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THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION, NOVEMBER 15, 1881 3 THE INDUSTRIES. AN ADDRESS BY MR. EDWARD AT KINSON. Delivered at the International Cotton Expedition Grounds, Atlanta. Ga.. Thursday, November 3, 1801— The Mode ol Cultivating Cotton- Bilk Culture Induatry in the South. Yesterday scored another grand day in :h .* history of tho exposition. Grand because of the great re sult* that it* happening* will result in. and deserv ing of a foremost place among the important days because of the noble sentiments that were expressed iu (he address that mude it. un event of the week. Mnnt: faeturers' day had been looked forward to with no small amount of interest; in fact it was generally conceded that it had it right in (mini of importance to a position beside governor's day. Although the day was cool and a stiff wind mode tilings somewhat disagreeable, there was a large attendance on the grounds, and at two o'clock Judges hull was tilled with an audience of unusual culture and intelligence to hear the ad dress of the Honorable Edward Atkinson. The audience was composed of the very best clusa of our citizens and visitors, and the sensible suggestions and patriotic utterances found responses in thun ders of applause. There could scarcely tic a speech that could receive a heartier echo lu the hearts of our people than that which was delivered by -Mr. Atkinson ye.-terday. He was aided in the speech by having with him tipou the stage u collection of fabrics, and some charts, etc., by which he illustrated his ad dress. A t 2 o'clock he ascended the stage and began his address in it clear, ijtiiet manner, and for uti hour mid a half held tile undivided attention of his audience. Below we present the address In full: Gentlemen of Atlanta, Friends of the South, Fellow-Citizens of the Nation: Again you have asked me to speak to you, again I teel that 1 am among friends, again I am ussuretl that ho matter how greatly we may differ on many points reiiiting both to ttie past or to the future, we are all moved by the same purpose, wo all seek, now the welfare •it our common country. From our very differ ences the truth shall surely he tot* bold, and if in considering the potentialities of tl e future, wo must sometime- refer to the past, we know that each speaks and writes witli the same end in view. Ifin mytievotion to the principle of liberty I have ever offended you, forgive me fur ray cause. Jt is the great and central idea by which this nation lives, it is in its spirit and moved by its impulsc tliut the foundation of ibis great exhibition has been laid. Even you yourselves do not yet know how deep a hold it lias upon us all. Why, gentle ? men, 1 nut almost appalled at what I see and by wliai you have accomplished in less than a single year since the mention of this undertaking—in less than six months since the tirst practical mens ures were taken in 1UN days front the beginning of the work to the opening day. ] think that we who arc from the north may well return home and |mn der a little on what tins means. I hope not and may not conclude that we had erred, sure that we, When we helped you lift the burden of slavery from your shoulders, which had kept you back so long, in your competition witli us. Suppose we do go home and mnsteronee more an armed force, three times your number, and come down here again pi re-establish slavery. Could we doit? Never! Nev er! Never! Gentlemen, it was this principle of liberty which tins (moulded us. ami you, alike, during all these years since'til. It was that it might l«- liiiully es tablished that we and you alike were dominated by Its behests; it was to it ami not to our forces that you surrendered; it was by our common ancestors that it was established; it is to Washington and Jef ferson—to Hancock and Adams—to Laurens and 1‘utriek Henry—Unit we have all yielded our allegi ance; it was oy them that this great exhibition was tirst made |xis*ible—these visible evidences of your power—these tangible results of your n.crcasin L prosperity—these promises of human welfare are all founded on the one principle winch neither von nor we can conquer, and wbicn we will never sur render. Thunk God it is so. Might is in a righteous prin ciple, and it shall suiely rule this laud because God reigns. And now, when north and south united stand upon this principle of liberty, to us shall alt ad verse forces yield. 'Hie vested wrongs of other na tions go down before our pot.cr us we attack them- not with arms Inn with shiploads oi corn, of cotton, of meat unit of oil’ To the )HMir of Kngtund we carry abundance from our land, and the feudal lords of nor soil must jaut with their possessions from which they can no longer wring wennh without doing service in return, 't he tools to him who can use them is the economic gos- iH‘l of liberty. I-and -is but a trail, and our tree laud yielding its great return to him who works it, beer* down the privilege of him und does not work himself. Wo destroy privilege by making ilun- proti table. The standing armies of Europt> cannot much lon ger oppress nations in the face of the competition of this country when wo are free from such a blood tax: and while those nations suffer still, facing each other witli more than two million men in A11 commerce among men or nations exists be cause by means of it men serve each other—nations exchange, product for product—meu exchange ser vice ior service. Freedom of contract is the condi tion under which such mutual service becomes pos sible—the greater the freedom the more ample the service. The Male or nation which possesses the best skill in the use of machinery "ill gain the greatest wealth and her people will enjoy the highest welfare. It has been said that''man is a tool-using animal" and theearth responds with its abundant production in exact measure to the skill applied. Those who can use the trails best render the most service and gain thegrealest material reward. But even ihl«principle must he qualified if the natural resources are not present to be worked up. citiler bv hand or by machinery, and here istl.a evidence that you iiossess natural resources in full est measure. I have been assured that if you pass from the top of Roan mountain or of Mount Mitchell, the highest mountains east of the Rocky mountains, easterly to the sea. some two or three hundred miles, you will find all the flora and fauna that exLst between the st. Lawrence anil the gulf of Mexico. When I suggested the addition of the railway exhibit, 1 said that if the railroad corporations which have been bufluir are now projected in thi* middlcor mountain section of your land, iimongthe mountains, <>■ the plateau* and through the Pied mont district of the east and the blue grass section of the west—covering in my vision a section nearly as large as France arid twice us large as < treat Britain —if these railroads would place here examples of the products of agriculture.of theforest and of the mine, of that section, it could not be equaled from any other equal area of the world’s surface. Tile collection is here and they have jusfitied me. Let me here make one practical suggestion. From a conversation with some of the gentlemen in charge of these exhibits, especially of mineral and lumber, I am informed that they may be distrib uted in the north where they will do the most good to the south. Send word to the Massachusetts in stitute of technology, to Harvard university, to the Boston society of natural history, to the school of mines of Columbia college. New York, to the Shef- lield scientific school of Yale college, and other similar institutions, each to appoint a judge to make awards and pay the judges by the distribution which imy be made. I have not included my friend. Professor Baird, of the .Smithsonian,because I fear be would be omnivorous ami would swallow the whole. Make the northern agricultural associ ations take the same course with regard to the products of agriculture. Material prosperity is purely a question of quan tities;. The only question is, now rapidly can you (even notdlicludillg the unnumbered hordes of Rus sia i what areour armies doing? A few weeks since I was honored with a notice that the ex-L'onfederaio soldiers' association of Chat tanooga, organized to welcome the federal associa tion of tne Army of the Cumberland had chosen me an honorary member; and when 1 accepted 1 reminded them of the wise words of our great governor, John A. Andrew, whochurged us ill Massachusetts te, unite ill "all measures for a vigor oils prosecution of pence.” In that call was one ol tile most significant measures of that kind—in your exhibition is another. fliul meeting at Chattanooga was turned to sad ness by our common loss, and those who are now brothers-in-arms who met to mourn thedeatli of our president found, as we have foui d, even in their grief, another bond of union. Oh, my friends, think of what we have been saved. Look at Ger many anil France bound, in the fetters of mutual animosity, camped within ramparts over which each w atches the other, ready for bloody war. Think what might have been our condition liad the Potomac become the Khiuc, dividing tw jealous and hostile states. If we sustained a standing army in active service proportionate to them, ns we should have been forced to, it would number more than 600,000 men in the north anil south together. Our whole life would have be imbued with the malignant ideas that pertain to war. oor standard of honor would still lie the low one of men physical courage, which is common to all. The duel, in place of simply becoming as silty ns it is unlaw fill and base, would lie maintained while the very foundation of your industry, and ours as w ell, would be sapped as they are in Ku convert the forces of nature to the service of man? here are vast areas of land—there art* vast mines f mineral. Only one-seventh part even of the tvailithlc hind of the nation is under the plow—less than that proportion in your southern section. Is the land good? Are the mines rich ? Is the tim ber abundant? Here in this exhibition is the testimony of almost boundless capacity for wealth and. welfare. Are the people poor? Do they call for capital ? The capital of the richest state or nation now xcceds one, two.or.possibly three years production. Welfare is in the knowledge how to use’ the capital, not in its mere possession. Unless the school bouse trci-cdes or goes with the capital it is almost worth-. ess. The school house is here, the capital is here— the resources are here, and all that you now have to do is to go on and prosper, and With each step in your prosperity, you will add more power to advance yet further. “To him that hath shall lie given, and from him tTiai hath not shall be taken even that which he hath.” You can help him only who can help himself. What is this capital? Is it anything but tools? Surely it is not money in any large measure, fur the only use of money is to spend. Capital consists of machinery anil engines, of new and better plows and hoes—of new mid better gins and presses—of new and better spindles and looms. Here they are in endless variety and abundance. The north sends you here the only capital which can serve you permanently, and to its contribution you have added much thst promises well for the future. The north and Europe can build your railroads, but of wlist use will they be unless you can place upon them, as you are doing, the more abundant produet which will come from your own use of these tools. The absolute condition, which onlyjrendercapital of any service, are that eye, hand aud brain shall have been trained together in their use. As I have said, unless the school house goes with the tools, the best trails will he wasted. Mills and works will follow, but cannot lead. The school house must not only lie one in which books are used, but in which the foundation of the arts can be taught. Mechanical and industrial education you need more than we do. and even our northern schools must lie reformed; the hand must be instructed as well as the brain. On every hand I see evidence that true instruc tion in some measure has not been wanting here— the supply comes with the demand, and in the mere fact that hundreds of exhibitors have come here to offer-new implements of husbandry of every .kiud is to tie found the proof of progress. You yourselves bear testimony that your black laborers can, many of them, already be instructed with the use of some of the finest agricultural implements In that great hall and your own well-bred farmers testify that witli skillful cul tivation you can make cotton with these new fools for three cents a pound. I find, then, that we have sent you the best exam ples of northern capital none too soon, and I find in the examples of southern capital with which you have supplemented them, the most adequate testimony that the true method of instruction has begun, and lias proceeded much farther than we of the north had supposed. While it is true Unit there lias never yet been in any exhibition so adequate a display of cotton ma chinery us there is here, yet the subjects of greatest interest to myself and my companions have been the implements of husbandry and the mocliines,for treating cotton and cotton seed. There lias been the greatest need of closer communication between the cotton grower and the cotton spinner, in order that the mind of the grower may be disubused of the idea that dirty cotton is as profitable as clean and well prepared staple. That this is being learned, is proven by the existence of such a machine as Clark’s for treating cotton in the seed and removing sand and trash before it is ginned. The sand and trash, which weighs not over five or ten pounds in a bale, takes five or ten dollars from its vnlue if not removed. We learn that the demand for this machine has extended rapidly, ami We ure disupjminted not to see more of the same kind. We watch the extended use of bullets, and every other machine by which the seed is treated, hoping that bv their use the elements of the soil may be saved ami greater economy applied in every branch of cotton cultivation. Here we find them already cheap and good. What we need most is uniformity of staple—be it long or short—and freedom from trash As we extend our work In fineness and va- rieiv this requirement becomes urgent. Here we find the roller gius which will give us a quality that the best saw gin cannot equal. We hope to see tho 120,000 tons of cotton-seed meal and cake now annually exported to Europe to feed stock there, soon fed to sheep folded on your fields, that thus you may not only double your crop of cotton but add a wiiol-clip almost cheaper press for tanners use, and I know he is equal tp tne task. I have not yet seen a smaller press for oil, but there is not a farm or plantation in the south that Is too far from an oil mill not to make it profitable to send the kernel of the seed, after the hull is re moved. to the miil und to have the meal sent back for feed—the oil will nioreTlmn pay the cost. If we could mature cotton in the north, we would make it for seed alone, even if we could not sell or use the liber. I am rejoiced to get so authentic a statement of the cost of making cotton at as low a rate as that of Major Jones. 1 once sent out 509 circulars filled with close questions on this point, but the best an swer about cost which 1 obtained was from a gen tleman in Georgia. I asked him what it cost to make cotton, and he replied: "l will answer you in yankee fashion. -My neighbor, Mr. , has a boy of eighteen who is preparing for college and needs the means to enter, lie took up a little piece of land, and by working in his leisure hours aud on Saturdays lie made four bales of cotton; what did hi* cott-in cost?" This was one reply. Major Jones has given a more definite one. Others are beginning to respond. 1 have a practical suggestion to make both to my northern anil southern friends: No adequate test cun here be made of the new gins, presses, trash- cleaners and the like. The southern planter and farmer has no knowl edge, ns vet, outside tho tea island district, of the merits ol a true roller gin. Clark’s cleaner has just been introduced, and is only known within narrow limits. There are several other machines for the same purpose, which are not here at all. Yet the beginning of improvement and oi profit is here and the growth will be rapid. The first thing for the executive committee of the Cotton manufacturers’ association will be to confer witli the Arkwright club, of Boston, and with the Providence and Fall river board of trade, to see if a competitive trial of cotton gins, trash-cleaners, presses and the like cannot be organized in Boston in the New England manufacturers and mechanics' institute, to be held during their fair next autumn. Prizes may be offered which will induce planters and farmers to send their cotton in the seed. The value of the seed will pay the freight, or most of it, and the cotton cun be sold for more than it will bring in any other way. I think another committee of northern manufac turers will be arranged to meet the Mississippi Val ley cotton planters' association, on the 6th of December, and a conference can then be had at which the terms of the cotton competition can be settled so that the cotton can be planted even with reference to the competition. There is room enough and couldn't fail to be monev enough to enable Boston to play the return match with Atlanta. fflNow, I ant going to touch a tender subject—cotton manufacturing. What is manufacturing? Accord ing to the hitiu derivation of the word it is to make something with the hand. It is a singular fact that cotton fabrics are the only ones which can be actu ally made by the hand, and from this we may infer that cotton fabrics are the oldest of any. Oar Aryan ancestors came from a section of Asia where cotton is indigenous, and although the linen mummy cloths of Egypt are the oldest textile fabrics now in existence, cotton must have been used in pre-his- toriC tthtes. You or I can do what our Aryan ancestors may have done: we can spin a thread with our lingers from the boll of t ipe cotton; holding it by the mid die in our teeth we can double and twist it into n strong cord. We can tie the ends of the warp to a set of bamboo reeds, even as the Chinese do now; with a sharp flint implement from another length of bamboo wo tain make a shuttle, and without much diflicnltv we can weave a web of cloth. If we need to card our cotton first, we can use a fish's jaw as the East Indian women do to this day, in working the finest fabric ever made. Every other fiber needs some proportion; woolmnstbecleansed, llax must be rotted and separated from woody • fiber, silk must bo reeled but cotton may be truly manufactured. 1 have here pictures of the primitive processes. In this plate, taken from a work upon tho costumes of India, are pieturesof the most primitive, even pre historic methods which are still in use in the fabri cation oi the Dacca muslin known us the “Woven Wind.” No work of machinery has ever equaled it. There are some small bits of tlie finest kinds. These Chinese pictures which Messrs. Russell & Co., of Canton, most kindly presented to mein order that I might lend them to your exhibition, areagaiu the illustration of the method by which the people of China—the largest body of cotton weaving peo ple in the world—are now mainly famished with the fabrics which they wear: over 90 per cent of the Chinese are clothed in this way. You can observe the primitive method—tlic clean ing of the lint from the seed by the snapping oi a bow, which gave the term "bowed Georgia.”—a name which still adheres in Liverpool to upland cotton. Here is the spinning wheel precisely like that in use among your moan tains, and here the pre-hist irie loom. There is a vastly greater number of people in the world who are to-dav clothed in these hanil-imidc fabrics than are supplied with goods from our modern machin erv. We have touched hut the fringe of China, not ten tier cent of her people. Africa is an unknown land. Almost all Asia still uses these primitive ma chines. Even in many countries of Europe the dis taff is still in use; and right here, in the center of our own land, are 100,000 or 209,000 people (who knows how many?) supplied by the spinning wheel e lurad loom, in- the-whole-ctmrse of the rope in order that the vested wrongs of ages might * without cost, and we send you front Massachusetts be maintained. . the wire fence that will keep the dogs away from From such a dire fate have we Wen saved, and if in these latter years, before the eontliet came, our immediate ancestors erred—on the* one side in as serting powers inconsistent with the principle of liberty, and on the other in yielding too long to these adverse claims—until naught but bloody war could drive away the cloud, let us rejoice that it has at last been riven and that .wo now stand to- gether in the bright and glorious sunlight of free dom. ,”ln liberty and muon, now and forever, one trad inseparable.” One of the great poets lias put into immortal wonis tho spirit to which 1 now appeal. In that great rate to liberty, Shelley's "Prometheus Un bound," .he spirit ot the earth speaks: “And soon Those uglv human shapes amt visage Of which i spoke ns having wrought me pain. Passed Boating through the air. and fading still Into the winds that scattered then:; and those From whom they loused seemed mild and lovely forms. After some foul disguise had fallen, and all Were somewhat changed.” Friends, are we not all somewhat changed? Have 1 lifted the causes for which 1 speak, above the range of merely personal issues? if in tnis I have succeeded, then you yourselves will justify me. But let us not waste more time ill rhetoric. Facts are said to speak lonoerthan wonis. Here are some facts on these grounds—the loudest I ever lis- lond . . „ toned to: what do they say to us. I wilt tell . wlml thov sav to me, it is this: the industrial revo lu lion which I had. as yet. conceived as faintly as I did the full scope of the work which you have ac complished, is uol only entered upon, but very far advanced. This is now becoming apparent, aud trom thisex hibl lion your progress will be dated; what you have already done must always be a marvel. Yet more remains to do; but vou will doit. While some of my friends here stilt think me t.w* much of a north erner. my friends at home still say I am too much of a southerner: does not that prove that I am not too much of either, but that 1 am a true citizen of our common country. Therefore I may sav that when 1 reviewed the history of the few years which have elapsed since you were subjected, not only to a revol tutor in yonr whole me (hod of labor, but yet more to a revolution in the very fundamental ideas respecting labor: when I think that not only much that had been wealth to you.even though fictitious, was destroyed, but that almost all your real wealth w as also destroyed; when 1 remember that you came back to fenceless and almost deserted fields, to Work with old tools or none; that yonr means of commu nication were tom up and destroyed: that ydu were hot only Wilhonteapital but without credit; wheu I think again that it was as unwise then to resist the suffrage mainly to black citizens as it would now be to restrict it exclusively to whites: 1 say. wheu I think of all these things, my mind is lost in wonder at the progress made liy white as well as black in vour great southern land. Instead of losing faith because you have not done more, my faith is only made the stronger by what j pressio; von have done, in "the government oi the people, “ ' i»v the people, for the people." Gentlemen, you have learned the open secret of prosperity and wel fare. pour the sheep. If some I'arts of your cotton country are too hot for sheep, you need this food for stoeb. There can be no better feral for-mules than eowpeas saved green in pits after the method called "ensi lage." and after the oil is removed the cotton-seed meal is safe for cattle and hogs if fed with care. In that raitton field are varieties that make our mouths water. If we could only get each kiud as it grows—each separate from the other we could improve our work and save our labor immensely. But under the present methods of dealing in cotton, uniformity of staple Is more and more difficult to secure. The great plantation crops grown under uniform conditions have ceased, and there is no such careful sorting and selection of the farmets's crops as there ought to be; hence it often happens that the farmer who has made good cotton gets no adequate reward, and we suffer for want of uni formity in the quality of what we use. The most suggestive exhibit is the crop and state ment yd Major Jones, of Troup county. Ueorgia. He gives a definite statement of the cheapness with which he lias produced liis cotton and he lias had adequate testimony in the price paid for some of it bv the Willimantic thread company of the value of his work. If be call make cotton at 3 cents a pound and sell it for Hi instead of HI cents, his example is sure to be followed. 1 wish he aud others would try one more experi- rnent. and In this copy the common habit ot the Chinese. Let him sort and pack hiscottou carefully, draw his own sample from the middle of the bale—place his card there earning name and number, then put a duplicate card* Willi the sample, and sell by that: permitting no sum pie bale to be cut. aud no abuse of the bale by rolling in the mud and keeping it in the nun. Let hint put his cotton in a good warehouse, and send hi' samples to any one otmy companions, and he can o uain a higher price than heevergot before, in cash on delivery at the railroad, if he will meet these conditions. We will pay for quality it you will assure it, and there need not be it tenth part of the loss het.v the field und the factory that there now is. I re- ia-at what 1 have said Iwfore.and what every one of mv companions will confirm. Vou have depreciated every crop of cotton you have made at least ten percent by want of care and attention in ginning, baling, pressing and earing for the cotton between the field and the factory. You can save half vonr labor and add ten per cent to the value of yonr crop if you will use the new tools and machines here on exhibition and heed the words which 1 now siteek. Y«u have begun, and you will go on,because you cannot afford to stop. Major Jones and his asso ciates have set the example which all must follow, sooner or later. . . . . , We earnestly call your attention to the Dederick press, and to the small, compact,clean bale which it The bale of 125 pounds is the true package, call it a quarter bale and rate foil r to the bale for statistical purposes. U can be handled better, earned cheap er and used more easily. We are not afraid of com pression. especially when a little cotton is com pressed at a time. und the _ transition from these primitive methods to the com plex machinery of the modem factory, there havt been lint two original inventions—all other progress has been but some kind of modification of these pre-liis.oric methods. The curd is but the substitute for the fish-bone. The rollers of Arkwright are still imperfect Whoever can find a seamless substitute for the leather cot with which the top roll of the spinning frame is covered, will add live or ten per cent to the capacity of every mill, and may make a great fortune. The merit of the saw gin is in its capacity rather than in the quality of its work. Some of the most valuable kinds oi green seed cotton in that field and others o! the same kind, which have been sent me, cannot be ginned on n saw gin. You- are well aware that there is a great difference in the tenacity with which the fiber adheres to the seed, and in those varieties in which the tenacity is great the* roller gin must be used —teazle burr—each spiudle of the thousand on a frame is the same as the single one attached to the wheel: who invented the loom no man knows. The saw gi:.; of Eli Whitney and the extension of the strand by means of rollers attributed to Ark wright. but really invented by Hyatt, constitute the two original ' inventions; ami the Ozier cotton-peeler and other similar kind are ruined bv the saw-gin, and when mixed in the same bale orlot with common staple,they injure the whole for our use. As I have said, we must have uniformity, but we want these' tine long cotton midway between sea island and uplimd for a great variety of use. It is a mistake to hybredize black and green seed, crossbreed,rather, on selected varie ty of green seed, and when you have a variety like the Ozier, keep it separate and ghl on a roller gin. There are new varieties of roller gius in the exhi bition. and another of the greatest promise, the Os good gin, will soon come from Massachusetts. I confidently expect to see a roller gin developed, if it does not now exist, that will equal a saw gin in quantity and beat it in quality. Now let me call your attention to the funda mental principle, on which your success in spin ning and weaving cotton must stand or fall. It is not a question of wages—no wages can be measured in less money than the earning of these Indian women, or these Chinese laborers. Goods arc made at the lowest cost by those who earn the highest wages, wherever modern machinery is ap plied to their fabrication. The wages in yonr southern factories are much lower than in ours at the north, but you employ :MJ more hands than we do to a thousand spindles, with their proper com plement of looms. In some of your best mills you work as economi cally as we do, but isolated mills, scattered at far distances are at a disadvantage anywhere. So far as you undertake cotton manufacturing with a view to anviliing more than a local demand, concentrate your mills and let all the appliances and subsidiary emplovmetit grow up around them. I have never taken the ground that there were any climatic dif ficulties in many parts of the south. The real dif ficulty is that the margin of profit is very small on a very large capital, and unless you can work, in the long run, on a very small margin you _ cannot succeed. These times are no criterion: it is “hard times" that test ability and relative conditions. Let this be borne in mind; The yarn of which the standard coarse sheeting or drill is made, No. IS. weighs three-quarters of a grain to the yard, The yarn of which a summer lawn is made. No. SO, weighs one-quarter of a grain »o the yard. Ttose are substantially the limits of the useful cotton manufacture. All work above So’s is fancy work. Our range is therefore within the limit oi half a grain to the raid of yarn, of which cloth is woven. A variation of a fraction makes the profit or the loss. We must use everv precaution ana save at every point or else we fail. May 1 say that the true prep aration for success in cotton manufacturing must be in knowing how to save the fraction of a cent. We must do this in Sew England or starve. We have no alternative. Yon cannot spin cotton when you do not know the difference between a cent and a nickel. 1 say to you once more, as I have said before, you have a fieid for profit in which we cannot share, in the preparation of cotton for the spinner, which oflers a better opportunity for profit on small invest ments of capital than any other branch of cotton manufacturing that you and we can engage in. 1 have often tried to account for thq attraction which is presented by cotton growing and potion spinning. The dairy products of the country are greater in value and‘far more important to the wel- iure of the people than the cotton in >p; our shoe factories in Massachusetts employ more persons at higher wages than our cotton factories. The gen eral conditions of life are much better in towns where there are no great factories than in those which ure tilled with them. A small capital can be insure, all of them north-of the Potomac,which will contain nearly a million more spindles when com pleted; some are built already, others will be built next season. At the date of the census we had 10,700,000 spin dles. The product of about 700,000 was exported and the expert is increasing, the rest served our own peple: 250,000 spindles to each million. The spindles added since June So, 1880, and those now building or projected for next season must suffice for tne three years ending June :S0,1883, and al though the increase is large, I do not think it is yet excessive. If we do not have a railway panic or some other temporary cheek to our prosperity. In the three years named the normal Increase of our population will be not far from 4,500,000, to which immigration will add 1.500,000 more—O.twO.OOOin all. The normal increase of spindles required would, therefore, be 1,500,000, without counting on new uses for cotton fabrics, or increase of exports. Such will cost not far from 530,000,000, complete, with their requisite dwellings and auxiliary buildings, and they will require about 225,000 bales of cotton in euch year at the present average. . That you will share in this increase, is the wish of every man, but that you cau, as yet, share even in a measure that will much more than compensate for the increase of population in your owu section is not much to be expected, taking the whole three years into account, but your prospect will be vastly better in the next three years, when the normal increase mnst be 2,000,008 spindles. There is room for us all and no one need fear to find a market as you increase and improve your crop and reduce its cost. Why do we study this ex hibition so carefully outside of all that pertains to cotton? Because we find in the exhibits of ore, mineral, timber and products of agriculture other Ilian cotton, the evidence of such opportunities for occupation and such an assurance of wealth, that we are sure we shall find more customers than we hall ever find competitors among you: and we only need to look outside the exhibition and to take note of the activity, the enterprise aud the prosperity of Atlanta to confirm our judgment. And, gentlemen, right here let me express the most cordiul thanks to the citizens of Atlanta and of the state of Georgia for the abounding hospitality with which myself und my friends from the north have been received. When you visit us we will try to equal your kindness—we can never exceed it. We are amazed at Atlanta, we foresee 100,000 peo ple here when we come again to your great cotton exhibition of 1S91. Shall we then drink your health in the water of the Chattahoochee and inspect all your works in which the wheels will be turned and the boilers will be fed by your abundant supply of water from that source? Let me now say a few words upon the subject of ? greatest moment to you and to us. What you have acked most in the past have been means of inter communication. Your country has been inhabited by a sparse and widely scattered population—the area of your land under cultivation in cot ton lias never exceeded Liree per cent of the area of the specific cotton states. Your former system of labor forbade diversity of occupation aud confined vou mainly to the pursuit of agriculture, and you know yourselves better than I do how large a share of every crop is swallowed up in freight and charges. There is nothing in the world so important to you as the reduction of tlic cost of moving, baling, pressing and disposing of your cotton. It is of the utmost importance to us and to you that the cotton hall pass from the farm to the factory at the very lowest cost. What we need most is middling cottton at ten cents a pound, or less, aud what you need most is that the biggest part of the ten cents shall go into the pocket of the man who raises the cotton. The western wool grower sells his wool for cash on his own farm, and so can you, if you adopt the right method. Why is this prioe so important? I am informed by gentlemen conversant with the traffic with China, that when drills can be sold in Boston or New York at 7 cents a yard, or less, the market may be vastly extended. At that price we beat the hand made goods; that is to say, at a little less than twenty cents a pound. When middling cotton is nine cents apound in New York drills ean be profitably made aud sold at 7 cents a yard. If, then, a wide market is open at that priee the point at which the grower of cotton should aim would be to diminish all the intermediate changes between the farm aud the market. What are those changes? 1st. Y'our costly and wasteful system of ginning and baling with an old-fashioned country press. 2d. Heavy expense for getting your cotton to a railroad. 3d. Compressing and factors’charges. 4th. Freights to the principal markets twice or three times as nigh as those which prevail between east and west. What portion of the 10 cent* in New Y'ork do these charges absorb? A quarter? Yes—a third? Yes, often. And at every point on the way, in the gin. in the press,on the wagon aud on the rail, yonr cot ton is depreciated. The only thing that saves you is that you possess the only land, yet open to civiliza tion* which can produce the staple needed. Egvpt, under English rule, which may be near, could equal you even at that. If the northern Italians, who are now moving in force 120,000 last year, mostly to the Paraguay and Parana rivers of South America, should take up cotton growing, they may possess a land fully equal to your own. 5 No-monopoly can long be sustained bn the face of th';* forth, and even yon must he prepared for com petition. ' Let me call vour attention to this matter of Italian emigration. One hundred and twenty thousand migrated last year, mostly to South America. The northern Italians are a frugal and laborious race accustomed to a hot climate. Italy is poor, whole- districts arc now devastated by the pellagra—a dis ease almost as bad as leprosy brought on by an in sufficient diet. Can you not organize this emigre tiou and turn it hither? Where ure your railway managers? Arc they as slow in this as they have been in bringing the crowd they might bring here? Had this exhibition been in one of our states every railroad in the state would have competed to sec which could _ bring to it -the greatest number of visitors at _ the lowest cost, not for your sakes, but for their own. What railroad line can negleet the instruction of this great industrial school house? I am amazed that in a state so full of vigor and energy in all else as the state of Georgia is, the managers of your rail road should have been so slow in perceiving where their greatest interest lies.. .... Study the successful lines of railroad in the north, runningeastand west, and in every ease the lines which carry tho largest amount of freight and the greatest number of passengers at the lowest charge, are also the most profitable to their owners. But we must return to competition in cotton. Aside from this outside competition, if it is true that even one man can make cotton at three cents i pound, then your own crops will go on inereusin; year by vear. For tills reason, again, you lute every incentive to reduce the charge between the cotton grower and the cotton spinner. Now, gentlemen, perhaps I shall surprise you. There is, perhaps, no single standard by which the intelligence and prosperity of a state or nation mav be measured than bv the proportion which its miles of railroad bear to its area. True, it is not an absolute standard; a part of a state like Maine may be almost unhabitable, or canals may serve a free nation, like the Netherlands, better than railroads; or moutain ranges may forbid rapid construction as in some of our western territory: yet, after making all allowances, the standard is a good one; and now I am proud to show this chart. Mv own native state, old Mas sachusetts, in spite of her sterile soil, in spite of her Berkshire mountains and her rocky hills, notwith standing she could not board herself for a week on a year’s product of grain, yet possesses the most adequate railway service of any state in the world. Mark how the long lines of adequate railway ser vice follow the footsteps of free conditions or of the mounted most of the difficulties connected with the industrial revolution in your southern states. Is it too much to expect to average a little over 0,000 miles of railroad a year for the next sixteen years? if this is not over-sanguine, and I think it is not, for we are building this year nearer 10,000 than 0,000 miles, then we shall accomplish the work. it looks, as I have said, like a very big job: but I will make it appear a very little one. A fair average cost of an average mile of railroad, is $35,000: that sum of money measures the service oi every man engaged in it, from the presidents of the railroads, the iron works, and the mint s, down through the workers in the rolling mills, iron mines, and mechanic shops, to the commonest la borer who digs and delves on the track. At two dollars a day average for the whole force, each one hundred miles requires the service of 5,000 men for one year. In order that we may build 100,000 miles iu sixteen years, a force of laborers must be continuously employed during that jieriod of 350,- 000 men. It looks like a large force; but as I have said on this chart, “while Europe prepares for war, we pre pare for work.” if during these sixteen years we should sustain standing armies equal to the present armies of France or Germany in active service in proportion to the average population of the jieriod, our stand ing army would number 700,000 men. Can we spare one-half that force to build our railroads? Now, consider that with the railroad comes every other branch of industry which goes to make the state—the wheelwright, the carriage maker, the blacksmith, the worker in wood, the worker in iron, the car builder, the tinsmith—nil the repre sentatives of the various arts out of which villages are made, und on the foundation of whose work towns are built up and cities grow into existence. Will you take your share in thisgrent work? You are richer than you know; but you have not yet found out how to concentrate you ealth; how to make great aggregates of capital out of small savings of aeii workman and workwoman, after the manner of our savings banks. We are also giving many of our children a trade so that each ean use his hands as well as his head. It is by this combination that we must work if we are to keep our place in com petition with you. We are eagerly seeking to solve the question of industrial education: only by this id by the savings bank can we be saved. 'cave your pennies and learn to use your hands,” that is our rule. The measure of success, in busi ness is the amount of work a man ean do for his neighbor better than he ean do it for himself. I call your attention to the examples of the work of the pupils in our school of mechanic arts of the ichusetts institute of technology, which you common school; after making all necessary qualifi cations note the sequence—Massachusetts, England Belgium, New Jersev, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Delaware (saved, however, only by her position), Indiana, 'lire, Switzerland, New Y'ork, Iowa, tised to-dav to lietter advantage in making clothing than in making cloth. What then is the seeret ? I think it is this: good cotton and good cotton cloth are as good as monev anywhere—they need no legal tender acts to make them pass current. They are drafts at sight for tea, coffee, sugar, for iron and steel: whatever we want we ean buy with cotton or cotton cloth. We have now a little over 11,000,000 spindles in the United States, aud 1 have at my oflice a list of new mills which I either insure now or expect to New Hampshire Germany. I have said that there is no better single standard than the proportion of railroads to the square mile of territory of any state, by which to gauge the condition and prosperity of the people. I ask vou, gentlemen of Georgia, if you will lag behind. I ask you, men of the south, what you will do in this matter? Y'ou say to me. perhaps. Massachusetts is a small state, close to the seaboard, and may therefore attribute the excess of her rail way mileage to that. But look at Ohio, Illinois, Iowa: consider these lines which represent the proportionate mileage of all the great states of the west; shall they lead you much longer? Y'ou have the larger part to do oi what we may- call a very big job, which must be done before this century is ended. , , . I have made a computation of the number ot miles of railroad which must be constructed in sev eral of vour states in order that you may be served half as well as Massachusetts new is, in order that you may have one mile of railroad to each eight square miles of territory: Georgia will need 4,700 miles; South Carolina 2,300 miles: Virginia 2,900 miles: Kentucky 3,100 miles; aud in order that some other states may" be served one-fourth as well as Massachusetts, or oue mile of railroad to sixteen square miles of territory. North Carolina will need 1.700miles; Tennessee 1.000miles: Mississippi 1 700 miles; Alabama 1.300 miles. Arkansas 2,300 miles; Louisiana 1,960miles, Texas 14,000 miles. I have computed Hie whole table of all the states to see what number of miles of railroad will he re quired to be added to our present service in order that all the states and territories may be one-fourth as well served as Massachusetts now Is; and it will require for that purpose 117,000 miles in addition to the 100,000 which we now have. But we will be content to double our railway- service : that is to say, to add 100,000 miles in the next sixteen years. ‘ . , I take this period for several reasons: it will be sixteen years at the end of the present year, since the civil' war virtually ended. In that period we have added 00,000 miles out of the 100,000 miles of railroad which we now have; at the rate of 4,125 miles a year. In that period we have overcome the curse ot paper monev; we have restored the specie standard: we' have paid more than one-third, nearly one-half of our national debt; we have greatlv increased our population; we have passed through the most severe commercial crisis ever known: and most important of all, we have sur- Massac will soon find in the exhibition building. There is no more suggestive or useful lesson in that whole building titan the one Hmtis taught by that set of bits of iron, and steel, aud wood. You have all the materials iu richest abundance: you have the minerals, you have the timber, you have the soil, you have the climate, you have every thing wiUi which nature ean endow you. Have you the men capable of grasping the ad jutages now spread before you? That is the only question, aud this great exhibition is but the first syllable of your reply to that question. Y'ou have them; that we now know if we neverjdid before. Gentemen, mark the line of the proportionate miles of railroad in Kansas and in Geor gia. Almost the first money I ever earn ed was subscribed to the stock of the New England Emigrant Aid company, by which immigration into Kuusas was organized. Joint Car ter Brown, the greatest cotton manufacturer of Rhode Island, was president, and Amos A. Law rence, of most honored name—one of the subscrib ers to this exhibition—was one of the officers and most active men. Lawrence is now the Atlanta of Kansas—its rail road center—and last year Kansas produced 130,000,- 000 bushels of grain. What did it? The railroad. Y’ou cau pass Kansas if you will match cotton against corn. Add yourmore abundant minesiutd ill your timber, which she lacks. Will you do it? It is very true that the density of population should be considered in estimating the proportion of railroads, as well as area; but do not railroads tiring imputation? Do they not lead population in the west? Do they not create diversity of occupa tion? Why, gentlemen, there is one little plaee in Ohio which contains only about lti.oui) people whose; railroad tounange, irrespective of general merchandise, is double the entire weight of your whole cotton crop of over 6,000,009 bales. The ores of iron and coal moved into Y'ouugstown, Ohio, und the products moved out in 1SS0 weighed over 3.000,- 000 tons. Gentlemen, the wonder of Hie railroad is never ceasing—there is a profitable copper mine in Ari zona at which the ore is smelted with coke, brought out l'rpm England, and the engines on the railroad, by which the coke is carried to the mine are drawn by coal brought from Australia. I cannot too often repeat the fact that a day’s wages of a workman in Massachusetts will pay for moving his year’s supply of flour and meat a thou sand miles, from Chicago to Boston. We have about $75,000,000 in vested in cotton mills in Massachusetts, but the capital of our railroads is more than n hundred millions; and that reminds me that tlie deposits in our savings banks of our working people, of our servants, of our school mis tresses, of our operatives, of our ministers and doc tors, of those who are not rich, but who mostly work for wages to cam their daily bread, is more than two hundred and twenty-five million dollars—more than the whole capital of all our cotton mills and our railroads combined. I told you last year you needed the savings Lank more than any other business institution; tliereis a vast unused capital* in your southern states in the hordes of tlie working people waiting for use, but there is one condition precedent even to the savings bank. When Mr. Kimball asked me how to provide against fire in the exhibition, I told him; that after lie had all his pumps, pipes and hydrants in place, he must put in some pails and then some buckets and keep them full of water, and then add some more pails trad a few buckets; then put in some buckets aud add some pails, and when he had enough, double the number. Now if you would protect yourselves against the wasteful and consuming fire of poverty and ignor ance you must set up schools, first some primary, then some grammar, llii?n some high: then add some more primary, double the grammars, and keep up with the high; and when you have enough begin again and establish some more, Where are your dairies? Y’ou farmers from the hills of Georgia, from (he mountains of the Caro lines and Tennessee; aye, from the North Cumber land valley, from the French Broad river, even from thatgreat blue grass country of Kentucky. Where arc your dairies? Slav I venture to suggest that there is a more profitable ltegend than that which is sometimes called "bourbon” and sometimes called “moonshine.” The cow that yields that liquor whisks no tail, but docs whisk a key which had bet ter be turned on the inside. The editor ot the journal of the American agri cultural association has kindly furnished me with some data, which I beg the editors of The Constitu tion not to omit. It is too long and too full of fig ures to give you here. “Referring to our conversation during your call on Friday last on your way to Atlanta. 1 hope you will devote a portion of your forthcoming speech at the exposition, to a discussion of the adaptability of the blue grass country of Kentucky to dairying, i consider it desirable that oue who has done so much by practical suggestion ior the advancement of the best interests of the south, should give expression to an idea which if followed out 1 am sure will do vast good to the people of the section which you in your article on ‘The Railroad and the Farmer,’ in the first number of the journal of this association, and Mr. Plumley in hisadmira- ble paper on the soil of the blue grass country in the present number, have done so much towards setUng forth these features prominently before the country. Y'ou say in the article mentioned, the 'blue limestone, commonly known as the blue grass, section of Keneueky covers 10,000 square miles, or 0,400,000 acres. With a tolerable system of farming it is callable of producing as large a crop •aw acre, without manure, as the average of the high farming in England. The rotten limestone containing very targe proportions of phosphates and sending up new elements of fertility every year.’ Prof. Plumley confirms all you say, and adds: The blue grass itself, is a strong grass, of a deep green" color, and unmistakably different from all other grasses—which seems to grow under the shade of a spreading tree, as other grasses do in the sun. This gives to the country a charming park-like character which distinguishes it. Everywhere one may see pretty woodland pastures dotted with fig ures and this with the green sward extending right up to their boles. The pastures, when kept down “I give you these figures for a two-told purpose: first to show that tne dairy belt is not a narrow one, and to iudicate Unit there can not be too much good butter and cheese made, for the prices of these articles are to-day as dear or dearer in cora- parison with the pun-hasing power of our currency, than they were fifteen years ago, when the produption was not half what it is at present. 1 recommend dairying to the farmers of the blue grass country, because it seems to me that that section with its soil is better adapted to dairy ing than any other part of tlie country, and because the dairying industry is cue of the most profitable, cleanly and wholesome of any branch of agrieul-* ture. It will be fouud that in every part of the United states where dairying is practiced as a specialty that the fanners are the most prosperous of the agricultural class. The outlet tor fine butter is prabtlcally unlimited. Great as our production of butter is, we export less of it in proportion to tile amount produced in this country than of any other agricultural product. Instead of shipping as at present 30,000.000 or 35,000,000 pounds of butter an- uually, we ought to be able to supply 100,000,000 pounds to Great Britain alone, and there is an op portunity to ship twice that amount to the South American suites, whilst the home demand is constantly increasing. This is illustrated by the fact that the demand for butter and cheese in the west is greater than the supply thertymd keeps the price almost as high in Chicaop as on tlie seaboard, whilst the south, a large con sumer of butter and cheese, is draw ing her supply largely from the northwestern states. Justus the quality of butter and cheese have improved—and they have improved on an average from 25 to 50per cent for the last ten years—the home consumption has increased The rich and poor alike to-day; de mand und obtain a quality of butter that only those in the best circumstances could afford to pur chase a few years ago. 1 need only add that the dairy industry instead of depleting the soil en riches it. Ana from yours aud Professor Plumlcy’s description of theblue grass region, I shall not be surprised if thejbest and largest portion of the but ter and cheese made in this country is produced on the 6,000,000 acres in Kentucky, which you men tioned. or at least within the larger limits to which you extend the blue grass region.” I indorse all that Mr. Uoall has written about tho blue grass, but up here on the hills of Georgia, on your cheap land—up in these upper mountain val leys—is the place for the southern dairy. Why, gentlemen, tlie Swissexport ton million one pound cans of condensed milk every year, besides butter and cheese. What do you say to that ? Y’ou cannot now export milk from this country, because 40 per cent of the weight of each can is the best of refined sugar, aud Switzerland has sugar free of duty, but the condensed milk factories cannot yet supply onr home demand and a draw-back may be arranged to cover the sugar duty. There are other potentialities in tlie future of your southern land, which have as yet been hardly touched. Tho world has heretofore depended on wild products, and on barbarous or somi-barba- rous methods izi respect to very many of the most necessary articles used. In our own country, our principal supply of beef at the present time ramies trom almost wild cattle which range over the broad plains of tlie west; but it is clear that other methods must be adopted and that we can no longer rely upon this rough and semi-lmrbnrous method. The heavy steers pastur ed continuously within a limited, although wide, area, are treading out the grasses. The buffalo caused no such effect. They ranged freely, passing from one section to another according to tlie sea son. It is a well established fact that the great plains are now fairly, if not fully, stocked; and no great increase of fraid can be expected from there. But here, what may be called the civilized method conies in, just in the nick of time. Y'ou have in this exhibition the example of a method of saving green com, called “ensilage," packing away green corn stalks, eowpeas, clover, and other succulent food in deep pits. 1 have examined thi* method as far as it is possi ble for one not engaged in agriculture to study it: and it seems to me a clearly established fact that it will restore the fanning of New England to its pristine prosperity; that it will make it possible for us to grow our own cattle cheaper than we can bring them from anywhere else: and that it is a revolution in the methods of agriculture of tho north. If so, yet more is it another step In the revolution which is going on in the method of agriculture of the south. Major Jones proves here what can be done on the small farm; but he has only begun. 1 f he will permit me to say so, he is yet an apprentice, marvelous ns his results seem to be. Let him build pits, and put those huge corn stalks, eighteen feet high, chopped in half inch pieces, into Uiem just at the time when the com is in the silk; let him mix clover or eowpeas with the mass; let him then feed liis stock with the food and save his cotton seed, and depend upon it, ho will reduce the cost of liis cotton one-half, even on the three cents a pound at which he has al ready made it. 1 hear somebody say, whatfolly " ill that man commit next? Bide your time, gentle men, this is no bigger folly than to have dared pro pose exhibition. But there are other matters of yet paramount im portance. The oil of the great nation of China is. mainly made from beans. This I learned some- years ago, when I was investigating the variety of cotton whieli grows in north Chinn, in latitude 42“. of which I then imported some ot.. the seed. This bean* is a very prolific variety; whether it is known or unknown ill this country 1 have been unable to find out. It produces nearly a ton oi bean to an acre, and the bean yields more than ten per cent of its weight in oil. The cake- serves as food, but is mainly used. as a fertilizer,, es|ieciolly for sugar cane. • It may be a cowpca tra der another name. Every plant of this sort is of the utmost value, us it draws nitrogen from the at mosphere, and iixes it in a form suitable to fertilize the soil. 1 thought it worth while to send to China for a considerable parcel of these beans, and for a sample of the oil, which Messrs. Russell Co. kindly contributed through me to the Atlanta cot ton exhibition. They arc for distribution. Another subject has not been considered at all. bv grazing cattle, present the apjtearance of care- fttlly tended lawns. The vegetation is everywhere of the most luxuriant quality. So closely in fact is the face of nature covered with vegetable growth that a peculiar softness of outline marks the swell of the hills and the profile of the woods. I have, ror many years, taken a deep special interest in tlie dairy Industry, and it has been my jirivi- lege to see all the best districts of the l uited States and Great Britain. But I confess never to have seen a country apparently so well adapted for dairying as the delightful description you two gentlemen give of this locality. As I mentioned to you when here, it is but u few years since it was believed that the por tion of this country adapted to dairying was con- lined to a narrow belt la-ginning in Vermont, run ning across the center of the state of New York, taking in a srjall portion of Pennsylvania, the northern part of Ohio, northern Indiana and south ern Michigan, the upper portion of Illinois, the lower portion of Wisconsin, and a narrow strip in Iowa. That was when pastures were depended upon for the production of milk, and when Chi cago imported her butter and cheese from the east, atid Canada procured her supplies from the state of New Y'ork. About fifteen years ago Israel Boise, a former citizen of New Y'ork state, started a creamery in Illinois, and began feeding eom meal to his cat tle in tlie winter and making his principal supply of butter at that season of the year. The system lie inaugurated has extended until there are now over 500 butter and cheese factories in the state of Illinois alone: Iowa about 100 cheese factories and 400creameries: Minnesota about 1U0 creameries; Wisconsin about 400 cheese factories and 100 cream eries: Missouri ubout50chee.se and butter factories; whilst the [states of Kansas and Nebraskahave seve ral. The production'of butter and cheese in the northwestern states in lsso amounted to about S40,900,0u0. Canada now lias between 500 and GOO butter and cheese factories together. The supply of india rubber is gained mainly by what is called the barbarous methods; and al though there is as yet no sign of exhaustion In tlie forests which are treated in such a way as to rap idly kill the trees, yet it may be only a question of time when that exhaustion will happen. There is little doubt that the great swamp of Flor ida, which has lately been purchased by Mr. Diss- ton. of Philadelphia, and which is to be-drained, will prove suitable for the cultivation of the india- rubber tree. There is another product which lias until recent ly been what I have named as barbarous; on which the health of your people depends more than upon almost anything else—Peruvian bark, cinchona, quinine; until within a very recent period, it had been obtained exclusively from the forests of Peru; but after long and arduous work, the cultivation of the tree hies been established by the Dutch iu Java, and by the English upon the Nilghii hills ill India. Two reports nave recently been made upon the success of the English in establishing the culti vation of the tree anil the manufacture of quinine. It is not onlv a success as a matter of safety for the health of the people, but a great commercial suc cess. I have not seen the works themselves, but from the reviews which I have read, it would ap pear that the region in which the tree is success fully cultivated ui>oii these hills in India corresponds very closely in the quality of the soil, in temperature, and in climatic conditions to the slopes in western North and South Carolina, and northern Georgia; especially to what you call the thermal belts. I had previously supposed that in Peru the cli mate in which tills tree was found was excessively humid; but from the latest account of the higher hills, it would appear that they grow in a dry. brac ing climate, subject to quite severe cold weather, in fact, to freezing weather in winter. It is a matter which ought to have immediate in vestigation and attention, and I commend it es pecially to Commissioner Loiing, commissioner of rrleulture of the United States. In this exhibition you will also find nnothcr ex ample of a wild product: the wild silk of north Chinn, sometimes called Tussah, Pongee or Clteefoo the latter being the name of the district in which it is principally found. The worm which produces this silk, in latitude 42 , in a climate which is very cold in winter, feeds upon the oak tree. Tlie silk is full of tannin and cannot be readily dyed; the goods as sold are <*{ their natural color, and exceedingly strong and durable. Captain Arthur, of the British navy, attache of the legation in this country, lately informed mo that he thought he had seen the variety of oak on which this worm feeds, in southwest Virginia, and as you have in your section three-fourths of all the known varieties of oak, there is no doubt but what the silkworm can be naturalized among you. Pro fessor Riley tells me there is not much to be ex pected from this, however. This exhausts the list of the subjects of which I have any knowledge, or to which I have given any attention. I make these suggestions, hoping that they may oiien to you new visions of the potentialities, both oi vour laud and of ours—of our common country. f have done. I thought my speech was written when I left the north, but there is not much here of what I prepared there. My inadequate conception of this exhibition limited my thought. Since I came r have devoted each fifteen minutes interval which vou have permitted me between one kind of hospita’litv and another, to puttingjthese disjointed scraps together. Pardon the repetitions und the absence of consecutive method. I thank you for your kiud attention, and hope I have not wearied you overmuch. . . . „ Let me say before I close, that while to you is due a word of praise, which others must render, for 1 have no words equal to the task, for the work you have done here, the most precious legacy which I can leave to mv children, and the proudest memo rial of my life to which they can point hereafter, will lie the record that J propo.-rai this exhibition, and even faintly foreshadowed its beneficent in fluence. " , , I have said you need the school house every where. This is’the greeting whieli New England sends you now: Success to your great primary school of industry, the Atlanta cotton expositson, an object lesson iu all the arts of peace. Baros TaccH-NITZ has now issued 2,000 vol umes of English literature. A Bonn paper compli ments him on the services he ha* rendered to Ger man students of English, and on tlie liberality he has shown to authors, especially to Americans, who have no copyright treaties.