Siva, in the
course of his accustomed nocturnal
wanderings, seated himself under the
bale tree. The wind was blowing
freshly, and leaves and the water
they held from a shower fell on the
god. This libation and the bird, pre
sumably an offering, made Siva be
lieve that some one in the tree was
worshiping him at that late hour.
Pleased, the god invited the person
so devout to descenc. The hunter
climbed down and told of his sor
row and needs. Siva gave him many
blessings and he lived happily to a
ripe old age. 80, now, he who fasts
and, sleepless, worships Siva at night,
will be blessed andenjoy eternal bliss.
-—SBimla (India) Correspondence of
the New York World.
W
A Remarkable Cave,
The President has signed a procla
mation creating the Jewel Cave Na
tional Monument within the Black
Hills National Forest, South Dakota.
This remarkable cave, thirteen miles
west and south of Custer, the county
seat of Custer County, in a limestone
formation, is believed hy geologists
‘o be an extinct geyser channel. The
fational monument will’ embrace an
area of 1280 acres. This cave, which
was explored as late as 1900, has
been found to consist of a series of
chambers connected by narrow pas
sages with numerous galleries, the
walls of which are incrusted with a
magnificent layer of calcite crystal.
The opening of the cave is situated in
Hell Canyon, the walls of which are
high and precipitous. "The surface of
the country in which the cave is lo
caled consists of a high rolling lime
stone plateau, about €OOO feet above
sen level. The area is almost entirely
covered by a forest of bull pine, a
considerable portion of which is mer
chantable, while the remainder con
sists of & vigorous young growth. The
ilewel Cave National Monument will
’uu\v be given permanent protection
yby virt)xe of the act of June 8, 19046,
which provides that objects of scien
tific interest may he declared national
monuments, if such action is deemed
lercessary for their preservation and
neoteclion.— Science. E
The Soap Bubble and Its Secrets.
How many of our young pegple
have spent hours over those delicately
colored wonders, the soap bubbles.
i Many of us still believe, as we be
lieved when children, that no gem
' surpasses a soap bubble in beauty;
‘and one cannot help feeling really
sorry when each exquisite plaything
' bursts.
Sir Isaac Newton, wno sought out
the secret that a falling apple hint
ed, said of the soap bubble that a
man or child who could blow one
that would last would confer a great
benefit upon mankind. You may
wonder at this saying, but the truth|
of it will soon be apparent. |
i .Perhaps some of you do not know‘!
how to make a good soap bubble mix- !
| ture, so I give vou the directions for
| preparing one. ‘
| Pat into a pint boitle two ounces
| of best white Castile goap, cut into
| thin shavings, and fill the bottle with
| cold water which has been first boiled
I and then left to cool. Shake well to
! gether, and allow the bottle to standi
:{ until the upper part of the solution
|is clear. Decant now of this clear
| solution two parts, and add one part
i of glycerin, and you have a soap bub
l ble mixture very much like one sug
| gested by a professor of Harvard Col
| lege.
’ Some of you may wonder why bub
-2 bles cannot be blown from water
| alone. It is because the particles do
| not possess sufficient attraction for
| one another to form a film. Mys
| teriously, the soap increases this at
| traction, even if the quantity be as
| small as 100th part of the solution.
| We add the glycerin to make the film
| more gorgeous by bringing about a
| greater play of colors. Bear in mind
;that a carefully prepared mizture
| will save you much disappointment.
1! The solution now being at hand,
we use the ordinary clay tobacco pipe
|in blowing. Always use a new one,
| for one in which tobacco has been
| smoked is poisoned. With a little
| practice, and a moderate amount of
] patience, bubbles measuring eight or
| ten inches in diameter may be pro
;duced, and even larger ones if the
| lungs be refilled. The pipe, of
course, should be held steadily, and
the breath forced into the bubbles
evenly.
f In order to watch a bubble care
| fully we may wish to support it in
§ some way. A common table goblet
| will make a good stand if its edge is
] first dipped into melted paraffin, or
| well soaped, which prevents it from
| cutting into the film. "
i ~ All bubbles and drops are round.
| All liquids, when free to act, tend to
| take on the spherical form. So it is
with milk when it falls upon a but
tered plate, a raindrop when it de
scends, or the dew that glistens so
beautifully in the morning sun. In
~each case the drop is composed of
-tiny particles that are equally attract
ed by a central particle, and as they
cling regularly around it give the
}drop a round shape. Your school
! books have told you that this attrac
| tion that causes.all things to try to
| come together is gravitation.
| In the case of the soap bubbles the
| case is reversed. The particles of
I air within press with equal force out
| ward upon the film in all directions,
| producing the curved surface and
1 making a hollow spher2. If the room
Be L L R T B
! TRAMP AND THE RAILROAD,
| ——
. Pennsylvania Lost $436,000 TLast
% Year by Theft—A Conference of
| Powers.
[ That the Pennsylvania Railroad
; lost $436,000 last year by thefts by
| tramps is shown in figures just made
| publie to prove the seriousness of the
i problem the railroads of the country
| face in dealing with trespassers. This
! sum was paid out in 1907 in claims
| for losses traced to thefts.
| According to these figures on the
| tramp nuisance, 4156 arrests for tres
| passing and illegal train riding were
, made on the Pennsylvania's right of
i way and 466 men were arrested for
| larceny. At the same time 809 men
| were killed or died from injuries re
-1 ceived while in the act of trespass
ing.
t The railroads of the country are
| about to take concerted action look
| ing to an abatement of the tramp
| nuisance and it is to be one of the
| important matters to be taken up at
% the next annual joint meeting of the
| State Railroad Commissions. Ac
| cording to the railroad officials, local
| authorities often refuse to make
| arrests at all, whereas if the State
| and county authorities would co
| operate with the railroads the rail
| road tramps would quickly decraase
I in numbers.
| The New York and Chicago Rail
| road Managers' Association has taken
l up the matter, and an attempt is to
‘ be made to enlist the support of til:
| authorities in suppressing the evil
!which the railroads contend is the
| backbone ®* of all vagrancy.—New
| York Sun, ok
!.e e T v
| Little Pay For Much Work.
i The editor in proporiion to his
| means does more for his town than
| any other man, says the East Prairie
| (Mo.) Eagle. He ought to be sup
| ported, not because vou happen to
| like him or admire his writing, but
| because a local paper is the best in
| yostment a community can make. It
| may not be crowded with great ideas,
| but financially it is of more benefit
| than both teacher and preacher. To
| day editors do more so: 1235 pay then
{ any other men on ezrih. i
Is free from drafis, the bubple will
be a perfect one, and win teach yg
the principles that underlie the mak
ing of a sphere. This perfect form,
however, is seen only when the bub
ble fioats. When resting upon the
goblet, it appear; very much like an
orange—that is, an oblate spherciqg,
the true shape of the earth.
Putting it into the simplest lan
guage, the form of a bubble ig due
to the holding together of the soap
solution, to the outward bushing of
the air within and the resistance of
the film.
If the air in the room is moderatsly
cool the bubble will float like a oy
balloon. The mouth and lungs at all
times having a temperature of neariy
100 degrees, the air blown into the
toy bubbles is warmer and conse
quently lighter than the air which
surrounds them; therefore they float,
and it is their lightnessand gracethat,
‘with their beauty, give them such 5
charm. . As soon as the air within the
‘bnbble cools it slowly sinks till it
’reaches the floor, and the jar of jtg
’contact usually ruptures the film,
The extreme thinness of the bubhle
is indeed wonderful. It is estimateq
that the film in some places is only
one 3,000,000 th of an inch in thick-
Iness. Probably few of us can con
ceive of such thinness. Let me ex
press it in another way. The Old and
New Testament contain some 3,000,
000 letters. Now one 3,000,000 th is
such a part of an inch as the first let
ter of the Bible is a part of the sum
of all its letters. g :
The bubble, however, is not of
equal thickness at all points, and it is
for this reason that it has the various
colors. For instance, wherever the
film is orange red it measures about
three I,ooo,oooths of an inch, and at
a point where lemon yellow is prom
inent about twenty I,ooo,oooths of
an inch. Perhaps you wonder why
the colors change from one part of
the soap bubble to another. This is
because the film of the soap bubble
evaporates and grows thinner, but
unequally so at different portions. A
greenish blue with a pale rose red.
spot near it indicates an extreme
thinness, and at such a point the film
is ready to give way at the least jar.
You will be glad toknow the source
of the beautiful colors. Every one is
delighted with them, even if not in
terested by the explanation of their
origin. We may say that they come
from the light. Light gives color to
all objects, but not exactly as it does
to the soap bubble. White light from
the sun can be broken into the seven
colors which we have seen in the rain
bow. In that instance the raindrops
Separate it into its parts. A glass
prism will do-the same, as you may
prove by looking througp a glass pen
dant from a hanging lamp.
When the light reaches the surface
of the soap bubble a part is reflecied
from it, and we see images on its sur
face as if it were a curved mirror,
Another portion of the light, how
ever, enters the film and is separated
so that a part of the sevén colors are
thrown into the’bubble, and we can
see them at various portions of the
opposite surface. Another part of
the light, after being broken by the
film, is reflected by its inner surface
back to our eyes, so that we see col
ors at the point vshere the light en
ters.—Christian Advocate.
e e
Gunners’ Deafness. X
“The imminent danger,” says Sur
geon-General Rixey, ‘““of the serious
and in a measure preventable acci
dent, rupture of the eardrums, de
mands consideration in preparation
for target practice or battle, and
eévery man should be compelled to
employ pledgets of cotton or a worthy
substitute for filling the auditory ori
fices. Tae necessity of compulsion
in a matter so rational may be sur
prising, but the fact is neither officers
nor men iake kindly to the use of
such artificial brotection, though the
practice is more universal than it
was a few years ago. Many of the
Bun crews in the navy suffer from
deafness of variable duration after
target practice, and in a severe naval
action it is probable that the impact
of suddenly compressed air or re
peated violent air vibrations conse
quent upon big gun fire and the
bursting of the enemy’s shells would
produce not only deafness (tempo
rary or permanent) among the per
sonnel of the ships but also a dazed
mental condition, which is a recog
nized result, that would have the
effect of physical disablement.
“Prevention can alone deal with it,
and the medical bureau hopes that
some action may be taken by the
Navy Department. The bureau has
been making some study of the var
ious’ expedients and devices of indi
cating those deserving recognition
and from among which choice may
be made, but the adoption of any one
to the entire esclusion of others with
in the range of etr':cienc'y is neither
necessary nor desirable. Action is
needed only to the end that some
efficient protection be made obliga
tory among those etposed to the con
cussion of gun fire or shell explosion,
and the bureau has recommended a
general.order to that effect.”—Wash
ington Star. A
On Jupiter. S
A man of normal earthly size, if
{ransported to the equator of Jupiter,
would actually feel much lighter than
he does here on earth, because the
swift rotation of the planet would al
most lift him from his feet and throw
him into the heavens.—Cassell's Sat
avday Journal, » e