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FARMS AND FARMERS. Ehort Talks With the Men Who Guide the Plow. QUERRIESON FARM TOPICS ANSWERED Winter Work. After the crops are gathered there is a dis position to procrastinate, to defer work until toward spring. The result is that the farmer Is usual!}’ very,much crowdedfin the spring ;' t his ■work gets much ahead of him and pushes him hard. ' Especially is this the case in wet springs. Imperfect work is the consequence, and the evil effects of it follow him through all subse quent cultivation of his crops. It is an old and excellent adage that a farmer should push his work, and never let his work push him. To do this he must look well ahead and plan judiciously; he must be vigilant and ener getic. Let him ask himself now: Is there any necessary or desirable work which can be done through the winter about as well as any other time? A moment’s reflection will suggest a good many. First, all those operations which look to the stopping of injury done by rains. Hillside ditching, terracing and tilling of gullies. Second, removing obstructions, grubs, rocks, stumps,, etc. Third, repairing farm roads, bridges, etc. Fourth, repairing implements, preparing duplicate parts to pro vide for accidents, making axe and hoe helves, single and double trees, wagon bodies, hay frames, etc. Every one of these things can be done during the winter, and leave the farmer free in spring and summer to devote his entire time and energy to the preparation for the planting and the cultivation of his crops. Hillside ditches—l f one has these, they are quite sure to need some looking after. They will bo found obstructed in places, perhaps broken over in some, little washes may bo farms just above where the water runs into them. The sooner these things are corrected the better, delay only increases the evils they produce. An obstruction may soon cause a breakover; the washes at break overs will grow deeper with every rain. Remember that the cause cf a break over is always below the point where it occurs—too narrow or too shal low a place in tho ditch—a root or stump which has collected trash, etc., etc. When new ditches have to be run, the ground in ■winter is in*good condition for making them; it is moist and soft. Tho plow alone can do nine-tenths of the work. A two-horse hill side plow is the proper one. Mark off the line of ditch, then start the plow the distance of five or six furrows below the marked-off Imo, and plow up to it, throwing dirt down hill all the lime. This done, go over and over again, beginning each time one furrow nearer the line of ditch than was done before. Finally a wide, degp furrow will be formed along tho line of ditch with a broad dam below it. Now run in this furrow a V-shaped opener, mode of stout plank, and two and a half feet wide behind, and you will have a nice, broad ditch without a lick of hoe or shovel, unless there should be roots or rock to be removed. But, except for cutting off water from un cultivated slopes, etc., terraces are preferable to ditches. Terracing is best done in fall and early winter—partly because there is then more leisure, partly because, more time is given the terrace borders to settle and become firm before the heavy rains of spring attack them. Lay off border lines exactly on a level, going down hill for the next one, just three feet below (measured on a horizontal line) tire one above. Make a broad list along the line, leaving the centre of the list unbroken by the plow. This is all that is actually necessary. If this list is never disturbed it will grow up in weeds and grass, and will filter out and catch the dirt washing down from above. Unas sisted, it may take years to make a level terrace. By breaking land with a lullside plow, throwing dirt down hill all the time the result will be hastened. We commend terracing with greatest confidence to ail who have rolling lands liable to wash. For filling gullies what bettor time can be found than the present. The fields are in great measure unoccupied by crops, and wa gons and teams may pass over them without detriment. All manner of obstructions, as rocks, loose stumps, bushes and briars, which should now be removed,famish material for tho work. It is unnecessary labor to fill a gulley along its whole length. Obstructions placed at intervals answer every purpose. These will catch and hold the dirt which finds its way into the gulley, and that is the main point to be looked after. If a gully is not too deep, plow or cut down its edges so that a horse can cross it. If good obstructions aro placed across a gulley, and they are crossed in plough ing, and the dirt and trash on plow shaken off in passing over, it is wonderful how soon it will till up. Plow the edges of the gulley in crossing, but never loosen up the bottom—let that remain firm and grow up in weeds and grass. When a gully is a necessity as an outlet for waler, sufficient obstructions should be placed in it to keep it shallow enough to allow cross ing with the plow, if not with wagons. Whore crossing is practiced, tho edges of tho gulley can easily bo kept clear of bushes, which other wise grow up rapidly and deface the field, or else require much labor every year to keep them down. Where recks are present in cultivated fields, it is true economy to remove them. They re tard hoeing, and they interfere with plowing. The time thus lost would soon pay the cost of removing them. If too large to handle, they may often be broken up by building a fire on them and pouring water on them when hot. Sometimes they may be quite readily broken with a heavy hammer. 1 f neither of these are practicable, a I vie n r by may be dug, and the rock buried out of sight and out. of reach of plow. No better use can be made of smaller rocks than to make obstructions in gullies. W. L. J. J. A. 11., Please give meinfjr mntion as to the following: 1. How would sai.'lu.-t Vlo to t;.k; the place of leaves or str,<w in making manure in stable or lot for composting.' 2. What is the best distance to plant cotton on pxv land, to get the best yield; also on good laud to get tile I c-t yield' 3. If you were going to try and see how much coin you e .uld r.. sc on ' indy upl iud, using cotton seed and (table manure as fertilizer,how would you fix to plant ati acre? 1. Presume you rest r to pine sawdust. If freshly sawn, the r- in it is objectionable freely used it wot.ld be somew hat injurious to vegetation. AV hen old and long exposed to weather, it. >■ . ... obj.i tn liable. If dry it is » goal absorbi u , and th.refers a good deal used by livorystabfo men, who care little about the quality <.f manure. But sawdust is decidedly inferior to ]<■•»•.<or ,:-. V v as an ingredient of the compart hem.. 11 ii i little or no manorial value, .pt 11 ■ 1 .OSi oi .gup stiff toils, it is not worth Ju: can J ng. B <th ha. is and straw on tho con’rary 1.1 derided manurial value —centamm r u.i;-. „ n, phosphoric acid, and potash, not in -inti: yit true, but in quantity i n ily -b. a n by ana!;,-.is. They have the same w 1 ■ n.l properties of looming soils that.' i -vd .i-,t has. and mamirial properties besides. 2. The lar;.- st v , ].! j, obtained from close planting. .' . .; .it tv -am;-a-l.alf feet apart, and ]'.ut tho v. idth of hoe apart. On Buch land each pivot will mako three or four bolls alien crowded, and not many more, however meh room it 1 s. Within reason able limits (such a, above) the more stalks, the more Lolls, therefore. But there is knottier aspetu o fthc matter. The narrower the rows, THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION, ATLANTA, GA., TUESDAY. NOVEMBER 29. 1887 the greater tho labor of cultivation. With two-and-a-lialf feet rows as compared with three feet rows, the cost of cultivation is one fifth more. If, the three feet rows made 300 pounds of seed cotton per acre, the two-and-a half feet rows would have to yield 300 pounds to give equal profits. And clear profit is tho thing which must bo kept steadily in view. From the loose, unbusinesslike way in which farming is generally carried on, this rarely can ba done. Some vague idea as to the final result of the year’s work, as a whole, may be had, but it is rarely the case, that a farmer can toll the profit or loss of this crop or that—of this field or of another. Qn good upland, rows four feet wide and plants eighteen inches apart in the row is tho most approved distance for cotton. On rich alluvial soils, where the weed is unusually largo, the rows have to be wider, not so much for tho sake of increasing the quantity of fruit, but to admit air and sunshine, and cause the fruit to mature and open well. Five feet rows are not uncommon on such lands. 3. If the supply of stable manure was unr limited, we should broadcast thirty two-horse wagon loads to the acre, after pulverizing it well, and plow or harrow it in shallow in Feb ruary. Then before planting time open drills seven feet apart and put in 100 bushels green cotton seed per acre and bed on it. Plant corn on each side of the seed, in double rows, two feet apart, one grain every foot in each row. I’lant as early as possible to escape frost. Surry Dobson, N. C.: First. I want to ask if there is any difference in the benefit from lime ou free stone or limestone soils. I contend that on our freestone soils, where there is plenty of vegetable matter that liming will pay just as well as ou the limestone soils. lam differed from by a very old gentleman and wish to hear from you. 2. I intended to use lime in my wheat drilling, but did not, on account of being so late after haul ing it in. Expect to turn land this winter to sow oats with lime and phosphate in spring. What pro portions would you use in drilling to get a stand of clover? 1. Liming, where it does good at all, is benefi cial on both kinds of soils, lime and freestone. Lime has a great tendency to sink down in tho soil, and in virtue of this, tho surface soil becomes deficient in it in limestone countries. But the action of limo is uncertain and doubt ful in our southern climate. In cold climates where the soil is filled with vegetable matter, lime often produces most excellent results —but we have no facts of similar kind in the cotton states. Our advice is to go slow in liming experiments. 2. If we understand you correctly, you pro pose to mix some form of lime and phosphate together. If it be acid phosphate, it is not ad visable to mix lime witli it—the effect will be to destroy the solubility of the phosphate. Liberal applications of ashes will be more apt to secure a stand of clover, than any dressing of lime. F. G. M., Louisville, Miss.: First, I have a mule colt about five months old that walks (on his right front foot) as if the joint in the hoof was stiff. He never puts his heel to the ground; foot doesn’t seem sore nor is he lane. What must must Ido tor him? Second. Have another two years old that I castrated at One year old. The wound healed all right, tut a few months ago I noticed an enlarg ment; looks as if only one testicle had been re moved. Suppose it is hernia. Will it injure him ? Please give treatment and cure. First. Nothing. Leave the case to nature; it may get righted or it may not, but interfer ence is likely to do harm. Second. It may be hernia, though castra tion usually cures scrotal hernia where it ex ists previous to the operation. If it is hernia, it may continue to enlarge, and may prove very hurtful to the animal. If you cannot con sult a veterinary surgeon, call in your physi cian, throw the colt and let him see whether it is a case of hernia proper which can be re duced, or whether it is something else; water in the scrotum, for instance. Subscriber, Lithonia, Ga.: I have a plat of land of six a res, admirably suited for cotton. Two ami u half acres is poor land, but makes good cotton by a heavy application of commercial manures. The balance of the laud is good, witli a deep, rich soil, and made this year one thoma id pounds of seed cotton per acre. I wisli to bring the whole, if possible, to the highest stage of fertility. I propose, early in January to broadcast heavily with oak leaves, followed with a heavy application of cotton see-1 to the thinnest portion of the land, and turn in witli a good turn plow. By the first of April lay off in four-feet rows and apply twenty-five bushels of cotton seed, followed with a mixture of one hun dred and fitly lounds of cotton seed meal and acid phosphate per acre, mixed half and half. I seems to me if this course was pursued for several years, and no stock al'owed to run on the land, so that all bolls, stalks, leaves and stems were returned to the land annually, with tho heavy application of leaves and cotton seed, ete., it would make a soil rich in humus and bring about results desired. I would like to have your opinion, with such sug gestions as you may deem proper. Would not advise heavy broadcast applica tions of cotton seed for a crop like cotton, or for permanent improvement of the soil. Tho predominant ingredient in cotton seed is nitro gen, and that, in a form which soon passes into soluble substances in the soil, that aro liable to be leached out and lost. Cotton seed is ad mirable for feeding a crop, but not for fertiliz ing land. Applied to small grain, which leaves a good stubble with its roots, ou the land, cot ton seed may improve the land, but even then not very rapidly. It would be bettor, however, to alternate a small grain with a cotton crop on your poor land, and apply most of tho cotton seed to tho grain crop. Twenty bushels of cotton seed in drill, and ono hundred pounds of aeid phosphate, with fifty pounds of meal, would be a better application. Tho application of Heaves and tho keeping of stock off the land are very desirable, and would assist greatly in restoring fertility. As the land improved and became filled with humus the quantity of cotton-seed might be decreased and that of phosphate increased. When one’s object is to increase the supply of vegetable matter in tho soil, it should never be kept continuously under clean culture. The plow is a great destroyer of humus. We omit ted to state that the leaves (and cotton-seed if they are applied) should not bo turned under deep—not exceeding three or four inches. On poor, thin land the soil has to be deepened by degrees. W. IL H-, Yorkville, 8. C.: Some time back a gentleman of your stale invented, and had manu factured, a cotton chopper. Was it or was it not a success. If a success, have you seen <n: at work? Will it actually put cotton in the row io a stand; or do you have to go over it with the hoes? Do you think, from your knowle Igo of the machine, that it will reduce price of buoln; u cotton crop. Do not know what machine is referred to. But we venture to say that no chopper will ever bring cotton to a final stand without tho aid of the hoe under prevailing modes of pre paration anil planting. On level land free of obstructions, well prepared, carefully planted and a good stand secured, a chopper can block out cotton very well; but unless the seed could be sown so as to have the plants come up one in a place and at regular, short intervals apart, a chopper will always leave too many plants in tho hill. I lie first step toward < a successful cotton chopper is securing a more regular dis tribution of young plants in the drill. When this is perfected, a chopper Will lieoome a pos sibility. IL J, 8.. Jam s Station. Jones Co.. G<i.: I wish to |iut one hundred seres fu cutton next y i r. • rm half of it is r--d laud, nu 1 the oilier gray randy. I want to use cottonseed nieul, acid phosphate and kaimt. Plea e tc.l me 1.0. rto pr pare it. How much to put to on ner . when to put iu the ground, etc. How many pounds to pit In a row i<-ve ly I yards long. inorder to put one hundred and fifty points to the acre. What wll be the cost p;r ton? ! The quality of land regulates to some extent • the proportioning of ingredients in a fertilizer. Foor lanes call for larger doses of nitrogen. : Tho presence or absence of humus also deter mines tho quantity of fertilizer that may bo safely and profitably used. As yon give neither of these, we are somewhat in the dark, and in what we say, shall assume your land to be of medium fertility and not particularly rich in humus. Red land, as a rule, will bear somewhat heavier applications of fertilizers than gray land, but in absence of special knowledge of your land, no difference will bo made between the two. Tho following com bination is suggested: 1.000 pounds acid phos phate, 500 pounds kainit, 500 pounds cotton seed meal. Alix thoroughly and apply in drill like any other fertilizer when bedding land, 300 pounds per acre. Tho cost should approximate s2l a ton, based upon the supposition, that acid phos phate costs S2O a ton, kainit sls a ton, and cotton seed meal $24 a ton. The quantity put in a row 70 yards long will depend upon width of rows. If rows are three feet wide, and 150 pounds applied to an acre, then 2 1-7 pounds must bo put in a row 70 yards long. If rows are four feet wide, 2 88-100 pounds to row of same length. It is not necessary to mix differ ent substances much in advance of applica tion. It may be done on the same day they are applied. W. M. G., Hazel, N. C.: I got a horse in ex change, a month ago, that was warranted sound. Now, when trotted, his breathing is audible, an I, by some, ho is pronounced slightly windbroke. while others judge him to be “thickwinded” and sound. He does not breath hnid right after he stops moving. What is your opinion of it? Can it be cured by care and attention (he is but four and a half years old), or is it incurable, and is it consid ered not sound? If curable, how? The fact that ahorse, when'exercised, makes an unnatural sound in breathing indicates some obstruction in his air passages. Tho air cannot pass in and out as rapidly as the needs of his system demand, and such obstruction certainly constitutes a case of unsoundness; it interferes with his ability to work. “Thick wind’’ may be produced by several causes. A thickening of the living membrane of the windpipe, pressure from an enlarged gland un der the jaw, or from paralysis of some of the muscles connected with tho windpipe. There is ono case in which a horse makes a noise in breathing, without injury—it is where, in ex piration, the edge of tho nostrils aro thrown in vibration, as in snorting. This is not a defect; it occurs in animals with strong lungs and good wind. All other cases are the result of serious defects and aro difficult to cure. Palliative remedies, such as feeding concentrated food—never distend ing the stomach with food or water, especially just before working—green and rather laxative food, are pretty much all that can be relied on. J. A. C., Cedar Rock, N. C.: 1. Is it too late to sow grass seed for grazing, or would it be better now to wait and sow on wheat next spring and har row it in? 2. What is the best grass to sow for grazing? My land is moderately rich; will make from one-half to three-quarters bale cotton to the acre. It is in cotton this year. I want to turn it into a pasture for cattle and hogs. I propose sowing it as soon as I get cotton off, in wheat and grass. 3. How much grass seed ought I to put to the aero ? The land has a good clay sub-soil. There are about fif teen acres In the lot that I want to turn into pasture. 4. Is cotton seed good to manure grass and wheal, and ought the manure to be applied when plowing In wheat, or applied next spring ? 1. Too late to sow grass in your latitude, the young plants would get heaved out and killed by bard freezes. Sow early iu March and harrow in lightly. 2. It is best so sow several kirn’s, for two reasons. One that two different kinds, grow ing side by side, do not interfere with each other as much as two of tho same kind. Another, because different varieties are at their best at different seasons of the year, and when sown together make a more continuous pasture. Orchard, tall oat, red top or herds and English blue grass make a good combina tion. If your soil was rich limestone, wo should add Kentucky blue grass. One portion of your pasture should, by all means, be sot jin Bermuda. No other grass will furnish as much good grazing through the summer. None stands drought, overflows, tramping and close grazing so well as Bermuda. It is a pest when out of place, but in its place, it is a mine of wealth to southern farmers if the would use it judiciously. 3. Sow seed liberally; there is no economy in stinting seed. Two bushels of orchard and one each of herds, tall oat and English blue grass will suffice for an acre. Mix the seed thoroughly, divide in two and make two sowings, one across the other to insure uni formity of distribution. 4. Yes; very good. Plow in with the wheat, and if in the spring your wheat is not as green and flourishing as you could wish topdrcss it at the time of sowing grass witli a mixture of seventy-fivo pounds nitrate of soda and 100 pounds each of acid phosphate and kainit per acre. A subscriber from Kemper county, Miss., wishes to know where ho can get Yorkshire pigs. Those having them for sale can reach him through our advertising columns. G. W., Benton, Miss., asks us to send him our price list of grass and clover seeds. We do not deal in these or any other agricultural articles. Tho advocates of tho use of Dr. Bull’s Cough Syrup aro innumerable. Price 25 cents, su People don’t like high priced liniments, but they like Salvation Oil for 25 cents. su ■ ’ ... Prosperous Koumania. Bucharest, November 27.—Tho chambers were opened today. The speech from the throne was read by the king in person. Rou mauia has maintained good relations with all other powers, in spite of tho troubles near the frontier. Roumania had kept out of the con flict, and was gaining increased strength and confidence on all sides. Its army had been strongly developed, and the financial position of the country was satisfactory. Cancers Cared. Dr. A. G. Wollard, of Richmond, Va., is having great success in curing cancers. He has cured hundreds pronounced incurable by other physicians. Send for pamphlet with refer ences and certificates. The doctor can bo found at his office, No. 7 North Sixth street, (where he is permanently located), Richmond, Va. wkßt CREMATING THE ELEPHANTS. The Sacred White Elephant Had a Chinese Idol hi His Stomach. Bridgeport, Conn., November 27.- Peti tions are being circulated among merchants ams manufacturers asking that Barnum & Bailey retain tlieir winter quarters in this The bodies of two burned elephants were cremut-d yesterday by placing legs upon them and keeping them blazing until tho big skele tons were reduced to ashes. Professor Ward, of Itoohe- t.'-r. who mounted Jumbo’s hide and skeleton, sent two agents here, and on their arrival yesterday two of tho elephants were turned ov< rto them. The scientific men cut and sawed out the principal bones of the huge animals, and they will be bleaehedand mount ed tor the Koehc .ti-r museum. A policeman who stood guard yesterday during the cremation asked foi tin- si’oinu'-li of the -aer-'d white elepliant. as he bad heard of the finding of four dollars In pennies in Sam s >m’s stomach. His -ru-st was and lie at once set at work to cut <p< n the stom ach. H's delight knew no bounds when, arming a lot of ettrious things, ho fished out a genuine Chinese idol of i-.-ory, about eight i iiu-l e , iii length air-1 cla oraluly carved. The rein is one winch no doubt tho sacred beast swallowed while some of his attendants were devoutly worshipping. At'arty of Harvard Mtudenta A isited Cape IJod la .t summer to study tho natural history of tho coast. Tlieir amusing experiences have been described by one of their number for tho Youth’s Companion, which will publish tho article in ito coming volume. GEORGIA AND OHIO. The Buckeye Compared With the Empire State. IMPORTED STOCK AS BEEF CATTLE Americus, Ga, November 24.—From grass to live stock is a natural transition, for with out grass there can bo little profit in stock raising, and without live stock there can bo but partial profit in grass. It is probable that tho reason that there is so little live stock raised in the south is be cause so little attention has been paid to grass. Whether that bo tho reason or not, tho fact remains that in the Gulf states there has, for tho past twenty-five years, been little or no at tention paid to the raising of stock. There is no means of accurately arriving at tho amount of money paid out by tlie farmers of these states for horses and mules, and 1 re gret it, for lam sure tlie figures would be So startling as to arouse our people to the import ance of at least raising enough for home de mand. From the number of horses and mules an nually sold in Americus I should judge that not less than one hundred thousand dollars per year is paid by tho farmers of southwest Georgia for live stock to run their farms. No wonder that our farmers complain that there is no profit in farming. Not ono farmer in ten raises a single horse or mule. Not ono in a hundred raises enough to keep his farm stocked. There is not one who could not raise enough to stock his farm at comparatively no expense. The hundred thousand dollars paid out by farmers of southwest Georgia for horses and mules each year, at ten per cent, represents the interest on one million of dollars. Ono horse or mule represents the interest on ono thousand dollars. A live-mule farmer will, on an average, buy one mule a year, or pay the interest on one thousand dollars of his capital. That mule could bo raised by him at an expense of not exceeding twenty-live dol lars, and even that I consider a largo esti mate. Now w here do these horses and mules that our farmers purchase come from? Principally from Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. All grass growing states. Now let us look at tho manner in which these horses and mules aro raised —it may give our Georgia farmers some idea of how they can raise their own stock. Iq tlie states named above there aro very few exclusive stock farms, and they aro de voted to tlie raising of blooded stock, so that no portion of our supply comes from them. It is from tlie small farms, ranging in extent from eighty to two hundred acres, that tlie horses and mules we buy come from. Your small farmer iu Ohio has from two to four brood mares on his farm, and each of these mares produces him eacli year a colt. These brood mares are used in working the farm, so that their colts can bo considered as clear profit, except the cost of their raising, which amounts to but little. As soon as tlie colts are weaned they aro turned out to grass until winter, when they are stabled ami fed on hay, the next spring are again turned into tho pas ture. When they aro between two and three years old they aro broke io harness, but not put at heavy work. At the age of three years they are ready for market, ami bring from SBO to SIOO, according to size and style. Remem ber, now, that I am sneakihg of common farm stock. A farmer with two brood mares will sell, say six horses in five years mid keep up his stock ou tho farm. These will bring him in SSOO, or tho interest on SI,OOO for five years, so t hat the fanner in Ohio receives the interest which his Georgia brother pays. Tho Georgia' farmer could, if ho would, raise his horses and mules cheaper than can tho Ohio farmer. 'With a little thoughtful caro ho could have pasturage tho year round, so that food would cost him comparatively nothing. He would not bo obliged to shelter and feed his stock for from three to live months in the year, for at no time is the weather go cold in southwest Georgia as to make it warm shelter necessary. A rough shed would answer all purposes for a shelter. That horses can be profitably raised in this section has been demonstrated by Captain John A. Cobb and others of this county and tho Salters of Dougherty county, and their influ ence is being slowly felt. As an instance of the profit of horse-raising hi this section, I mention the fact that Captain Cobb was of fered SSOO for a two-year-old lillv which took tho premium at the state fair. The colt is of good racing stock and bids fair to show extra ordinary speed. Captain Cobb has several large plantations, and is recognized as being one of our most intelligent and successful farmers. Jfe has become convinced that grass and stock-raising is more profitable than cot ton, and is stocking his farms as fast as prac ticable with grass, and has purchased a lino stallion and a number of brood mares. A few years ago a coit show was hold in Americus, and at it were exhibited some twenty colts, rind they were as tine as I have ever seen at county fairs in the north. And yet I have had intelligent men tell mo time and agaifi that horses could not be raised in southwest Georgia. I once asked ono of these men why horses could not be raised here. Ho answered me that it was because tho colts all got the “bighcad,” Upon inquiring as to the nature of this disease, I was informed that it was an enlargement of the jaws caused by eat ing dry corn before they were able to properly masticate it. “Well, then, why don’t you feed them on grass?” said I. "We can’t raise grass,” was tlie reply. Os late years there has been considerable improvement in cattle in this section. Many Jerseys have been introduced and there aro some fine herds. Those who first introduced them were laughed at as “fancy farmers,” and were considered foolisii and extrava gant for paying SIOO for a cow, when a “scrub” could be bought for from $lO to S2O. But those who laughed tho loud est are now willing to pay even a larger sum in proportion for the calves of these Jersey cows. The difference between three gallons and three pints converted them. But Ido not regard the quantity of milk as being entirely due to the breed of cattle, for 1 notice that while the owner of a “scrub” cow lets her run at large and look out for herself, tho owner of a Jersey keeps her up in good pasture, and sees that she is well taken caro of. In this respect the Jerseys have been good educators, and to t hem we owe much of the good butter which is now plentiful in our market. But what we need most in this section of largo farms and cheap lands is a better grade of beef cat tle. The Kimball house in Atlanta, the Lanier in Macon, the Mitchell and J'iue.y Woods at Thomasville, and all the winter re sort hotels of the south import their beef from the north; and yet you can find plenty of Georgia farmers who will tell you that it does not pay to raise cattle, because there is no home market for them. That some of them do find a homo market, however, I can jaw fully (not joyfully) testify, and had I been a colt in years, I should have been afflicted with the “big-head.” In tho first place, but few of the. cattle aro properly fattened for tho butcher; and in the second place you can’t make a “scrub” weigh over six hundred pounds gross. In too many cases the preparation of cattle for the butcher consists in a cow getting no old she won’t give milk any longer, and I have seen cattle driven in for sale to tho butcher that looked like dried beef on foot. As an ex ception, 1 mention that a few days ago I saw a steer with shorthorn blood in his veins that weighed a thousand pounds, and a couple of hundred more could have been added to his bones. The fact that the large southern hotels send north for their beef naturally lends us to look in that direction for tho reason, and as our comparisons have all heretofore been with Ohio, will iin go to that state and see! what kind of cattle they raise. II the Ohio farmer i.s not engaged in the I dairy business, and <mly has a few cows to I raise calves and supply the family with milk I and butter, lui pris.ures a thoroughbred Dur- I iiain or Hereford bull, and by using this bull , to low grade‘ir common cows, secures a class ! of thrifty heifer; and steers that will fatten I readily at an early age and make arich carcass | of lieef. These young animals aro turned ; upon pasture in tho summer, housed and gen- ' eroiisly fed in the winter, so as to keep them , growing and in a healthy condition. When I they aro twenty-four to thirty months old they are generously fed with corn, in addi- ! tion to their pasturage, for a month to six ; weeks, and will weigh from I,2<X) to ' 1,100 pounds each. The beef of these cattle | is of the best quality, and realizes tho I highest price in tho city markets, generally | from one to two cents per pound more than j beef from poorly fattened common cattle. With a little caro there can bo selected from these grade cattle cows that will gii e as much and as rich milk as the average Jersey, so that the farmer realizes both from his milk and his beef. Witii ordinary goodpasturagejit costs no more to keep ami fatten tho-e cattle than it does common “scrubs,” which at three years old cannot be made to weigh more than half as much, and whoso beef always brings a lower piice. A few figures will more clearly show the difference in tho matter of profit. A grade steer twenty-four months old will weigh 1.200 pounds and brings six cents per pound, or $72. A scrub steer thirty-six months old will weigh 700 pounds and brings live cents per pound, or $37. Here is a loss of a year and $37. Can you see it now? As I have shown, the beef cattle of Ohio aro of graded stock, nothing more than a cross of good imported stock upon tho common cattle of tho country. I can remember well, what that common stock was—little, lean “lime backs,” scrawny, big-boned brindles, white, spotted andspeckled, that could run like a door and gave less milk than a goat. 1 can al so remember when the neighbors thought my father was crazy, because he naid fifty dollars for a six-tvceks-old Durham bull calf. Those neighbors were very much like some Georgia farmers I know, and yet at the time they represented a great majority of tho Ohio farmers. Now, what Ohio farmers have done Georgia farmers can do, and do it in tlie same way. It need not involve much cost, but it will fake a little caro. Tho first thing is to buy a good bull, a Durham ora Devon. Don't, take tho owner's word that ho is full-blood or thorough bred, for many a one has been sold for full blood that was only a grade, but make him furnish a registered pedigree. .Such a bull will cost sonic money, it is true, but all your efforts at improvement depend upon him, and if you mistake at the first that mistake will re peat itself and grow greater every year. A few dollars saved in tlie outset will be many dollars short iu tho outcome, if you cannot afford to purchase a good bull alone, get sonic of your neighbors to go in with you. Tlie dif ference between four high grade steers and four common steers will more than pay for a good young bull. Keep in mind that grade bulls arc of little account, as there is no uniformity in their offspring. After you have secured your bull, your herd will bo vastly improved by the first cross, and soon, by con tinuing to reject all heifers that go back iu quality to some scrub ancestor, the stock will not only be morn uniform, but you will have secured a grade that will increase in value and satisfaction each year. By this crossing you secure not only the beef-producing qualities of the sire, but tho hardiness of tho dam. It was by this crossing that the farmers of tho north have secured a grade of beef cattle that has made them a market not only in every section of this country, but in Europe. With all their facilities for raising beef cheaply, the owners of tho big cuttle ranches in Texas found it necessary to cross their native cattle with the shorthorns, so as to secure finer beef. But don’t forgot to remember that first of all, and above all, cattle raising means grass. 1 had intended to say something about hogs and sheep in this letter, but want of space compels me to defer it to my next. In tho meantime you can do a little figuring on horses and cattle. W. L. Glessner. f From an Expert. Sbi.ma, Ala., November 16, 1887— NV. L. Gloesner, Esq., Americus, Ga.—Dear Sir: I have just read your letter of November Ilin this week’s Constitution. I came here from Illinois twelvoycars ago ami have been raising tiro Johnson grass hay ever since, and indorse every word you say about grass raising in tho south. I have been trying to induce thosoutli orn farmer not to bo afraid of liis best friend, but plant griqis; for I truly believe we have in the gulf states possibilities in stock raising pos sessed by no other part of tho ( tilted States. The first year I camo hero I sold iny hay at SI.J) per ton in Atlanta, and have gotten good prices over since. Tho southern people aro peculiar in tho belief that anything purchased away from hero is superior to southern-raised. 1 hope to live long enough to see tho south one of the best grass countries in tho world. Success to you in your letters, for I know they will do good. Truly yours, Herbert Post. ♦- —“— Tfot-ic Villa. La., Nov. Ist, 1880, Messrs. A. T. Shaluenbhrgkr & Co. Rochester, Pa. Gents.- I received a sample bottle of your Antidote fur Malaria last spring, and have tested it fully inmyown case. After falling utterly with quinine, ii: has cured mo permanently, and I would take it before any remedy whatever. There is no unpleasant effect while using, and it leaves none. If yon could sell at a lower price, if for introductory purposes only, it would bo "bread upon tho waters” later, when tho world finds it must have it. Very truly yours, _ J. S. Webster. PREACHING PEACE. England and America Khuuld Arbitrate In stead of Going to War. New York, November 27.—Chickering hall was tilled last night, with people, who camo to hear the views of the deputies from tlio Brit ish parliament and eminent Americans on tlie subjectof a treaty for the settlement of differ ences with England by arbitration. Charles H. Hutchinson introduced the chairman of the meeting, Mayor Hewitt. Tho mayor said it was his pleasant duty to present the members of tho British house this city in a meeting which had never had a of commons who had come to people of this parallel in tins country. They had come to say they hoped tho common blood flowing in tlieir veins and ours would never bo shed by one nat ion or other. 11 was to bo hoped tho word “war” would soon become unknown in the English language. Between Great Britain and America there should bo no difference. The arbitration which tho gentlemen would explain might make it advisable to take tho vast sum at present consumed for a standing army, which was now productive of no result, and distribute it among poverty-stricken peo ple and it would bo much better invested. The mayor extended a hearty welcome to the emi nent visitors and commended them Io the president and to congress. Ho then introduced Sir George Camtibell. Sir George felt, when he heard these words of tho mayor, that the object for which ho had crossed tho ocean had been almost accom plished. It was gratifying to him, as a mem ber of the British parliament, to appear before that assemblage representative or tlie city of New York. lie paid a strong compliment to Mayor Hewitt, and then continued by saying that they bad come here in pursuance of tho object which tlie mayor had made easy. Tho mission of the deputation, to which the speak er belongeif, was to help to put aside war from tho human family. Ho was glad that in this country people had not given much time to the military craze. War between nations could bo avoided and their disputes settled by arbitration. It was with this design that the deputation had come before the audience. They hoped that bo tween this country and Great Britain, there would be made an agreement by which dis putes would bo settled in this way alone. [A voice: “How about Alabama?”] Tho sjieaker said that he was glad that was referred to. Ho thought that tho experiment would not be tried again. Ho thought England de served punishment badly and if the dam ages were excessive, and nil would agree that she got it. He thought Britain was at fault and the result was beneficial to the prin ciples of arbitration. To some extent it was true that England only advocated arbitration disputes with strong nations. But England was not quite as bad as she had been repre sented. i’ortngal was a week nation, and even in that case it was Great Britain which suffered most. I’ortngal was given Deloyoa bay, which was tho most important point of entrance into Africa. Hfs nation comes, nevertheless, before tho American people in favor of arbitration as proposed by Americans. There was no question which could not bo settled In that way. "Take tho fishery question for in stance. There was Mr. Chamberlain, (hisses and applause intermingle) of whom ho was sure there could not be a more capable man. Mr. Cliamberhdn dt<l not como here as an arbi trator, however, but as a negotiator. If ho hail gn at difficulties would have, been removed. A tribune should be. established for tho purpose of arbitration, in c mclusion, Sir George said : “f have no authority from tho house of com mons to lay down any nlan, but I wish this scheme we propose could bo an accomplished fact, I think the moral force of some such tribunal, as suggested, would bo sufficient to settle all difficulties which may arise between the two nations.” Chronic nasal catturh. Guaranteed euro. Dr. Sage's Catarrh Remedy. MEDIC.IX. EXHAUSTED HIALIW A Great Medical AVoik f?r Young and Mid Hie Aged Meu. More Than One Million Copies Sold. F T n Kl'm TS T> l - TON NERVOUS AND PHYSICAL 1. Debility, I'retnaturo Decline. Firms of Youth, l.xhausted V itality. Lost Manhood, Impaired Vigor and Impurities of the Blood and the untold miseries' consequent thereon. Contains 300 pages substantial embossed binding, full gilt. Warranted the best popular medical treatise published In tho English; 'f 1 ? 0 0,15 11 llJ ' ninll ' Postpaid, and eon < eak din a pin in wrapper. 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Bradley, Enterprise, Fla.: I ro* ceived tlie High-Arm Sewing Machine ordered from you in perfect condition on the 24th nit. I have delayed until now to express iny entire satisfaction with the machine. Its workman ship is fine, and tor sowing of all kinds I do not hesitate to pronounce it equal, if not supe rior, to any machine upon which I have sewed. Persons here using tho New Homo machine, for which they pay S4O, admit that The Constitution machine is by no mean# inferior to tho former. I shall use my influ ence to induce others here to purchase of you • Would Not Exchange. Mrs. M. A. Young, Madison, Fla,: I have had the machine that I ordered in constant use for nearly two weeks. It is just splendid. My daughter has ono that she bought in tho summer for $45. I would not give mine for iier's. lam just perfectly delighted with both the machine and paper. That Is AH There Is In It. M. M. Collier, Fairburn, (la.: Two years ago 1 bought one of your High-Arm Machines. I have compared it over and over again with fifty and sixty dollar machines, and every one pronounces it superior to either. 1 have used it two years constantly, and I would not give it today for the best sixty dollar machine jH any factory of tho world. I paid $22 for it, with tiic Weekly included. It f s the bent chine 1 ever saw, and that is all there is ex it Tho High-Arm with Paper, $22. The Low-Arm with 1*«joog slßt 7