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2 THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION, OCTOBEK 11, 1881. ntMr CVDACITinW nDtTNQ Mon of the grand stand tore once pretty badly outlay of treasure, thought and a labor was not 1 li L. LArUOl 1 IVJli Ul LltO ??? tinder the strain of the wind, and the crowd glanced financial device. It was not an effort to prop orag- 1 op allt, but Senator Voorbem, who was speaking. good humor by saying superseded monarch. King Cotton. The purpose AND THE NEW ERA DAWNS UPON THE SOUTH Tbe Decorations of the City???Out at the Grounds??? The Opening Exerciaee???The Speeches nnd Be- sponaee???The Starting of the Machine ry???TBe Crowds Preeent restored peace and kept up gooa uumor oy saying superseueu monarch, lung Cotton. The purpose pleasantly; ???-That's all right: I???ll May if you will." . animated the enterprise was far higher. 1 ??? nnlil??.r mras imnnrt???t while material objects Ou the Platform. Eight Kev Robert W B Hiiot, bishop of Texas, arose and offered the following beautiful and im pressive prayer: nobler, more important. and results have been wisely considered in this ex- lKisition, for one, I feel sure that the noble and beneficent impulse of this enterprise endeavor is to draw the people of every section of this great eoun- ??? try nearer and more firmly together, and closer to I each other's hearts. The idea that has run like a At half past two o???clock on AVednct-day the tcrnational cotton exposition was formally ened, by imposing anil eialtorate ceremo- c*. Barring the fact that the buildings were not thoroughly completed and that ex hibitors were behind hand in preparations the day was a grand success. There were enough incomplete exhibits in the various halls to show that they would be vastly more than had been hoped for. w Idle there were enough exhibits com pleted to interest the crowd for the few hours of the day left after the ceremonies were over. Of course matters in this re gard will improve with great rapidity daily, stnd in a week the whole exposition will be fairly under way. The ceremonies were imposing, compre hensive and interesting. The orators were well selected, and each bore his part with special felicity. The noble prayer of Bishop Elliott, the direct, meatf address of the direc tor general, the eloquent invocation of Gov ernor Colquitt, the brilliant, polished and flashing speech of Senator Vance nnd the grand patriotic and statesmanlike ad dress of Senator Voorhece, were all appropriate and fitting. The music was grand, the attend ant pageant full of interest, colorand display, the crowd all that could be desired or hoped for. We cannot forbear mentioning thesu- l>erb rendition of the Hallelujah Chorus, sung by nearly one thousand voices, un der the control and direction of Mr. C. SI. Cady, who, by this contribution to the day s exercises, won the gratitude of the jMsiplc of Atlanta. The receipts at the gates for the opening day were merely nominal when the crowd present was considered, it was understood that most of the tickets for the first day were complimentary. The citizens, military and United States artillery companies, distin guished citizens, the chorus, and attendants nil being admitted without regular tickets, it is doubtful if the first day???s receipts will not . rank among tin- smallest of the three months. The exposition is now open to its career of usefulness and progress and .as Governor Col- quilt fitly said will challenge the admiration of the world. The details of the day on yesterday, the scenes ou the streets and at the hotels, the trip to the park, the procession, the gossip of the crowd will all be found faithfully detailed below by the reporters of Thk Constitu tion : The Drcomtfon*. The decorations in the city and o.i the grounds were not elaborate, but they were no general as to ex press a universal appreciation of the importance of the day. All along thu line of Whitehall, Peachtree and other street* there was a flutter of flags and exposi tion mottoes. Tho most notable feature of tilcac decorations was that nearly all of them were composed of the national colors. United Rates flags of all sizes, from the tiny mantel orna ment to the sweeping banner, swaying ia the au in mn breeze, were seen In every part of Atlanta, and there wen: all qualities too, from the nickel l??i|a'rflugon a toolh-plek stall'to the finest silk, which fair fingers had fashioned to fit itsomament- nl staff. Windows were festooned in the ted, white mui bine. Street car tables jingled theirbclls 5mm gaily under the rushing colors, and the summit of nearly every large buildiug in the center of the city- had out its fluttering flags. At the grounds there were flags at the depot, flags over the gates anil the orators used a big flag as a covering to the desk from which they spoko. While tho main building showed the citizen of every nation his country???s colors floating free, uImito them all wax the ???meteor flag" of America, t???uniagesof the rich and the drays of the laboring chutes, all bore the national colors, The patriotism of the people was not more de monstrative when they applauded the sen timents of Senator Voorhees as he pleaded for one common and indivisible country, thau in their frequent use and evident re siavt for the flag they love. A l-nitcd States regi ment was cheered and when the strains of Yankee Hoodie burst forth the rebel yell was raised to a new tune. Such good feeling has seldom been w itnessed any where; everybody appeared to be happy. It was a day of festivity, peaceful and bright, in which all sections and classes seemed to gladly participate. The trains had been running out to the grounds from lialf past seven in the morning, and at nine the ja-opie began to crowd on them very fast The regular trains left the exposition depot of the Western and Atlantic railroad so as to avoid the dangers of Whitehall street crossing, and to prevent it blocking of the general passenger depot. At half past tea the special train for tire use of invited guests of the exposition left the <vntr.il depot. There were ten couches, all filled with ladies ami gentlemen of Atlanta nnd their visiting friends. The gentlemen w ho were to appear in the programme were on this train, anti one ear was nearly filled with represen tatives of the press from all parts of the union. Marshals in full dress uniform had charge of each ear and managed everything for the pleasure of the party. When the train reached the grounds, it was about time for the procession to form and there were al ready several thousand people in and around the grand stand The proeetsion was quite imposing. It was head ed by the Fifth Artillery band, which, under Profes sor AVeigand'e skillful lead, discoursed u great variety of notional airs. Then followed the seven batteries the Fifth artillery in full dress uniform Their white helmets showed beautifully, iiencral Jackson was in eommaud. As the procession moved the light battery fired sa lutes. Following the military were the distinguished gentlemen who were to appear in the programme, quite a number of distinguished visitors, represen tatives of the press, the maj or find city council, citizens. exposition committee, Fulton county commissioners, vice-presidents and shareholders in the exposition. When the procession reached the grand stand there was complete one of the finest ami most representa live assemblies ever seen in tire south. The long rows of scats were filled with beautiful women and elegant gentlemen. One end of tho stand was filled with the chorus of MO voices, all clail in white. There were people from nearly every state and territory in the union, and ia all the vast thron; there, in ail jferts of the grounds, must have been as litany as ten thousand souls. There was never a crowd better behaved. The programme was long, hut there were more people present when it concluded than were there when it began. Every speak- r had tho must careful attention, and every feature in the programme was carried out to the satisfaction of the great crowd. Even the Almighty and most high Father. Thou who hast thread of light through every measure and labor promised to be where two or three are gathered to- i of this enterprise is that all sec- gether in Thy name, receive, we beseech Thee ; lions or portions of this vast couutry under Thy divine protection, tliisexjsjsition of the ; are truly, cssentiallv, virtually . . .. an and ingenuity of mall, and of the fruits and products of the earth Grant that this exhibition of the industry of Thy creatures may incite many to energetic work which will set forw ard the cause of true progress in all countries. Extend Thy care to the chief officer* and their assistants in every de partment. Bless the exhibitors and visitors, guard them from all evil and ac cident, aud return them in safety to their re spective homes. Bless the iieople of this city and of this state and of all nations. Thou bust hum bled us through the sufferings and death of our chief magistrate, aud yet in Thy love Thou hast re membered mercy, for it is seen that through the shooting of the president the hearts of this whole ieople nave, been knit together in sympathy and ove, and while weiyield to Thy will in taking from us our president who, having run his course, now rests from his labors, we also praise Thy holy name for the lesson it has in sorrow taught us. that it is a joyful thing for brethren to dwell together in unity. Bless the pre sident of the United States and all Christian kings, princes, governors, nations and rulers. Give the spirit of wisdom to those who have charge of the affairs of the nation. Imbue them with the true justice, with the love of God and the love of their people: all of which we ask through the merits of the blessed Je-us, that shepherd of our souls, who ith the Fattier and Holy .Spirit, we worship as one od world without end. The blessings of our Lord Jesus Christ aud tho love of God Slid the fellowship of tile Holy Ghost, be with us forever. Amen. MR KIMBALL???S SPEECH. At the close of the prayer Director-General Kim ball arose and spoke as follows: Mb Fkesipknt, Lames and gentlemen: The in auguration of tiiis International cotton exposition follows closely upon its original conception. The first proposition of this enterprise was for an inter national exhibition exclusively in the interest of otton and the industries which connect themselves with and are supported by that important product. Bill it was not found advisable to thus confine the scope of the exposition, and it expanded until its invitation was published to every people and every industry known'to human skill. Jts history, up to this moment, has been a brief but busy one. On the 2">th day of February of the iresenl year, a few business men of this eity came ogetber and effected a temporary organization un der the name of the Interualioiiu! cotton exposition, mid for the purpose of planning and inaugurating the enterprise indicated by the name. Tuey be lieved that the time was auspicious for amt that the needs of the cotton industry demanded that such an exposition should be held; aud they were emboldened to believe that their own eity of Atlanta, for many reasons that might be given, presented the undoubted locale for the enterprise. 1 had the honor on behalf of the organization, of presenting the plan of the exposition and the claims oi Atlanta to its location to the people of the principal cities of the north and west: and it gives me much pleasure at this appro priate time to testify to the cordiality of my recep tion, to the liberal aid aud hearty support, i'he evi dences thus accumulated were of such a character as to warrant the association iu procuring a charter and effecting a permanent organization. This was completed on the ball day of April. Uuderthetenns of ilie incorporation the entire management of the enterprise was delegated to an executive com mittee of twenty-nine members; and pending lay absence I was honored by being elected chairman of that committee. Ou the 27th day of April 1 was again honored by being elected director general aud chief executive officer of the exposition. Im mediately under advice of the committee adminis trative departments were organized, plana were projioscd and adopted and tin: machinery of prepa ration for the inauguration of tUe.euterprise ou this day was put iu motion. The undertaking was deemed a bold and hazard ous one even to the extent first marked out for the exhibition; but those plans have been amended ami enlarged until the exposition to-day is many limes greater than the original conception; has be come universal iu its scope and achieved the unex pected and flattering approval of the entire country. On the 30tb day of May the contract for the main building, then four times the size of the original flan, was awarded, aud on June 1st grouud was :token for its erection. During the past ION days the work necessary for the preparation o??. the grounds and the erection of tile buildings has been performed with the marvelous results that are to day here visible. A number of important annexes are not entirely complete, yet they are so nearly flnished as to justify us in throwing open the doors of the exposition at the promised hour. It is not inappropriate to refer to the difficulties nnd embarrassments attending the preparation aud holding of au exposition of this character and ex tent in u city of less than fifty thousand inhabitants. The unfailing resources of the cities of London and Paris, and New York aud Philadelphia make it easy und lhargughly practicable to coucclvc aud plan and bring rapidly to the highest perfection ihat great International exposition. Yet we do not hesitate to claim a triumph in that we have over come the majority of adverse circumstances by which we were surrounded, and we await with con fidence the verdict of the people upon the success that we have been enabled thus to achieve. Not the least of the embarrassments wet in the progress of the work was the rapidity with which applications were mude for every inch of our avail able space, and the great variety and extent of the exhibits offered us. With all the resources that we were able to command, and with the determina tion to provide as far as possible for every applicant ut our doors, we have been compelled to turn away scores of applicants offering us important, costly and extensive exhibits of the products of native in dustry and skill. The original purpose of the exposition has been held steadily in view. In the magnitude and eoro- f ileteness of the exhibition here made of the cotton iidustrv. of textile machinery and of all the appli ances and processes which have grown out of or at tached to the great staple will be found to surpass any effort ever made in times past to assemble such au exposition. In the other departments into which the exposition has been divided will be found a great aud valuable collection of the products and industries of the world, and the entire exposition we believe, will give the liveliest gratification to ev ery one who honors ns with his presence. For the success of the undertaking, for the im portauce of the exposition in itself, ui d for the ben eficial character of the results to the southern two pie und country as well as to the commerce and in dustry of the world,I make here and now no de cided claim, l'orvveare content to leave to the future the estimate which is to be put upon the enterprise in all its phases. 1 cannot, in this brief review of the enterprise, omit to acknowledge the groat debt which the man agement owes To the stockholders whose sympathy and substantial aid has made possible the labors we have performed and enabled us to bring before the people of the couutry this congress of products, of the arts and industries of human life. And to another ail Ipovverful influence we hold ourselves to be most grateful debtors???to the press oi the entire country, without an exception, is cheerfully accorded the liberal participation in whatever success or glory may utteud me expos! tion. Freely, liberally au??l with remarkable con stancy has the newspaper press oi America sup ported the undertaking nnd urged upon the people the duty of co-operating thoroughly and liberally in bringing it to that high representative condition and success which all trust it has Anally achieved. 1 now have, Mr President, the honor aud the pleasure of presenting to von and the officers of the International cotton exposition, to the shareholders and to the public, these buildings and grounds, T ask their acceptance iu the name oi those who un der the direction of the executive committee and myself who have labored so unceasingly, so faith fully and so intelligently to meet the desires of the organization and to bring ujiou it the gratified ap proval of every person for whose interest it was conceived and prepared. GOVERNOR COLQUITT'S SrEECH. In response to the address of Director-General Kimball, Governor Colquitt, president of the ex position company, arose and accepted the build ings and grouuds iu the following appropriate cd dress: The official formality which is now expected of me. the acceptance in behalf of this association of the astonishing results of your labors and enter prise will but feebly express our appreciation of hem. With the menus and appliances at com mand, we doubt if the energy and courage which have achieved the grand work for this inaugura tion day were ever exceeded. To those familiar with the spot, the contrast* which the present hour present* with the past of only a few short months, look more like the feat of the enchanter than the sturdy and matter of fact triumph of hard work. To say that we are simply satisfied with w hat you and your association have accomplished would re flect as severely upon our power of discrimination as upon our sense of justice. A hun dred monuments all around us attest yonr iutelli gent enterprise and indomitable energy: and 'what has been done, lias been well done. We cannot, how-over, discharge our sense of obligation by com pliments upon these preliminary successes and tri nmphs which appear on every side. If after all that lias been accomplished???if after the courageous grappling with difficulties und the defi ance of obstacles, theis enterprise lacked the under King and sustaining idea (hat dignities it. we w ho lire most deeply interested would feel that our ehlefest pride in this grand undertaking was lost. The purpose???the initial idea that with the waud of enchantment has w aked to life the marvels of skill and industry around us. is worthiest to receive our praises and honors. As 1 understand that pnr- 1 pose, it was inspired by a broad, earnest ., ??? parts of it. You, gentlemen, propose to encircle in the warm em brace of your fraternal love our fellow-citizens of every state, and to unify the suirit of our common country. A sublimer work was never designed or attempted bv mortal agency. For good or evil, America with her coming millions will be the angel of blessing to make glad the heart of the uni verse or the demon of desolation to blight and torture it. Schism, alienation and collision will prove the existence of that malign agency, which alone can defeat our grand mission us a people. In ter* dependence and mutual help???the confidence and fervor of that friendship which is bom of good offices and enlightened self-interest???will tighten and strengthen the bonds that should hold us to gether for all time stronger than all doctrine and theory of government??? a potency a thousand fold mightier than parchment guarantees, will the benignant spirii..JR commerce prove, in joiningand keeping unit- people who feel that they cannot al gets and enemies. The nft-n who si position and have nurtured it thus . and the inspiring influence of this tl plied the hope and energy that has what we see before us. Let the good work prosper and go ministering spirit of peace and good \v?n With strong pinion take the sweep of this va!st hen Jfe of ours, and may every patriot feel that in the house of our Father, we cherish one heart, one hade. one destiny. - - SENATOR VANCE'S ADDRESS. The address of welcome was delivered by Hon Zebulon B Vance, of North Carolina. Senator Vance was introduced and spoke as follows: Mb President: The Spanish soldier De Leon in the early part of the lfith century anxiously sought through the wilds of the Florida peninsula for the fountain that would renew youth???and his no less illustrious countryman Do Solo cut liis way tit rough all this southern wilderness iu search of the fabled hills of gold. Both died without finding the object of their search. Nevertheless they trampled over it every day: they beheld it with their eyes; thev inhated it through their nostrils???it was the soil and the atmosphere fitted to the production of that wondrous plant in whose honor we have assembled to-day. Better than the fountains of De Leon, it renews the youth of nations???richer tliau the golden hills of De Ho to, its wealth annually repeated is inexhaustible. Through its means the pplendors of modern com merce are made to surpass the glories of Carthage, of Tyre aud of Venice. The world is now interested in its growth from the germ to its maturity, as tho iiifaut heir oi the blood rovai to the empire of "ade. Tlie merchant in the distant city listens for tidings of its coming up; the manufacturer utnid his brick wulls and tall chimneys anxiously observes its bloom; the restless speculator gazes upon its open ing bolls: the mariner, with his broad sails flapping idly against his masts, waits fur ill maturing???and the poor everywhere pray for the gentle shower and the soft sunlight ou which it feeds, aud rejoice at its safe ingathering. Its growth is the idyllic poem of our people???its mature existence is a system of political economy. It is the source of the bourse shout of the steam en gine; it is the melody of the soft song of the spin dle and the loom; it is the fairy of the waterfall: it is warmth, it is comfort, it Is beauty. It is the pride of our fields, the source of our wealth, the king of our commerce. This day we Jcelebrate with pageantry nnd rejoic ings the beneficent glories oi our monarch; aud not only cotton, but in his train we have brought every other product of our goodly land to this "fair young city. Our tobacco, our bread grains, rice, our tim bers nnd forest products, sugar cane, tropical fruits and flowers, coal, iron, copper, silver, gold, corun dum and precious stones, marble, malachite, mica from mines opened by the Toltics a thousand years before the coining of Christ; and all useful and precious things from the bosom of the earth or that grow upon the surface thereof, the fruit of our or chards and the eschot clusters from our vineyards, specimens of our infant manufactures aud arts. Tome lias been assigned the pleasing duty of welcoming those who come from distant regions to participate iu this grand parliament of industry. We who live by seducing from mother earth the fabric which clothes her children welcome you, men of the west, who, following kin dred pursuits, live by evolving bread from the fertile bosom of uuture. You, merchants aud shippers of the cast and north, we welcome you to this exposition of a peo ple, whose industry furnished the chief article of your commerce, the municipal agent of your for eign exchange. You, manufacturers and artisans of the east, we welcome you to this exhibition of the produetiims of a people which assures you that they can live and thrive with no other go vermeil tal abtahnn that which is given by peace and respect forjfcggldk of by the pen of the historian in the career of a gov- have made ho advancement, however, either iu the eminent, but they all rest immediately aud direct- cultivation or the manufacture of this great vegeta- ly upon the toil oi those who clear ble product. The light of more than 2,000 years of away the forests, inclose the fields, aud history is thrown upon them, and by that light we plow aud plant, and sow and reap. Other behold them standing still, fixed in the primitive pursuits are more ostentatious, and make more methods of their ignorant ancestors, heedless of the noise in the world than that of agriculture, but advautagesof soil, climate, und all the powerful like the vain and richly dressed son of a plain elements of nature, making no progress themselves father, they are all dependent upon more useful and contributing nothing to the .wants of other virtues thau their own. Majestie cities with their countries. It is true that during the last hundred proud display and their hum aud roar of trade, years, commencing about the year 1788, great efforts have been the theme oi history and eloquence from have been made by English talent aud energy, the earliest auuals of the human nice to the present through the agency of the East India company, to hour, and yet they are but the perishable blossoms increase the production of cotton In India for on that great tree of life whose roots are in the exportation to the looms and spindles of Great ground. If the labor of the husbandmen should Britain, and a considerable measure of success hits cease or the earth refuse its sustenance, the palaces attended these efforts. But this is the work of of cities would become the habitation of the bats; modem thought and an enlightened self inter- their mnrket places would he silent, and grass est on the part of England, and in which she has would grow in their streets. The commerce of the been largely aided by the strife which raged be- eivilized world is to-day floating on ocean, lake aud tween brethren in this country during the last river, and crowding the sheltered bays and harbors twenty years. The conduct of the native popula- of all the lour quarters of the globe. Its ships go tion ot India, however, ou this subject presents a down to every sea amidst the applause and w onder singulai and instructive spectacle. A recent writer of the world, and yet if the ami of industry should ??? of high authority gives the following description of be paralyzed in the field and corn and cotton { their manufacturing processes: should fail, they would drift tenantless on the | ???The implements used by the Indiana in the dif- waters or rot in idleness alongside of rotting ! ferent processes of the cotton manufacture, from and abandoned wharves- The traffic, the sup- | the cleaning of the wool to its conversion iutothc port, the wfcalth, the progress o! the whole human family, all begin with the furrow in the ground. The merchant prince in the eity of New York w ho rides behiud four blooded horses in Central park in the evening, is a useless factor in human affairs compared to the farmer of the northwest who pro duces food for the world, or to the planter of the south who supplies mankind with clothing. Nearly 100,000 miles of railroads have drawn their lines across the face of this country, and in w ealth und power many of the great railroad corporations do not shrink from a trial of strength and influence with the government itself. But every rail of iron and of steel, and every locomotive and ear which speeds over the track is paid for, sustained, and made profitable by the productions of the farm. The mil- roud president, in his sumptuous car entertainin; finest muslin, may be purchased for the value oi a few shillings, anil are of so rude and simple a con struction as to be evidently the invention of a very early period. * * ???> * * * * * "The loom is composed of a few sticks or reeds, which the Indian carries about with him and puts up in the fields under the shade of a tree or at the side of his cottage. He digs a hole large enough to contain his legs and the lower part of the gear, and fastens the balances to some convenient branch overhead. Two loops underneath the gear, in which he inserts his great toes, serve as treadles: and he employs the shuttle, formed like a large netting needle, but of a length somewhat exceeding the breadth of the cloth, us button, using it alternately to draw through the web and strike it tip. The reed is the only part of the weaving apparatus which ap his directors, is of far less imjiortance to the stock- j proaches, in the perfection of its construction, to the holders of his corporation, and to his fellow beings j instruments we use. The loom has no beam, and generally, than he who handles the corn planter, j the warp is laid out upon the ground the whole acre, the wheat-drill, or cotton cultivator. All this is in accordance with the experience of ages as well us with the teachings of Divine wisdom. It was decreed in the beginning that man should have dominion over the earth, and that this dominion should be achieved and maintained by labor. But in this estimate of the value of productive industry there is au implied element without which it cannot ex tort the gifts, tile wealth and the bounties of nature nor assume that mastery in human affairs which it is designed to hold. That element is knowledge in its broadest sense. Ignorant industry is a sad specta cle, but it has filled the world in past ages, and iu certain portions of the earth it continues to do so. AVe are accustomed to hear a superiority claimed for some of the must prominent nations of antiquity aver the civilization of mod ern times. The claim is unfounded. Their labor was not guided by the intelligence and tlie vast dis.- coveries of the present. The physical sciences were to them a sealed book. Asia is the pureut land of the human race, and has made the longest experiment in progress and civilization. It is the largest of the four geographical quarters of the globe, and contains more than one-half the inhabitants of the earth. It possesses every variety of climate beneath the suit, and soils as luxuriant as the rains everdesceuded upon, its mineral resources are boundless, and it is water ed by rivers aud inland seas of almost illimitable extent. With all this natural strength, however, and unnumbered centuries in which to develop it, what answer have the Asiatic populations, cither in the remote past or in the present, made to the ques tion of the world's udffaueement? In what field of productive industry have they brought forward the great staples of commerce and civilization? The wealth oi nature is ull there iu teeming abundance, and has been through myriad centuries, but labor has wrought its task blindfolded by Ignorance, and borne its heavy burdens withoutrelief from the hand of science. The common plow, that universal fore runner of all national greatness and of ull human elevation, remains the same contemptible contriv ance now throughout the east thutil was when Joseph's brethren watered their camels at the Nile on their journey to Egypt in quest of corn. The in habitants of Persia, Arabia. Turkey, China and Japan have known no aid from invention in the tillage of the soil. The result is Unit though they are the oldest offspring in the human family, they arc still so far in the rear us to be not much con sidered iu the active and practical thought of the world. We are often cited to the ancient achieve ment of Egypt as evidence of the superiority of an tiquity over modem progress. It is very difficult for me to believe iu the mental cultivation of a people who worshiped crocodiles und who did not know that the rains in the mountains caused the Nile to overflow. The traveler who is always in search of the curious, and not of the useful, points in wonder and awe to the pyramids, but if in liis zeal he could find on their base some hieroglyphic, some device, design ordrawing as evidence that the Egyptians, sometime in their history, had built a com planter or a cotton gin, a reaper or a threshing machine, or invented some simple thing like a re volving rake or a cotton press, their claims to a high civilization would have a reasonable and a strong foundation on which to rest. In the absence, how ever, of all proof of any such improvements in agri culture, it is safest to assume that distance, and not merit, lends enchantment to our view when we dwell upon Egyptian history. And may we not ven ture to inquire whether much, if any more, can be truthfully claimed for the agricultural improve ments of Greece or Home? ,s,??of course*!* sacred ground with the olfl an tiquarian who sees nothing great that is not venera ble, and also with the young who still remember that Virgil aud Horace wrote pastoral poetry, and that Xenophon and Cicero indited charming letters to their friends on the beauties of rural life. But after listening with delight to the eloquence of their orators, and to the music of their poet*; after wit nessing the mustering of their warlike legions and their battles of conquest, rapine and plunder, as well as of defense against final overthrow; after wandering through stately ruins of their architecture and sculpture, I challenge the fact of their vast and far reaching histories in proof of the assertion that the great foundation elements of real national strength, prosperity and durability were wanting at every stage of noth Grecian and Uoman civilization. Descriptions of the farming implements of those classic lauds have descended to us, and we have ex amined them with u curious mixture of incredulity and derision. The oxen, with a straight yoke at tached to a main, primitive plow, merely seratchiiij the surface of fields of unending fertility, marl tho weakness of a people at the very J ioint where they must be strongest n order to achieve permanent power and glory. Their historians have painted their marches aud their battles in everlasting colors; their orators have discussed, public affairs in lofty and immortal tones; theirpoets und dramatists have delineated the passions of the human heart in all its moods, bnt where in the country of Themistocles or Ciesar will be found the record of a world's fair, or an ex position of the triumphs of productive labor, or a display of mechanical improvements, the results of inventive genius in uiduf husbandry? No response comes to this question save the decline and fall of governments which rested their claims to greatness and power on the victories of war instead of upon the more renowned victories of peace. Sir. it is not in the distant past that we are to look for examples of enlightened industry, nor shall we find there, except in feeble degrees, those influences upon which the nations of the earth depend for their stability and progress. On such an occasion as this, and surrounded as we are by the proofs, we may rightly salute the present century as having more perfectly combined knowledge with labor, and more harmoniously wedded the sciences to all the branches of useful toil, than all the centuries to gether which have gone before. AVe stand upon an elevation in the scale of human advancement never trod by the feet of former generations, and we are surrounded by a light such as never fell upon their pathways. From this high point of observation let us glance at the duties to which we are hound, the achievements already accomplished, and our capa bilities for the future. You are met at this hour to celebrate the opening day of an exposition of the fruits of agriculture. labor and of the arts of mecliauieal invention, to which the nations of the earth are invited, and to which many of them have made theireontributious. A world???s fair is here inaugurated for the interest and encouragement of human industry in all sec tions and countries. The fraternity of toil, of en terprise and of inventive genius is here recognized and proclaimed. The character of this auspicious demonstration is international. It is an affair among the nations, and in its great purposes they are all vitally interested. The objects to be pro moted by this exposition. its designs and its influ ences, are as fur reaching as the abodes of civilized man. All the industries here make their entry and display, but, located as you are in this beautiful zone of peculiar production, you have invited your guests in the name of the great und majestic staple of the south. This is the home of the cotton plant, and some of us have corae from distant parts to pay it honor. In doing so, may I not be pardoned for dwelling briefly on its marvelous career of glorious utility? Sir, it is less than a hundred years since American cotton made its modest, and indeed humble, en trance into the markets of the world. There are persons now living who were bom before merchants aud traders had mentioned cotton as a production" of this country likely to enter into commercial transactions. In 1722 not more than 550 bales were exported from the United State*. So little was known of this gigantic production that "it js relat ed that in 1761 William Kathbone, an extensive Americ in merchant in Liverpool, received from one of his corre*|??ondents i n the southern states a con signment.of eight bags of cotton, .vhich, on 5Ls ar rival in Liverpool, was seized by the custom house officers, oil the allegation that it could not have been grown in the Ameri can colonies, and that it was liable to seizure trailer loitered in the rear, aud been overtaken by calamity and degradation. AA'berever the plowshare has been allowed to rust and the pmninghook has been Hie. there the historian has written of degeneracy, decay and barbarism. The sword may lend itshe- rhsaWnri. ' (???v. 11 mspio-i ui a uro??o. euruen roic gleam to a nation's history, but without the usual bab> and the rude boj who disturb all ot..< r . (.pj-jt. which aims to perform the great work of the ; patient energies of productive labor it will have no gatherings, were either absent or overawed by the | true patriot, as well as the homelier task of the ??? permanent strength or glory. A thousand element* dignity of the occasion. The canvas over the exten- practical and useful citizen. The object in all this of natiomil greatness and powermay be pointed out Farmer*, merchants, manufac tuVenv. riers, laboring men and men of letters, the great army of civilizers and mipporters of progress and free government, the men of the press, strangers aud looker* on. countrymen and countrywomen, we welcome you all. To every one present, or to come we extend a southern welcome, warm as our sunshine, and bid him behold what can be done by a land whose fields were but yesterday "knead ed into bloody sod* by the muddeniug wheels of ar tillery.??? whose beast* of burden were swept away by devastating armies, whoto noblest sous were slaughtered in battle, whose home* were burned with fire, and whose government* have passed through an era of corruption worse than anarchy. AVe invite you wim pride to witness these conclu sive tests of the genial nature of our climate, the fertility of our soil, the energy of our people, the conservative vitality of our political institutions; in short, we invite you to see that we have renewed our youth at the fountains of industry and found the hills of gold iu the energies of an imperishable race. You will remember, too, that what we are in the south is due to the almost unmixed blood of the pre-revolutionary settlers in these sun-loved wilds. The migration of races and nationalities which has so largely sought the shores of the new world within the t>ast hundred years, has scarcely touched our borders; it has flowed across the Alle- ghanies, pimpled the great valley, moved along to thebaseof tlie Kooky mountains, and across their snowy summits to the shores of the western sea. markittg its progress everywhere by wealth and prosperity. The south, too, bv this exhibition of it* indus tries, resources and capacities, desires to invite a share of this wealth???giving inflow to her own bor der*. and will receive gladly all who will come to her iu tlie name of labor and law aud free govern ment. To every human soul from all the broad domains of Christendom which may have one desire to pro mote the happiness and stimulate the progress of our race, which can add one voice iu praise of the triumphs, of peace, we say welcome, iu God's name to the hearts aud homes of this southern land. To the hospitalities of this most active and public spirited of our cities; whose vigorous youth and rapid development show that American thrift and enterprise, are confined to no section! AVe invite you to learn what you can of us??? of otirhopes aud fears, our prejudices and methods of thought, our systems oi action, our desires und our devotion to a common country Teach us, if you can, in all these things, a more perfect v.ay. AVe will gladly learn oi those whose success justifies them in teaching us. AVe would gladly learn a lesson in industry from the men of the great northwest, in thrift and the art* from the melt of the east: in business sagacity irorn the men of the great cities. 1 need not remiud you. my countrymen, that we stand in the shadow of a great calamity. Hut verily the wrath of mau is the praise of the Almighty. The sufferings and death of the president of the United states has touched all hearts in this great land. Aud none with a more tender emotion than those of the south. It has awakened every feeling of pity and every sentiment of chivalry ia our breasts. A common sorrow has made the Ameri can people remember that they have a common country, and the cold page of history will sav that ' this reunion of estranged hearts is his noblest monument. In the language of the old Arabian chroniclers, he has passed to the clemency of the most High. May we not permit the feeling of broth erhood inspired by his death, ever to perish. and may the intermingling here bear fruit iu the time to cotue, with us and with our children, worthy the citizenship of a free Christian republic. May every legitimate branch of human industry, and every generous passion of the human soul be stimulated and enlarged (by this exhibition???so honorable to the great slat; whose people eouccived and brought it about. SENATOR VOORHEES\S ADDRESS. The address of welcome was greatly enjoyed and elicited hearty applause. It was responded to by Hon Daniel AV 'A'oorbees, of Indiana, who upon being introduced said: RMn President: The progress ot civilization has been measured at every stage by the production of the earth. The history of the human race, for good of for evil, has been written in the cultivation of the shipping???acts as not being imported in a vessel the soil the stamp oi superiority is upon those belonging to the eountrv of its growth. AYhen after- comimmtties and nations wherein agriculture has ward released it lay for many months unsold in been pushed to its mght-st excellence, while those consequence oi the spinners donbting whether it could be profitably worked up.??? The world was unconscious of the mighty revolution in all its in dustries just then impending. Until within the present century the supply of cotton for the use of mankind was derived mainly from the East Indies, with minor quantities from China. Egypt, and a few- other unreliable sources. In India its growth has beer, from time immemorial, und for five centuries at least before the Christian era it was manufactured extensively by the inhabitants 1. The establishment and maintenance of the manufacturing industries of the United Mates were essential to the domestic prosperity and the real in dependence of the American people. 2. The manufacturer claimed from his gov ernment a protection against foreign competition with which he was unable to contend, and which if left free would close his mills aud drive him out of the business. 3. The producer of cotton m the fields desired to sell to the best bidders, and buy back the manu factured cloth at the cheapest rates quoted in tho markets of all countries. ... The following tabic of statistics from the torth- comingcensusreport for.1880 lias been kindly fur nished to me in advance of it* publication, and is of interest in this connection: STATISTIC* OK THE COTTON MANUFACTURE OF THE UNITED STATES. * c ???A a zr??S g O (5 3 I|S? arcs 1 ' ???* pu AAV NX IS# It??? AtlpilL. t VAUtsiCilt.' I ll liltV liil/.tv who have disdained the tillage of the fields or neg ligently performed that great primary duty, have . = tea: length of the piece of cloth. ???The weavers live entirely in villages, as they couid not, if shut up in towns, work in this manner. It is probable that the whole of the implements which have just been described existed as we now find them before the people of India were divided into castes. The transmission oi the same employment from father to son, which is the in variable practice in India, while it has the effect oi conveying unimpaired the knowledge in any art. tends to check it* further advancement." It is true that great dexterity and slight of hand ha* been ac quired by the East Indian manufacturer, from the spinning of the yarn upon the distaff', until from his ill-constructed loom he sometime- produces ???those muslins which are said, when spread upon the grass to appear like a gossamer web.??? But uotliiug could be done in this way to meet the demand of the world for cotton fabrics, and therefore we find that the. first steam spinning and weaving mill was estab lished in India ns recently us 1863 by the East India company. It was located at Kurla, iu Bombay. \)thers have followed, and it is estimated now that there are 10,000 looms and over a million and a quarter spindles in operation in the presidencies of iSengul, Madras, Smut nnd other parts of India. England has carried her manufac turing machinery and skilled labor into the midst of her eastern cotton fields, thus setting an example callingloudly for imitation iu other countries. The lesson taught by the history of cotton in the East In dies is that the producer should not only be en lightened a* to its cultivation, but that he should also become its manufacturer at home, with all tlie appliances of scientific invention. The production and manufacture of cotton in China have even a more peculiar history than in India. AVe have the means of observing the industrial pursuits of that vast and crowded hive of humanity a* far back as neurly three ihousand years ago. but the earliest mention mude of cotton in Chinese history '???* only about 200 years hefore the Christian era. And then, for a space of thirteen centuries the plant was cultivated in the gardens of the wealthy merely as a thing of beauty, and its flowers appear to have been celebrated iu their po ems and romances. As late as the sixth century the fact that the emperor wore a robe of cotton ou his coronation day is mentioned to show the rare and precious characterof his royal raiment. It was only after thousands of years of actual contact and expe rience with cotton that the people of the celestial empire began to discover that its utility was as uni versal and almost as beneficent as light and air. By f irimitivc methods, Htid painfully slow degrees,they tave, however, finally advanced to a point, if not of commanding importance to the world oh this sub ject. at least illustrating some of it* peculiar feat- tures. it is. iu fact, a wonderful thing to say that a population of over 100,(W0,000, crowded together un der any one government, and engaged in homogeneous pursuits, feed and clothe themselves by their own pro ductions aud manufactories. This is more nearly true of those almost counties* horde* who inhabit China proper and her dependencies than of any other quarter of the globe. The Chinese govern ment has learned the greatest of all lessons in strength and security at home and dignity abroad. It is foremost among the nations of the earth in the honors it pays to agricultural labor. It has made the work of the tea and cotton planter, of the rice and maize, and wheat and barley grower, a credit to him and to his posterity. In houorof agriculture there is a grand state ceremony performed ou each New Year's day. One of their historians says, in describing this ceremony: ?? ' '???Fib?ihnpdror,' accompanied by his great officers of state, repairs to the sacred meld, and, having offered sacrifice on an albirof earth, he traces a fur row with a plow, aud his example is followed by I irincesand ministers. A like solemnity is oele- imted by the governor of every urovinoe. who rep resent* the emperor. The agricultural system of the (Ttinese is rude, but effective; und every iurh of arable land is carefully cultivated. Spade hus bandry and irrigation are carried on to a great ex tent.??? From this description the Chinese farmer appears iu the highest repute at home, but with his great calling undeveloped and unaided by moveru pro gress. lie feeds himself and ha* not aspired to feed tlie world. The example of the Chinese manufac turer has been much the same. He has been Con tent to clothe his own countrymen and has not in vaded the channels of foreign commerce. The man ufacture of cotton goods is now very extensive in China, though still far behind the improved process es of English and American invention, but their fab rics are entirely for home consumption. Indeed, the Chinese are importers from India and elsewhere of the raw material for their looms in order to meet the home demand for cotton cloth. But little of their marvelous handicraft is seen in the markets of the world. Now and then we catch a glimpse of ???their silks and satins, light gauzes, beautiful embroidery, elaborate engravings on wood and stone, delicate filagree work in gold and silver, carvings on ivory, flue lacquered ware, antique vessels ill bronze and their brilliant coloring on the famous pith paper,??? but we behold them rather os beautiful ornaments of luxury than as articles of use ami trade. Sir. it is to the west and to modern intelligence, nnd not to tlie east nnd the methods of antiquity, that we. are to look for the solution of the mighty problem of human advancement and human desti ny. The scene has shifted from the valleys of the Euphrates, the Nile and the Ganges to the valley of the Mississippi: from the shores of the Mediterra nean nnd the Indian ocean to the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards of the American republic. Here is to be wrought out what the ancient philosophers dream ed, but never saw accomplished. Here human so ciety and government are to reach their strong est. highest and most rational development, bottomed on the agricultural and mechanical industries, inspired and guided by knowl edge???knowledge that in itself is power. Those great arts of labor over which the myriad multitudes of the east have stumbled in a state of bliud imbecility for countless centuries have here found their full nnd splendid development in a sin gle hour, as it were, in the reckoning of time???s du ration. It seems but yesterday, in the count of the days of all the ages, since this continent beoame known to written history, and a still briefer space since any of its inhabitants first became potential factors in the useful concerns of the world. AA???e have seen that but 117 years ago English custom house officers disbelieved iu the existence of American cotton and that it lay for months in Liverpool scorned by the buyers as worthless. Ninety years ago there was not a cotton mill in tho United States. The battle* of the revolution had been fought, Cornwal lis had surrendered, the old articles of the confed eration had been superseded by the constitution of the union, when in 1791 the first cotton mill was erected on American soil in the state of Rhode Island. During the next six succeeding years elev en additional mills were erected in the same state, two in Massachusetts and one in Connecticut, making in all fifteen mills, working about 8,000 spindles, and making about 300,000 pounds of yarn per annum. (Substantially with this showing the cotton interest of this country passed from the close of the last century to the opening of the present. The year 1800 made a feeble exhibit, aud gave but faint promise of what has followed. The American manufacture of cotton in that year amounted to but 500 bales: in 1S05,1.000 bales: in 1810, 10,000 bales; and in 1815. 00,00) bales. It will be seen that the American cotton factory was indeed, once an in fant. but it was a robust child of American genius and industry, and grew rapidly. Now it stands an acknowledged giant of magnificent proportions. Now more than seven hundred and fifty mills, manufacturing annually over a million and a half of bales, are in operation, not only In New England aud New York, but in New Jersey, Penn sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio and Indiana ns well a?? in Alabama, Georgia, the two Carolina*, Mississippi, A'irgiuia and other southern states. It was discovered more than half a century ago that the cotton fields of the southern states were capable, under proper cultivation, of supplying not only all American industries, but all thccotton indus tries of the civilized nations of the world. AA???ilh the knowledge of this fact oil the part of the south on one hand, and the activity and intelligent energy of manufacturing capital in this country and abroad on the other, arose those great and vital questions of American statesmanship which are still engaging the public thought. AA'iiat an inter esting book of history has been written on this sub ject. The greatest intellects in the conduct of hu man affair* have contributed largely to its pages. There were three natural and necessary propositions to be considered in connection with the production and manufacture of cotton, and they remain sub- 52SS: m list ! t?.ss Vts??f?? -I ft o ssga cc xc c!8mS o 5? y i totSSSS OOs-y WM 2 y! 77 Zi ta Sg H ???? g of that country for their out. use. They appear to manually the same to the present hour. To reconcile these great and laudable interests into a harmonious national policy has been at every stage of our history and still continue* to be, a task worthy of the ablest tuiuds and of the ??? purest and highest patriotism. I cannot hope to add new light to a theme on which so much wisdom has been expend ed, but a few thoughts suggested by this exposition may not be out of place. It is unfortunate thill political partisanship ha* so often, for mere tempo rary and personal success,dealt with the gravest anil most vital question* of the world???s advancement. The relations, between the productions of the earth as thev leave tlie field and their condition when manufactured l'orthe use of man rest upon principles far above and beyond the expediency or the neces sity of luirlies. That Hue of policy which comes nearest the promotion of the prosperity and comfort of the whole people of a commonwealth may safely be accepted us the true one. No one will contend that the absence of manufacturing pursuits would promote the prosperity of the Amcricau people. It is beyond doubt that the closer a market is brought to the farmer for his agricultural productions, the more ho will save in the matter ot transportation, aud the better it will be for his neighborhood. It is- on this account that Adam Smith has said: ???Whatever tends to dimiuish in any country the number of artificer* and manufacturer* tend* to diminish the home market, the most important of all markets for the produce of the land, and thereby still further to discourage agriculture.??? Diversity of employment among laborers, and success in all the channels of human thought and action, so indispensable to national strength and renown, can only be secured by opening up al! the- bmnohesnf mechanical as well usagrieultur 1 in dustry. 4 The muat honored. fatbupAf. have spoken In no uncertain tone on this pouit. It arrested the attention of Washington???* great and sagacious mind iu the earliest infancy of the gov ernment. In his lust annual address iu lTPO he re corded hi* views a* follow*: "Cong.ewtes have repeatedly, and not without suc cess, directed their attention to the encouragement, of manufactures. The object is of too much con sequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible.??? At a later period, in 1810, when the imjiortance of the subject had vastly increased, Thomas Jefferson whose mind illuminated everything it touched, and shed light into the darkness ??f the whole world on the science of government, gave utterance to the- following strong expressions: ???AVe have experienced v.hat we did not then be lieve???that there exists both profligacy and power enough to exclude us from the field of ex changes with other nations; that to be independent for the comfort* of life we must fabricate them our selves. We must now place our manufacturers by the side of the agriculturalist. Tlie former question is- now suppressed, or rather assumes a. new form. The grand inquiry now is, shall we make our own comforts or go- without them at the will of a foreign inuioii? lie therefore, who is now ugainst domestic manufac tures must be for reducing us either ton depend ence tipoll the nation, or to la: clothed in skins and live like beasts in dens and caverns. I am proud to say that 1 urn not one of these. Experience ha-: taught me that manufacturers arc now as necessary to our independence as to ourcomfort.??? In a speeial message to congress, in May, 1800, James Madison, then president of the United States, says: ???The revision of our commercial law*, proper to- adapt them to the arrangement Which 1ms taken place with Ureut Britain, will doubtless engage the early attention of congress. It will be worthy at tht* same time of their just and provident care to make such further alterations ill tnc law* as will more es pecially protect and foster the several branches of manufacture wbrnh have been recently instituted, or extended by the laudable exertion oi our citi zens.??? In the first inaugural address of President Mon roe, March 1817, the subject is thus presented: ???Our manufacturers will likewise require thc*ys tematic and fostering care of the government. Pos sessing, as we do, ail the raw materials, tlie fruit of our own soil and industry, we ought not to depend, in the degree we have done, on supplies from other countries. While we are thus dependent, the sud den event of war, unsought aud unexpected, can not fail to plunge ns into the nlostseriousditlicully. It is important, too, that the capital which nourishes our manufactures should be domestic, as it* influ ence In that ease, instead of exhausting, a* it must do in in foreign hands, would tie felt advantageous ly on agriculture and on every brunch of industry. Equally important is it to provide ut home a market for our raw materials: as, by extending the compe tition, it will enhance the price, aud protect the- ctiltlvator ugainst the cusualities incident to foreign, markets.??? Coming down to a still later date and to a name not less distinguished, we read the following letter written by Andrew Jackson iu May, 182;:, to Robert Patterson.of Philadelphia: ???A few days since l had the pleasure to receive- the grass hat wiiich you had been pleased to present und forward to Mrs Jackson as a token of the respect and esteem entertained for my public services. Per mit me, sir, to return to you my grateful acknowl edgements for the honor conferred upon tis in this- token. Mi* Jackson will wear with pride a hat mude by American hands, und made of American materials. Its workmanship, reflecting the highest credit upon it* au thors, will be regarded as an evidence of the per fection which our domestic manufacturers may hereafter acquire if properly fostered and protect ed. Upon the success of our manufactures, ua the hand-mairl of agriculture aud commerce, dependa- iu a great measure the independence of our country and 1 assure you that none <-an feel more sensibly than I do the necessity of encouraging them." I have cited these opinions of the men who framed tlie government, and took part in its early administration, In order to show the aus- piees under which encouragement and protection were first extended to American manufacturers. Differences have existed, und been exhaustively discussed, as to the methods by which these ends were to be attained, but not us to the ends them selves. Every school of statesmanship from the- foundation of the government to the present time- has admitted the duty of fosteriug. encouraging and protecting the manufacturing industries, i am not i here to discuss the different politics which have, from time to time been advanced, but the grout fact, of protection, whe.her as an incident to tlie raising oi revenue or in a bolder and more direct form, is a part of American history and American progress. In justification of this fact, If it needs- justification, the conduct and history' of other na tions on this subject should not be overlooked. The American republic was a late comer into the family of nations, and the governments of the old world had a far away and tremendous stnrt of us, in ev erything except our blood-bought liberties, before we moved at all in the race of national life. Euro-