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"HERE are recorded at the present
time for the southern two-thirds of
~ Europe, including Mediterranean
Asia and Africa, no less than four
hundred paleolithic stations, that is,
places where remains of one kind
or another have been left behind
by early man. This man was pri
marily a hunter and his chief center
of activity appears to have been
what is now southwestern France and northeast
ern Spain, although Germany, Austria, Italy, Bel
gium, England, and to a lesser degree other coun
tries, came within his range. This apparent dis
tribution may be deceptive, however. Many of
the stations are out in the open, as for example
on the valley terraces of the Thames and the
Somme; but the majority of the sites, especially
those of later times, are gheltered in some way.
The shelter may consist merely of an overhang
ing cliff, it may be a grotto yawning on the moun
tain side and it may be the far interior of a cave.
This latter type of site it is relatively easy to find
by making a deliberate search while the lecation
of an ancient camp or workshop in the open coun
try is the resnlt only of chance. It is conceivable
of course that these roaming, migratory hunters
returned seasonally to the natural shelters, but on
the other hand, it is possible that many of them
’built huts—some of the geometric cave paintings
suggest that they did—and unless these huts stood
in very close proximity to some sheltering cliff, all
traces of the spot and its relics would be lost.
‘Hence, we may properly take fdér granted that
‘hundreds of archeological stations will remain un
discovered, in consequence of mfimrn-a
given place during these early millenniums of
‘human existence must continue imperfect, if not
inadequate. * A
As need hardly be stated the presence of
matural habitations depends ordinarily on a high
relief or a more or less mountainous topography.
Caves are most abundant in volcanic regions as
in the western United States, or in limestone
areas such as Kentucky and adjacent common
wealths. Shelters are notable features of steep
walled valleys or box-canyons and our own cliff
dweller region affords the best example of them
and their utilization. In Europe the most famous
cave groups are located in the lower French
Pyrenees and their Cantabrian extension in north
ern Spain, while the equally famous shelter region
includes short sections of the Vezere and Beune
valleys at Les Eyzies, in the French department
of Dordogne. Both regions are wonderfully pic
turesque and impressive, and barring some alter
ations in the flora they have not changed much
in general appearance since the arrival of paleo
lithic man. These caves and shelters are all in
limestone formations and are the results chiefly
of mechanical erosion. ' Some of the caves, espe
cially those of the lower altitudes, are still in
process of making, while others, well up on the
mountain sides, are very ancient—in fact, were in
their old age when man first entered them.
Roughly speaking, the shelters proper, that is
the overhanging cliffs and the wide open grottoes
were the homes of paleolithic man and therefore
naturally furnish us with important data concern
ing his physical make-up, his practical ability,
and the general nature of his everyday life. The
caves, on the other hand, served him mainly as
galleries for a remarkable series of paintings, en
gravings and carvings, which in a measure reveal
to us his mental attitude toward life. The caves,
it must be understood, were exceedingly dark and
damp, ordinarily unfit for habitation, except pos
sibly as temporary retreat during the hard win
ters, and contrariwise, the shelter wallg, having
been exposed for thousands of years to the weath
ering elements, could not have preserved for us
efther paintings or delicate engravings that may
have been made upon them. There are several
somewhat qualifying exceptions to these sweeping
statements however. For instance, the Gargas
cavern, near Montrejeau, France, and likewise the
Altamira cave, near Santander, Spain, appear to
have been occupied for protracted periods, al
though in both cases only very close to the en
trance. On the other hand, some of the shelters
such as Cap Blane, near Les BFyzies, France,
have preserved, mainly through aceident, a fine
series of high relief sculptures. But as a general
thing the camp sites are in large half-open shel
ters, usually facing the sun, while the entrances
to the painted caves face in any direction, and
for the most part are very small and inconspicu
ous, At Castillo only there is the perfect combl
nation-—a large, sunny grotto, which was occupied
periodically throughout most of paleolithic times
and which served besides as the vestibule to a
considerable cave, famous for its mural art,
An examination of the various Dordogne shel
ters, coupled with a study of the changing types
found in them, is most instructive. Nearly all of
the stations here are at the base of the high
cliffs that hedge the narrow valleys on one or
both sides; but in a few instances the rellc-bear
ing debris les on an eroded ledge some distance
up the face of the protecting wall. Almost within
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earshot of Les Eyzies are a series of stations
which taken together furnish data on human his
tory practically from 'Acheulian times to the:
present day. These stations begin with the old
obscured shelter of La Micoque, include the par
tially ruined shelters of Upper and Lower Lau
gerie; another ledge-shelter that served old-time
brigands as a rendezvous and also as a fortress
to defy the English in 1410; still another ledge
marked by ruins of what looks like some old
baronial chateau; and end up finally with the
AT T Boboh Sen Siana. on, sotaral’
"'mé!ers":‘ot‘incie'nt' ‘relic-bearing debris and seem
to cling in an infantile sort of way to the over
hanging cliff in spite of its cold, damp nature.
Some distance up the Vezere, at the Rock of St.
Christopher, where the last houses have been re
moved, there are over four meters of. debris
dating from neolithic to present time, and the
adjacent cliff is marked by several series of par
allel holes, cut for the insertion of ceiling beams,
precisely as we find them in our own Southwest.
Some of these holes are high up the cliff, but
others are below the surface of the accumulated
debris, which is itself below. the high-water mark
of the river, With all this evidence suggestive
of continuous occupation, it is not to be wondered
at that some students profess to see among the
local inhabitants a number of individuals that
resemble the physical type of paleolithic man.
A visit to the painted caves is the experience
of a lifetime; but while it is an adventure bound
to excite more enthusiasm than the examination
of the shelters, it is less instructive and certainly
less convincing. It is also an undertaking fraught
with some difficulty and disappointment, except
perhaps in such cases as Altamira, Niaux and
Font-de-Gaume. The painted and incised repre
sentations on the cave walls are seldom so plain
and striking as one might infer from the superb
reproductions in the published reports, and to
make them out the visitor must take time. In
this effort to decipher, he is most ably assisted by
Prof. Emile Cartailhac of Toulouse, who has given
a good part of his life to the study of paleolithic
art and who as present guards nearly all the
Pyrenean caverns. In Spain and in the Dordogne
country, however, local guides must be taken, and
as these are not always competent, the student
who would profit by his opportunity must prepare
himself beforehand in regard to what is to be
geen and then insist on being shown, or he may
not see much,
The last cave to be discovered, and also the
most beautiful, is the Tuc d'Audoubert, located
on the estate of Count Begouen, near Sant-Girons,
France, This is perhaps the most difficult cavern
to explore. But to risk passage in the improvised
boat that the visitor must sail in order to reach
the interior, and to crawl on his stomach along
muddy passages that are really too small for
a full-grown man, and finally to receive innum
erable bumps on his head from pending stalac
tites is not too much to pay for the privilege—
which, as it happened, was accorded the Museum's
representative as the first American--to see the
wonders ingide. Ordinarily, the natural wonders
of the caverns are more or less discolored with
mud, but here is gallery after gallery of be
wildering forests of plillars and pendants and
posts—all a pure white and glittering as if stud
ded with myriads of diamonds. Here and there
the stalactites hang in large sheets like folded
draperies and by placing a light behind them the
translucent substance flashes up in colors of
green and rose too beautiful to be described.
No fairy palace was ever more adorned! You are
led along devious passages, stepping again and
again in lakelets of Invisibly clear water, and
when on dry footing you are warned to move
circumspectly for fear of obliterating some an
cient human footprints that are faintly visible
under the thin coat of stalagmite which covers
the clay floor. Bones and skulls of the giant
cave bear and other animals lie all about. cement.
ed In place. Finally, near the extreme inner end
of the cavern, comes the real object of the la-
CHARLTON COUNTY HERALD, FOLKSTON, GEORGIA.
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twenty-five feet away in a low side chamber is to
be seen the place where the modeler scraped to
gether the clay off the floor and kneaded it. Two
or three worked rolls of his material still lie
there. The whole thing looks as if done a week
ago, and yet the bison has been absent from the
locality probably for thousands of years.
The least suggestion of skepticism is in keep
ing with the general impression that the visitor
retains from the painted caves. It is a most baf
fling experience. » When the investigation is con
“Hitully simpte; Tak: objects. Have s dehaitely s
' certainable place in the series and go back to
Aurignacian times. The cave proper is of the
same general style as that of the stratified refuse
and must of course be of the same date; more
over, the animals represented are in nearly all
cases either extinct or absent from the region.
And yet almost all the mural figures in the caves
are within reach of the hand. In other words,
the caves have undergone no particular changes
since the artist did his work. Not a few of the
paintings, and especially the finer engravings
seem as fresh as if done yesterday. In the Pin
dal cave is the representation of a fish incised
on the wall and the visitor who examines it close
ly would swear that he could make a line exactly
like it with a lead pencil, but with Professors
Breuil and Obermaier standing behind him he
says nothing. And how did paleolithic man man
age to get about in these caves? It is unsafe to
move ten steps in them without a light, It is
true that a very few stone basins have been
found that may have served purposes similar to
the Eskimo lamp, or the artist's right-hand man
may have carried a torch; but there are no signs
of such torches or of carbonization on the walls
in the vicinity of the paintings, although smoke
spots made by modern lamps and candles held too
close are abundant enough. The conviction that
this cave art is not 8o old as some would have us
believe seems irresistible.
HE WAS SILENCED,
Said She—After all you must admit that wom
en are better than men,
Said He—Oh, I don't know. The good book
doesn't say anything about seven devils being
cast out of a man.
Said She—No, of course not; he has every one
of them yet,
S'MILAR, BUT DIFFERENT.
Mrs. Graspit—You are always growling about
the household expenses, yet you used to say that
I could make a dollar go twice as far as you
could,
Graspit—And 80 you can, my dear. You make
it go so blamed far that I never even get a
glimpse of it again.
TWO WAYS OF EXPRESSING IT,
“Oh, don't worry about such trifles” sald the
Indianapolls glrl, - “Just keep a stiff upper lip
and you'll come out all right.”
“But,” protested her fair cousin from Boston,
“it is a physical fmpossibility for me to main
tain a strict labial rigidity.”
FEMININE “SHORT AND UGLY.”
“You say Mrs. Gadders and Mrs. Plimly ex
changed the short and ugly word?”
“That's what they did.”
“Shocking! Was it ‘liar” "
*No. 'Ca'™
IN POULTRYVILLE.
“I love that e¢hicken,” said the voung red
rooster, “but she gave me the frigid claw.”
“Oh, well,” replied the old brown hen, “that
was probably the best she could do. Her mother
was a cold storage ege.”
borious journey, viz,
the representations of
two bison (male and
female) modeled in
clay. The figures, which
are about two feet in
length, are proppéd
against the sloping
side of a rock which
rises from the floor,
and in front of the ani
mals on the floor there
are some tracings as if
the artist had here
sketched and impro
vised before beginning
his real work. About
Better Than
a Legacy
(Copyright, 1915, by W. G. Chapman.)
“T am glad of it!” spoke Harley
Blake, and he looked as if in dead
earnest and relieved.
He was seated before the cold and
empty fireplace of his cheerless room.
He made a faint glow of heat and
warmth, however, by striking a match
and igniting the letter he had just
received and read. He dropped it to
the hearth and watched it curl up
into fragile sheets of black and then
at a breath go crumbling into frag
ments,
“The last bridge burned,” he mused,
trying to smile half-humorously, but
the situation was too serious. *I
have exhausted my friends and rela
tives. The former gave me profuse
promises of influence and help and
failed me. My father's own brother
writes me a homily on independence
and thrift, and would not even risk
giving me a recommendation of capa
bility and honesty. That letter is
the last straw that breaks the camel’s
back. Good-by to the old life feor
good!"”
But there Harley hesitated men
tally. He was poor in pocket, thought
and expectancy, but love is rich and
he loved Helen Wendell. They had
been more than friendly, but that was
before she had gone away on a long
trip to the Panama canal with her
scientific father—before Harley had
tried to make his way in life in a
practical way, and had failed.
He had not heard from her since.
When poverty and lack of work had
fastened their disheartening grip upon
him, he had cut loose perforce from
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“l Might Give You Board and Lodging
for a Week’s Work.”
the social circle in which Miss Wen
dell moved. He had not even heard
if she had returned.
Strikingly, however, he recalled a
certain discussion he had held with
Helen, It had verged upon love, but
masked as friendship. She had
voiced her sentiments that when two
of the opposite sex were mutuaily
drawn one to the other, it should
lead to all sacrifice of weal and woe,
but they should be true. “I would
cling to a man to the last who, es
teeming me, offered me the humblest
life, if love, respect and real endeavor
lay behind it all.”” “Some day, when
I have become an expert harvest uand
or a plodding miner, I may write to
remind you of those words,” Harley
had spoken laughingly, and she, in
earnest, had said: “It may bring a
response,” and had smiled, too, but
with a tender light in her eyes he
loved to remember,
“A great uncle, that of mine!” many
a time Harley had reflected, some
what bitterly. “He Insists on four
years of a college agricultural course,
and then tells me to follow medicine,
or some other respectable profession.
Why didn't he give me a farm?"
But now, cutting loose from all the
past life, no prospects of work, no
money in hig pocket, Harley packed
his best clothes in a suitcase, bade
his landlady good-by and proceeded to
the street, There was a grim uncom
promising glitter in his eye as he
proceeded to a second-hand clothing
store, When he came out of it, Har
ley was arrayed in a coarse common
working suit and had a few dollars In
cash as a result of a sale of his few
belongings.
His next stop was at a laborers’ em
ployment bureau, Its proprietor
started at this white-handed, refined
faced, applicant who indifferently an
nounced that track work, mining, farm
work, in fact any line of manual em.
ployment would be acceptable,
Harley was required to pay a fee of
two dollars, Then he was given a
card. It read, "Superintendent of
€onstruction, Allegan, la." He was
handed a bit of pasteboard.
“That {8 a pass to your destination,”
advised the agency. “When you arrive
there apply for grading work—sl.76 a
day and board.”
“That sounds tangible!” nodded
Harley gratefully, and took his de
parture. “It's work,” he communed
with himself. It will keep me from be
coming a pauper and—it will make me'
forget!”
But adverse fortune seemed topur
sue the victim it had kept tramping,
the streets for several weeks looking
for the position he never found.
He arrived at Allegan to find work
at a standstill and the railroad in the,
hands of a receiver. Some two hun
dred workmen had dispersed, or were
dispersing about the immediate vicin
ity. The farmers in the district were
hilarious over thig vast influx of la
bor, for they needed workers in the
fields, and under the exigencies of the
occasion were able to bargain at their
own figures. ;
Harley was quite glad of the new
prospect opened. He preferred farm
work. Then came a new disappoint
ment. The railroad laborers had two
days' start of him. The labor mar
ket was glutted. Every place at plow
and harrow was filled.
“Oh, well, I shall have to strike out
for a new field, that is all,” he told
himself grimly, trying to fancy he was
imbued with the optimism of an en
thusiastic ambition.
Harley tramped it, brave as a Tro
jan, for two days. On the morning of
the third he met his first bit of en
couragement, He bhad come upon a
desolate, starved-looking farm and
hailed its equally dismal owner water
ing lean, disconsolate cattle. The
man himself was grim-faced and dis
pirited in mien and talk.
“I might give you board and lodging
for a week’'s work,” he said ungra
ciously,
“I'll take that, if it's only to get my
hand in,” agreed Harley cheerfully.
“But say, what's struck the place?”
“A sucker!” growled the man, whose
name was Evansg. “The sucker is me.
1 lost my wife and wanted a lonely
life. I've got it. Traded a nice vil
lage home for this—farm, they called
it. Look at it!”
“It does look forlorn, for a fact,”
observed Harley, “but what's the main
subject of discouragement. Ah, I see
—the soil,” scooping up a handful of
the loose, yellow dirt, scanned it
closely, tasting of it, smelling of it,
and tossing it adrift with a thoughtful,
“Humph! Got any loose capital?”
“What if I have?’ demanded the
farmer, surlily and with suspicion.
“Because, if you have, and will in
vest it in lime and phosphates, I'll
make a cast-iron contract to do the
rest that will make this place a garden
of Eden inside of two seasons on a
basis of fifty and fifty ”
“Uncle wasn't so bad, after all!”
many a time later Harry soliloquized.
He threw schooling, energy and soul
into his first and grand chance at sci
entific farming. At the end of two
years he had made a contented man
of his employer and a proud, happy
man of himself.
So proud and happy, in fact, that
one day, notwithstanding the fact that
he had put the t all behind him, in
rflidh. vuhs:: ‘mood he ventured
ting a letter to Helen Wendell. He
told her the simple story of his en
deavors, he told her that a wayward
impulse had led him to hope that she
had not forgotten their old friend
ship and would be interested in know
ing that a small but cheering measure
of success had come to him.
He hoped for a reply, but none
came in the form of a letter. A week
went by, and one morning as he start
ed for the well a farmer’s rig drove up
and Helen Wendell alighted.
She was in mourning, a little care
worn, a little older, but the old true
eyes looked as earnestly as of yore
into the longing depths of his own, as
he said: :
“Is this the promised response of
two years ago?”’
“Am I welcome?” ghe asked simply.
His glowing lips, pressed to her will
ing own, answered,
FAITHFUL TO HIS MASTER
Von Buelow’'s Chef Not One Who
Would Desert Him in His
“Time of Misery.”
Prince Buelow, whom the kaiser
gsent to Rome on what has proved to
be a disastrous special mission, has
a fund of anecdotes, and has been
heard to tell this amusing story, in
which the “all-highest” plays a leading
part. Some years ago, when he was
retiring from the ambassadorship at
Rome to take up the post of chancel
lor of the empire, he summoned his
cook, a veritable cordon bleu, to tell
him of the change. *“We shall not live
in our present grand style,” he said,
“but on a much smaller scale. Per
haps, therefore, you would prefer to
find another place.” The cook, doubt
less imagining that financial disaster
was impending, remained silent for a
few moments, then with the air of one
about to perform a sympathetic act
replied: “Well, excellency, | am
grieved at hearing such melancholy
news, but I shall remain in your serv
fee. Whatever may happen to you, I
would not for worlds have it said
I had deserted you in your time of
migsery!” At dinner one evening the
prince told the story to the kaiser, who
had had personal experience of the
culinary chef’s skill, and was highly
amuged at the prince's anecdote, So
interested, indeed, did the emperor
feel in the cook that shortly afterward
he sent the worthy fellow a handsome
gold watch, on the lid of which was
engraved the one word “Misery,” by
which name his majesty ever after
ward laughingly spoke of and ad
dressed him,
Those Who Need Rest.
During all the agitation over the
comfort and happiness of inmates of
the penitentiaries some of the people
on the outside are getting a little rest
from those who want to tell them how
to live.~Washington Hergld,