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4 4-'»4-®4«v»v«4-*4-*4-«4-«4-«4-«4-«4'*4’»4’»4-*4-»4-'4-«4-*4'»4-«4-«4-<»4-»4-*4-*4-«4-*4-*4-*4*»4-«4-»4-»4-»4-»4-«4-»4<»4-«4-*4-«4-*4-»4-«4-*4-.-’ <56 e Life and Times I of | Thomas Jefferson * Being the First Part of a History of the United States • •A.x*A*.s.*.»...............t..jL..s..A.A.A*4..4.*4.»4*»**4’*** < M+****************«***************®**+****®***»4-«4««4 • • t»4-» 4- • 4. • -•- ••;-• 4"»4-» 4* • t • 4* CHAPTER V. The spirit of antagonism which was growing between royal officers and the people of the colonies led to a blood crisis in North Carolina. On the one side was : the ruling class which scented disposed to j make the most of the opportunity to | plunder the tax payers; on the other were I the masses who w- re disposed to resist | the local wrongs with the same courage I which had been shown in opposition to the stamp act. The governor of North Caro lina at this time was Tryon, a bold. able, unscrupulous man. Me was at this time squandering seventy odd thousand dollars In building for himself a splendid palace, and taxes were increased to meet the heavy drains. I.ike master, like man; the spirit of extortion beginning with the governor ran along down the line to the lowest bailiff. Promis, .- of redress of I grievances had been made but had not j been kept. Things were going from bad | to worse. The discontented held meetings to "inquire whether the freemen of the country labored under any abuse of pow- j er. ami. If so, what measures should be taken." The r ulators sprang into ex istence. This v. s th. list organized re sistance to British tyranny since Bacon s i glorious rebellion in Virginia. These free- N t Carolii tn pay only s i. h tax. s :•< were agr* < v > to law and applied to th" purp > es tin rein j named; and to pay no officer more than ■ his legal fees.” The North Carolii.a patrot- w--e I'd by Herman :;mls. a it.rce 11 ■ -wr.er of I Quaker ancestry, related to I ;■ nj.imln | Franklin Th. -re was ; . '•■: :lsh up a his ‘ character, and b's motiv. - at this crisis] were ; ■ ■ spired Patrick 11. :. and Adams Mis pen wrote the r. < ..—.ions already mentioned, r • ■•■o' C <. whi.-h • ■ just gov ernment would 1 d. Cover;, ~r 'fry. •• H’s et’ds under ar- ■ rest, and dragged I:.- t>> Hillsborough. The people rose to his v-soue and set him . ft of troop; ■ s, r ■■ so r IB:- .and.', seined ' nn and flung 1 fin into .; .11. The : regulators ran to arm-■ iMc.y, 17iF>. but i I lush tnds had n reh 1 n 1 nd. On May 21. I? -. il I gme r il ! »n. . t f1 •••.•• r .:•:• ••. •'’ t l'"ir num- i rto pr '■■.l n:i nl’: ■ ••••. ’!i Ir .ippcal for | ,’|O .alleg. 1 •’”' . li ' ■■■•! •' X ’ISO th" eon- i - bn; : y I;, arts . ;i: ■ . . .... soothe 1 ' would I >m> of his ■■■roil • ■ offi. • ’ ..I d in,- ■:.• ■ tH'tit ! w- , g! T 1-.. f :’"d to turn ■ ■ • . thi wrath of our •• -: rs. They V "no Tl r up. tors ntinm ..1 to ns- I - r rnP a and to train I , u....- >o?? 11. ordered j . . y.. nds I • i s-• a ’ t: ' .' ■: *l’ ■ a.' s' ages w. re ’ .. . imbty. ! ''l:- ■ him nnd the now 1 .. .... :■ • at .."si p,.l and would imprisoned The • ' ' 'val < ffi- . • .■••? <■>.'. 110-nn' 1 Fanninng. was trM nt the term • f court on six cistir, t it.tm. ■■’ i cing him witn extortion. He t ..- f :nd guilty In each case. Wil it pm: -hr t wis 1: fl: fed upon this c’im:::a’ w’ o w's using his position to tl: ■ ' ’ HE MAs FINED ONE BENNY IN EM'if CASE' Is it wrought up to r ci'.-- S i " ■wrongs whi'h tl'. y ■ I " 1 in ■ ■ way to p ■ ey lost . ■ low-, and determined to do tn.-m- . < that justice whi h wee ~i ■ ’ i -l -'m ' ' their rulers Cour-.- w - br d;en t: • prlsoners t hand yers, and some of ’■ k g's irn- l it tome; vulgarly b> c H1 a ' t. ; t n• ■ g wa not only a«sa- 'to.] a l ’ . '■■■; ...< house, demolished Why, why wore grievan-'-'s not re- , those in authority n ver pour that kind of oil on the tro ; cd w..- : -? At the close of H'O the general assem bly met at Newbern. Tiie governor's! magnificent palace had just b- cri com- ] pleted. and he receive 1 th 9 members ; therein: • 1 he I nme’: dam nd • 1 the raising of an army ’ • •-.» down t: ..■ ; regulators. Horman Husbands had been elected, f to this assembly; they • xre". 1 him. He | had written for The Gazette an article I which did not please, and this pretense , served as an excuse for getting rid of ' him. Thia legislature i e <-J an art making | It a crime for more than ten citizens to hold a public meeting "ftr the disturb- ] ance fff the peace"; Orange county, , which hud elected Husbands, was cut , Into three new count! ■ an ia pt tion was issued prohibiting Hie sale of : powder shot or lead. Gathering a large force, Governor Try- ’ on marched into Orange county, and the ] regulators, with their families, fled In terror. Their crops were destroyed, their homes burned, and they themselves de glared outlaws. Their property- was con fiscated and seized. The bolder spirits finally mastered at Great Alamance creek to aw'alt the governor's little army. They had no artillery-, not much ammunition, end many of them had no guns. It was a” straggling, unorganized crow.!, not an army. Again they prayed for the re- I dress of their grievances, the righting of , their wrongs. The governor's reply was that he had done all he Intended to do; and that they must submit, pay taxes, end return to their homes. Tryon was a man of energy of char acter. and his subsequent career in New York' demonstrated It, and he felt that wi th his artillery and superiority of ma terial and equipment, his success was certain. He gave the patriots one hour to consider! There were two thousand o' these regulators, and they had passed beyond the stage of wisdom. For four or five years the people had endured tvrongs. had protested, had been promised reforms, and had been deceived. Those who oppressed them could neither be checked nor punished. If convicted, the evildoers were let go, unwhipped if jus- tice. Headers of the people who rose against law-breakers had languished in prison, while the Uiw-L>reakers, duly con victed in open court, escaped Justice by | reason of Tryon's protection. And now • after all these years of misrule came. ! the governor with arms in his hand. I and a one hour limit on his tongue, say i Ing to the freemen of North Carolina, : disperse, submit, pay taxes, or he would ■ lire upon them. No wonder the hot blood of these Anglo-Saxons boiled within them; no wonder that their rash repl? was. "EIRE AND BE DAMNED!'* Not at once did the royal troops obey Governor Trvon's order to begin battle. They were North Carolinians also, and they shrank from this brother-killing strife. But no promptings of humanity can resist miii\ry discipline, and when Tryon, inflamed with anger, rose in his , i stirrups and shouted again: I "FIRE! FIRE' on them or on me!' : his troops opened fire upon the regu- : lators. I hardly be In serl doubt. The regulators were broken, aijd I they fled the livid, leaving twenty of ; their number dead, besides the wound' .1 > and those captured. Tile royal forces 1 c-t nine killed and sixty-one wounded. <ll . t'apt.iin Few. one of the leaders of the ■ 1 regulators, was strung up to the limb of . I a tree next day, without trial, and stran- ] I gled with a rope. Others were tried for I I high treason, e iuvi-1 and pat to death. I I'pon the head of Herman Husbands, a ] was :■ ■ tnd acres 1 i of lard! A royal proclamation authoriz'd I ,i:.\ citizen to shoot him on sig t. But he. i escaped, and made his way to J’ennsyl- ■ vanla Tryon and his henchman. Fanning, ] isoon went back to the north, their poek- ! its full; leaving one of tile fairest, portions : i of North Carolina a picture of desola- ; ; tion, and leaving the taxpayers to groan ■ under a heavy load if illegally made p 1 llet debt. ! Fugitives fleeing from the misgovern- , i ment and the merciless persecution of I this royal governor Tryon passed over ■ the mountains, and rested their tired feet | lin th' pi'-asant valleys b. yond-in the ; I future Tennessee i iof all the coionial governors, Tryon is i I said to have Ixien the most popular with ! tin- authorities in England; and yet Mr. ■ i Sydney George Fisher marvels at the I lack ot love shown by the colonists fori ! their mother country. Is i* true that the royal government w.is ; ...rrupu.oppressive? Is It true that Fan ning wa? haughty, cruel, exhorbitant? Is rue that he nd the got ern >r wet e but .e••- mplic-'s in plundeting the people over 1 whom they had bci-u put'.' Long after the butchery at Alaniam'.- 1 lite b’lrrp.rgs in Ciange. t i- official report was made to Lord Dartmouth in Tryon s sm ■ sor. Mai ti "I ear assure your lordship that these people were grievously oppressed.” Try n and Fanning wore tnries. dost.is- j f!:» North I' lr eina whirs 'Phey li’. I . gon< down there to make money ; and | ' they made it. When the revolutionary war broke out,' ; they fought the Americans as they had ] done in N rth I'arolina. I'aening. tia- .-t eh--ipprew.,r, r:::-ed a tore regiment in New York; and. after' the war. became a general in th.. British I army, and governor of I’rinoe Edward : Tryon was the autlior of the New York plot to kidnap Washington, and. if neees ass.'issinate him. lie was - i'P. of lory resistance in the north. To what extent tm - insurgents 771 the I r • I.ixington and Concord? Remember that North Carolina had taken up arms to opp..<e the landing of the stamps; remem . l.er that tills insurre tion had been suc cessful. That was in 17C5. AV-ia can doubt that t'm- example sunk .1- ep into the h.-arts , Theicfore, when Tryon taxed them to build bls extravagant palace, when of-! titers if the law practiced, extortion and fra :.l, when money raised for one purpose was r.se.l for another, is it any wonder that the people should agitate the qiios- ■ tion. should assemble for discussion, should pass resolutions, and should en- I ■ tleavor to bring popular pr. ssm e to bear upon the governor? Listen to the declaratl-n drawn up by' ! Heyman Husbands, and r.ad to the court if Orange county at Its August session, ; . 176 C—the year following the stamp act ' I tumults: “While the sons of liberty- had with- ' i stood the lords of parliament in behalf i i of true liberty, the officers under them | light not to carry on unjust oppression : i in the province; that in order thereto, as j i there were many evils complained of in j i the county of Orange, they ought to be ! ] redressed. If there be none, jealousy | ! ought to be removed from the minds of ] the people.” ( The paper went on to urge that public j I meetings should be held, at places where I , there should be no liquor, to take these ' I grave n/cters into consideration, to in- • . quire what evils existed, and to adopt i ! methods of correcting them If any ex I 1 isted ■ Surely nothing could be more temperate j than this. Here was no rash Incendiary’, ; drunk merely on his unruly passions. ■ Here was an appeal to reason, to common ' sense, to facts, to sane Judgment. The I case wag not even prejudiced. It was | not dogmatically stated that wrongs did i exist. The wrong-doers were not ar raigned by name. No! Herman Hus bands merely declared that the people I were complaining of wrongs, that there ought not to be any unjust oppression, and that if there were any it should be re dressed. He did not seek to dictate meth ods of redress. That was to be left to the people In mass meeting. When the meetings were held, and the existence of grievances was established, the resolutions set no jaw at defiance. On the contrary, the regulators pledged them ; selves to pay lawful fees and lawful taxes, I and Illegal fees they pledged themselves ■ not to pay. Bear in mind that the great mass of the people in North Carolina were poor. Ready- money was extremely scarce. The fewest number owned slaves. They had no big cities flourishing on com merce. They had no mines and manu factures. They lived on small farms. In small houses, doing their own work, dig ging a hard living out of the ground, and having no surplus crops to bring money to their pockets. North Carolina, like Georgia Connecticut, was almost a pure demoSfccy. Therefore, illegal taxes and exhorbit- (II These figures are taken from Wheeler’s History of North Curolina and Tryon s offi cial report. I'pon what authority Professor John Fiske puts the number of dead at 200, Is not apparent. Bancroft follows MTieslar. THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION: ATLANTA, GA. MONDAY, JULY 13, 1903. iant fees and court costs were a real hardship. A new seventy thousand dol lar palace for the British governor seemed a monstrous abuse—as, under all ■the circumstances, It was. And when Edmund Fannning, a royalist carpet bagger, cime down adventurously into their state, became the governor's pet. ran the fee for a marriage license up to sls, and charged $1 for attesting a deed officially—growing rapidly rich upon a system ot plunder of which these two in stances are but exv.imples—the people of Nerth Carolina felt the situation to be intolerable. Had there been one extor tioner, had the abuse stopped at Tryon and Fanning, the burden might have been patiently borne -so vast is tile ca pacity of the people to endure official legalized spoliation. But when every of i fleer set himself to imitate his chiefs. It was as though a swarm of locusts had been sent to devour the substance of these poor pitiable people. Their cause being just, wit. was their failure si complete? They w re not skilfully !• d. 'l'lie movement was not made general. It contined itself too closely to Orange county, it was not widely organiz- d. The more violent spirits committed too many ex ■ sses. The rebellion put itself in rhe wrong by Ils iu ’tons attacks upon individuals, and private property It alarmed too manv vested interests. >u. !i men as John Ashe and Colonel AVaddell went in arms to fight und> r the royal banner, just .is the Randolphs, the Lies, and Washington might have done in Airgm:.i had the extremists there taken up a-*ms too soon. It was one thing to rise against Groat Britain's stamp distributor; it was another to make war upon the homo government. Many and many a patriotic Virginian who had gloried in Patrick Henry's speech, s. disapproved his arm ,1 march upon Wil- 8 f1.,. 5 q t 5 • • . ... ■ I«! a . o'. * • * ", .ilonticello, the Home of Thomas J fferson. ® ; o .a * fl »- « « 4* A • A■ • rt . • - t* ♦ - f. a f. a fl • • ••• •« ? '• c ••• ••• c ••• • ■•• * 1 Ham--! .rj 1:: 17;.". when I m:.m- • -d r t ' m <>ved the powder. Prudent, slow-but- i s-ure George Washington refused to hive anything to do with it. although the men of Albemarle assembled, an 1 called to him *■> lead them. Prudent Pendleton and , e.mtiuus Randolph fr.iwm-d upon the r-ekless audacity of Henr. and his men. . Only when success hid crowned the , rash movement did Patrick win praise * fr >m every tongue, ami become the un crowned king <d Virginia. li t .dtimngh the is pil.i-s im mig.-d . badly and f iil» I. it must be owned that ■ limy v. re a.-tuat- d by tie- true spirit of ' liberty. Their s was tile divine iudigmi- • tio:i vi uh h drives men to resist apples- , siom No private grudge inflamed them, no sordid motive of any sort appears in their sp< ■cl s, their resolutions, or their eoiidm r. Tli.-y stood for principle, for ■ right, fur hom-st g r. •. rnment-that much, : nothing m. Their cause was not the qu.i.r- J of an hour -it was the struggle < ’ tie ug. s, the effort of tlie weak and | tile downtrodden to throw* off the yoke ■ ami break the chain. Ail nni.itistran.-e proving null, all pe- i titions for relief going to nought, they I siou-1 al Alamance to light, as the Anglo- | Sax m, lot ing j.i - : ti - itnn-nt, has a '.ways I done as Hampden did, as Cromwell did. "i’i.'-p.-rse, ye rebels!" cries Royal Os- . licet* Pitcairn at Lexington; and because ! the brave militia of the north stood their j ground history makes heroes of them— ; most properly. "Disperse, or I'll lire." shouts royal ■ Tryon at Alamance lour years prior to Lexington. "l ire and b- damn. I. the rebels an swer back. Was nut tlie spirit ttie same? Should not the historian immortalize these men also? Would lie be much in error if he declared the patriots who were shot down j there, and those who were hanged on trees and gibbets there, were the first i hero-martyrs ot American independence. ■ "Surrender! brave men, surrender!" . ' cried the English to the old guard at i l Waterloo. •'Go to hell!" (or words mure unprint : able) shouts tlie dauntless Cambronne, ’ wlille the old guard draws back its iron squares, muskets blazing along its every side as night falls upon them, and upon France. And history says ■'sublime!" And it was sublime, memorable to the end of the world. But in what essential respect were these , men of Alamance less brave when they : looked into the muzzle of the guns, and j sternly shouted back to Tryon's chai- 1 lenge, "Fire and be damned"? CHAPTER VI. The navigation acts by means of which Great Britain had been trying to "pro tect" her infant industries at the expense of the American colonies were so intoler ably unjust that they had systematically been disobeyed. In one way or another, New England had outwitted her remote mother-country, and had established a thriving commerce with many foreign marts. Ventures to the French West In dies, ventures with the Dutch, ventures with tlie far African coast went forward briskly In spite of England's protective laws. Perhaps there had never been a time when molasses from the West In dies was made into a larger supply of New England rum, and when this Puri tan rum yielded larger returns in negroes from the jungles of Africa. In God's own mysterious way these Yankee smug glers were doing a great work. First of all, they were feathering their nests In bleak New England with soft layers of Jason's Golden Fleece. Secondly, they were lifting the savage black from his en vironment of slavery, voodooism and can nibalism, to put him in a state of bond age tempered by humanity; putting him whwi <M .*®iglit some day step within 4-• * 4-• • 4-• 4-• •-J-• • 4-• 4-• 4* • v • ' / 4* w • *«* ® IE Its t 4- ' • (4-' ■ •? . < • 4-*4-«4-«4-*4* 4-• 4--b 4-•-F« 4-• 4-•-h* the radiant gates of civilization, bearing within him the new heart of a Christian. Let no passionate lover of the black race revile with reckless vehemence these smugglers who in a round-a-bout way swapped molasses f or negroes. The profits of the white traders were but small and per.shable; the benefits to the uncouth. Jabbering, primitively savage negro were as large as the opportunities of civiliza tion ami as permanent as the Christian's reward iji time and eternity. Great Brit ain, noting the growth of tiie merchant marine of her colonies and viewing with gieat dissatisfaction her own loss of rev < nues, determined to enforce the naviga tion laws, Hithert she had not done so because of the i i ■■ that her hands were tied. Wars with Frunee, wars with Spain, entanglements and complications yonder hud eii rt q ]te r attention from Hie American ■■.■■'■ ies. Besides, it would have been unwise r her to embroil her self with her uw , kith and kin. particu larly as such a hostile movement against the colonies migir, have thrown them into the open arms France. Iler ancient enemy would h.-i . o been but too glad to give a vigorous push to that thorn in Engiard s side - she did at the very earliest Opportunity. But in 1772 our mother country had no war upon her h. :.is. And now was her time to deal will; tho.-'e smugglers. Noth ing wa.~ to lie from Frame which lay shamed, oxi. listed and inert under the fi i t of a ii .H ’i rul' d Bourbon king. Hi had lost to England an empire in 11 ino st an. an . . j n Canada. His Eu ro; can influence was gone, his vasi Louis i': a territory w ■. gone, his courtier-led, ill-provided armi> ■ had been stupidly get - er.iied and ingiaia <l/ H.iten by every body ovorywher. . In 1772 the <;.■ of c-tht guns, with Li'iitenant. Di::::. iu fir commander, was policing N igai:-'’t bay to en ter, e the Brit - ivig.i: 'm laws. Dud- iiigt.ui v i: om th conscientious e » o o-.-e . o * r »■<>■. « * . e : ♦ , O • 6 J C-*-*'* S t olil lais wh ■ make th--:,.-- I. . s unpopular wifi; i.i-.v break. rs. lie was likewise one of those martinets wl are not loved i oven by the law-abiding. He stopped all : sorts of vessels at all sorts of times, i ,i*. l with an exasp.■■.*.■l ■:g impartiality, mixing ami mingling t! guilty ami tlie inno ent in a manner which nobody liked. Jt being his duty search vessels for contraband goods, :. searched them al!: for lie was- :..>t <■ if thm-- gifted . mortals who could t< il a criminal by ; looking at his face. If Dudingston I boarded a vessel am! : * I contraband. I the smuggler was a ng. ■ if contraband ; was nut found, tlie 1: -t trader was wroth. Dudingston, th.: 'fore, became a most mipopuiar man, t through any fault of his own. bn: -cause of the : ■ '■ tive system v :i lie was mere- i ly th.- ,-xe utive -.fll■■■ When one of i our custom house peo. .pens a lady's trunk and rummages .it among her . rm< nt - ng them up to irreverent vi-w . . uttering them ! around in disorder, it :: ■ system, not I the man. whom all d* .1 folks loathe : ami detest. : Wh-n a French tti- ..f the customs I ever so firmly requires t';.- Frenchwoman ■to raise her skirts am. .-how* her stuck ’ Ings, tlie search bem; *.* contraband I which may be eon-.eakJ in those stock j ings, it is not the offit r himself who is >m all | should despise are the in-ly protection ists who demand the l;.w and the row- i ardly politician who giv’s it to them. ! Dudlngston’s career n the bay was brief and not glorious, ih- se> ms to have been elaborately • ntr.ijq* I- At any rate, he received a sort of i dare from the little, swift-sailing p.’-.'.it* which plied between Newport ami Providence, and he save chase The picket led him 23 miles, ran In close on Ntrragnnsett Point, where the water was shadow, and the guileless Dudingston. let in pursuit, ran ills heavier vessel agrj .!■ There he ■ stuck, hard and fast. The packet tin- ' \ Ished the remaining ; mies to Providence safely, and at sunset wrs in her berth. The-captain of the pa.k- : was thought- A voluminous “Histoiy of the American People” has recently ben published, con sisting of a serried stray of pictures, maps, i>lans, fac-similer, rare prints, pho tographs of old docunents, hand bills, scraps of ancient new'papers, and quite a lot of other things rated out of plunder rooms, museums and tri -sity shops. In- ■ cidentally there is coisidei able reading i matter, whose author is Dr. Woodrow j "Wilson. There are five bulky volumes of i this stuff, and page iG-tof volume 11, the learned president of Prnceton finds space for one sentence on the rebellion in North Carolina. Think of it! Nearly two thou sand pages of alleged history, and Just one short sentence to tie tragic chapter in the story of the smith: And what is that one sentence? “In North Carolina iierc was next year a sudden blaze or op-n rebellion against the extravagant excel lons of William Tryon, the adv.-ntutr who was royal governor there; ar.. I ody blood extinguish ed it." Cold, cold. Is tl. - p. . which thus traces ‘.lie heart-breaking struggles of a gallant people toward their iberties. Tlie “sudden” blaz- had lasted more than three years; the Open rebellion" was resistance to armed nvaders who were laying waste to the crips and burning the homes of the people. 'The battle of Alai.ance, where three j thousand men fought and artillery was used, is not so much s mentioned in Dr. Woodrow Wilson's b<>k. The Boston street r<W, where a handful rioted and throe wee killed, not only gets chronicled under ts historic name of tlie "Boston massaeii” l ,ut occupies six pages with illustrativ m atter and half a page of Dr. Wilson's sxl! ful enough to tell his news without delay. In over so short a time all Providence knew that the odious Dudingston was aground 7 miles off. and that the rising tide would not release him till 3 o'clock next morning! Such luck was too good to be thrown away. The captain of the packet had no sooner told the prominent merchant. Mr. Brown, than the merchant told one of the captains who was In his service; and Mils captain was seen to hurry oft, wear ing a pleasant expression of countenance. Soon a drum was heard In the streets, and the voice of proclaiming the for lorn situation of the Gaspee. Cordial in vitation was called out to all citizens who would like to bear a hand in the destruction of the Gaspee to meet at Savage's tavern at first dark. The sum mons was gratefully obeyed, and by 9 o'clock eight boats, manned by the rep resentative citizens of the town, were rowing toward the Gaspee. At midnight they reached the British vessel, sur. rlsed ‘the one sailor who wus on the watch, shot the lieutenant who ■ tine hurrying to the deck in his night shirt, boarded the ship, and easily mas tered the leaderless, half-a-wake and wholly unprepared British sailors. landing tiie captives on shore, w'ncre every care was taken of the wounded Dudingston. the assailants set fire to the Gaspee. and by sun up she was a smok ing bulk, while the daring men who had boarded her w ire rowing home to break fast and congratulations. The English government was deeply stirred; for the burning of the Gaspee was an overt act. flagrant and defiant of premeditated high treason Mlm difl ft'.’ That was the only question of doubt. Proclamations, offering large rewards, w. re issued without, results. Royal com missioners were appointed to investigate, and troops were put at their service to assist them in bringing the culprits to punishment. Again there were no re sults; investigation failed to identify the guilty. Parliament lost its head, and passed an act to punish with the death penalty any person who should I d( stroy any object belonging to an Eng ' lish war vessel—an act so general in its terms that it could have been held to I embra ■■ tiie most trifling article of ship f.irnli'iro, equipment, or naval uniform. ; Worst of all, the persons accused were ■ to be .‘" nt to England for trial I M ■ Sydney G‘’orge Fisher says tl» 1 ! “it Is difficult to see how the government ! i ’uld have been mure conciliatory ami j forbearing." When tiie Virginia assembly rm t in the spring of I 77:- the Gaspee incident. i the c nimission of Inquiry which had I i.i-' n created, and tiie net of parliament wliich tl.i" iii’iii’l the entire citizenship I of America with loss of trial by Jury in i the Amerii n courts, had rearoused the of resistance to Great Bi taip. ' The younger members of the house— j Patrick Henry, the two Dees, Dabney Carr, Thomas Jefferson and one or two ke . . fron tin more ■ >n i servative counsels of the older leaders, , held private meetings apart and mapped cut an io .•.■rossive policy. Richard Hen- • ry Lee pri ■ 'Sed tiie creation of a com l mittee of correspondence, and Jefferson . reduced the plan to writing. Dabnej ’ Carr was made their spokesman to tiie hi 'use, and on March 12, 1773. in a speech 1 of eloquen and power, the young trl | bune moved tiie famous resolutions which were adopted unanimously and which j caused Governor Dunmore to dissolve ■ the house. These resolutions, citing what i had taken place in Rhode island and in ] parliament, proposed a standing commit . tee of correspondence and Inquiry to ob ■: tain Information of all proceedings of I parliament in regard to the colonies, to ■ k<. p up and maintain a correspondence and communication with the other colo- i nil and to report, from time to time ito tiie house. This committee consisted . tiie speaker. Peyton Randolph, Rob ert C Nicholas, Richard Henry Lee, Edmund Pendleton, Patrick Henry. Dab | r.'-y Carr, Archibald Cary and Thomas Jefferson, x The dispute as to whether Massachusetts or Virginia should have j the credit of organizing the revolution ary movement may be left where Ban l croft put it: »♦» “Virginia laid the foundation of our I union. Massachusetts organized a prov ince; Virginia promoted a confederacy.” x Brilliant Dabney Carr! We see him here at his best.at his highest. We see him unfurl the flag of union, see him on a pinnacle of patriotism from which he surveys ev-ry colony, planning for all, hoping for all, Inspiring and uniting all. Tiie v. arm impulse pf brotiiterhood pj.ens his arms to jhe north as well as to the south; his rapt vision takes in the future as well as the present mid the past. “The cause of one. the cause of all." Js the gist of his speech and the nith of his plan; and, while Rhode Island ha-' touch' .1 the chord, the music Is that of union-- union of hearts and of hand.?. His last speech and his best! His one great ap pearance In a national role; his almost unconscious placing of the corner-stone "f the repubyc. We see him hero with the radiance ot inspiration upon his hand some face, the clqxi.on call of heroic pa triotism on his lips; we shall see him no more at all. It wa« only yesterday, as it were, that Jefferson saw hjm in his “very small house, with a table, half a dozen : chairs, one or two servants, yet the hap ! piest man In the upiverse.” For Martha I Jefferson, ills jjevoted young wife, was I by ills side; and on his km e, his little | bov. “He speaks, he thinks, he dreams of nothing bqt this young son.. Every in cident in life he so takes as if to render it a source of pleasure.” Independent of riches, contented in his poverty, happy in his wife and child; studious, but no re cluse; ambitious, but in no feverish haste to rise; patriotic and earnest, but not morbidly intense, r.ere h.e was in 1770, a philosopher whose healthv enjoyment ot life anijd comparative prjvatioug x ited generous admiration in all who knew him. Thirty-five days after lie lays the corner stone of what was to be the greatest of all r' yitblics. death darkened that small house, where he had been so unenvlously happy, draped tiie poor wife in the weeds of spdowhood ami to the lips of his little children taught the wall of orphanhood. He was only 30 years old—died in Jhe very glory of young manhood, died when his readings and his studies, ffis hopes and his plans and his dreams s emed just to be leading forward to the harvests ot stead ied efforts. A lost leader! Yet It was his to speak the word that lives, to do the work (hat is imperishable, to get the example which x "Tiie True Thomas Jefferson” represents the secret meetings of the younger members as being held in 1772: and George Washing ton is named as one of the group. The meet ings were not held In 1772. and AVashlngton was not one of the group. Washington did not get left by the procession, but he did not lead It. Henrywastherealleader. i j * By * T Thos. E. Watson, j 1 t .Author of * tStory of France,” • "Napoleon, ” Etc. j CopyHrM, 1903. by Thos. E. Watton—MU Rl Z ht, Reserved ‘; ,4..4.»-J-»4-»4-«4-»4-»'?»4-»4-»4-*'?«-!-« •4>»4-«4-»:-*4-»4-*4-«4-»t*’I'‘>'J' >4-*4-®4-*->*-i- is an inspiration for all tiie years to ccme Tiie Virginia committed, of correspond-*, ence met the day after the dissolution of the house and began itg labors. They dispatched a copy of their resolutions and a circular letter to the other colonics, requesting the appointment of persons to communicate with tiie Virginia commit tee. AVhen each colony should act upon this appeal, and appojjrt its committee, and these thirteen tomjnittees should be gin to consult, mutally agree, and act 'n concert, cyiifcjleration would have taken place. It s’ould only remain for the com mittee to meet in ,'">neraj conference for a conisress to have been created. That huge corpora Hop, tile British East India Company, being in financial dis tress, its tjjrectors cime to parliament begging relief—it being a peculiarity ot huge corporations V consider government as having been InstitijJed for their own special behoof. Parliament, as is usual in such cases, gave the corporation what it wanted, relieveing it ot tea duties in order that it might, sell tea in America cheaper than ev._j; the smuggl rs would care to sell ,t. Behold then the ships ot Great Britain bringing over the celebrated tea. Un December 2, 1773, the London appears at Charleston, with two hundred and fifty-seven chests of tea. Charleston be came ex. ted. A mass meeting was held; resolutions were adopted; the consignees of the tea were asked to resign. They did so amid great applause. A committee was formed to manage tlie opposition of tiie people to Hie landing of the tea. No consignees calling fur tiie London's tea. customs offi cers seized and stored it in the cellar un der the exchange, where it lay until 177 G, when it w.is sold under legislative direc tion and the proceeds applied to public purposes. Tiie statement so often made, by Bancroft and others, that the tea was stored in damp cellars whore it rotted is I not correct. Even Mr. Sydney George ■ Fisher, writing “The True History of the i American Revolution” heedlessly follows ; the legend of the damp cellar. Dr. Wcod ; row Wilson, scenting danger, stops with rare sagacity, at the word “stored”— leaving the final fate of the luckless tea to the imagination of the reader. At Philadelphia a tea ship hove in sight, a mass meeting was held, a committee was appointed, and this committee man I aged so well that the vessel sailed back to i England. The same thing happened In New York; I and also at Poitsmouth. New Hampshire. Ir Boston, however, the consignees of t the tea refused to resign, and the town I was soon rocking with excitement. Once i more Sam Adams was in his element. | On the night of the 16th of December. ! 1773, some foity or fifty patriots, prudent- I ]y screening their patriotism behind the war paint f Mohawk Indians, wearing I blankets like Indians, carrying hatchets ' like Indians, boarded the unh slstlng tea ships. Burst the helpless boxes and j emptied the contents into the submissive ocean. The value of tim cargoes destroyed in this manner was marly eighty thousand dollars. Great Britain's answer to the challenge was prompt: she closed the port of Bos ton. a step which meant ruin and almost starvation to hundreds, perhaps thousand’ of innocent persons. This measure of retaliation was to go Into effect June 1. 1774. The spring session of the Virginilia assembly convened while the country was agitated bj- news of what was happening in Boston. Messengers r-.-nt by the Massachusetts committee >ame riding into Williamsburg, bringing full details from the north, and the two great sections were now able to act in concert. Again the younger members of the Vir ginia house took the lead. Henry, Jeffer son. Richard Henry I.ee and Francis Lightfoot Lee. These ardent tribunes believ’d that nothing would prove so effectual in arous ing and uniting the people as the naming of June 1 as a day for fasting and prayer. I'sually it pleased Mr. Jefferson very ■nimh to draw up papers. He delight*;! in it; he was proficient in it; he never tired ■ of it. J’.ut for once he was puzzled. The ! drawing up of devotional papers was not ! where his strength lay. His flowing i> n and creative faculty failed him sadly. Be- : ■ hold him. therefore, rummaging an old English book, full of Puritan forms, hunt ing about for a style, pious, formal, scrip tural—which would suit for June 1. 1774. when Virginia was going to fast at, preach against, and pr y for its king- George HI. After some difficulty Mr Jefferson “cooked up” a resolution which he thought would answer, put it into the hands of the venerable and religious MT. Nicholas, and that gentleman offered it to the house. It passed, of course, ami June 1 was appointed as tiie day upon which Virginia should fast, pray ami humiliate itself In tim hope that heaven would turn the hearts of king and parlia ment to moderation and justice. Lord Dunmore knew well enough what all this parade of piety meant. He recog nized it as another method of agitating and uniting the people against Great Britain. Hence he again dessolved the house, and again the members assembled at the Raleigh to consult, and to adopt meas ures. Denouncing the aggressive methods of Great Britain, and declaring that an attack on one colony was an attack upon all, they instructed their committee of correspondence to confer with the other colonies on the expediency of holding a general annual congress. They further agreed that a convention should be held at Williamsburg on August 1. so that if the other colonies agreed to the proposi tion fora congress. Virginia could appoint her delegates thereto. Mr. Jefferson was chosen to the house of burgesses, and also to the convention. On his way to attend this he was stricken down by a sudden and painful illness, bui he forwarded a lengthy paper, which was afterwards well known in England, as well as !> America, under the name of “A Summary View' of the Rights of Brit ish America.” In this paper, as in the Albemarle in structions. Mr. Jefferson boldly advanced to the proposition that the colonies were not subject to any legislative power save their own; that the British parliament lias no right to exercise authority over us.” This was going far beyond Otis. Hi nrv, Washington and Lee. In fact it was far in advance of any position Virginia was yet ready to take; and Mr. Jeffer- In ills live-volume “History of the American People,” Dr. Woodtow Wilson finds space for Dabney Carr's name—Just the bare mention of Ills name. The leader is told absolutely noth ing about him. A I son's paper had no immediate inflr • ■ '■ | upon current affairs. It is a very ■'' V' _i paper; in tone and tenor verj m * h "l the Declaration of Independence. 1 . force, vigor, terseness, profound v of thought, it fur surpasses the famo Declaration. It has all the wisdom the mature scholar, and all the force the youthful tribune, “From the very nature of things ever; society must, at all times, posses.- wi’ i itself the sovereign powers of legis tion;” hence royal guvernois i- ' right to call legislatures together, and t dissolve them at will. ' “Kings are the servants, not the P i prletors of the people.” For writii g li i less bold than this, Sydney lost his 'm ad. I “The great principles of right wrong are legible to every reader. ’ "The whole art of government consists in being honest.” “Only aim to do your duty, and ell man kind will give you credit where j i "Deal out to all equal and impart. I right.” “Let 'hose flatter who fear; it is m t an American art." “A free people, claiming their r:-: as derived from the laws of natui •. ml I not as tiie gift of their chief magl.-tr ; The king “has no right to land a -i - gle armed man on our shores-” For the year 1774 this was daring c* high degree; an ! we are not surprised t > learn that on the black list of the Brit ish cabinet Thomas Jessi ; sun's nun v. > entered. In “The True Thomas Jefferson” M Curtis meekly follows the lead of Hie ■ ,d federal! .t writers who used to try to c odium upon the Jefferson principles by saying that ho learned them in rev - lutlonary France. If the student cares enough about t .a question to make it a matter of res :: and will read Mr. Jefferson's "Siim niary View,” his various letters, and s'.iA ! papers, previous to the French rev'-'iu- ■ tion, he will find every- principle Jes ferson afterwards professed, every jr.:.- ciple now classed as Jeffersonian. CHAPTER VH. Tiie day of fasting and prayer ha'-T r been held, political sermons preached ' i his majesty. King George IL, prayu l f :• in a seditious, if not treasonable, m ner—to the intense displeasure of Gov ernor Dunmore—the cause of rebeili was greatly advanced; and the d legal ? to the convention carried with them m Williamsburg the conviction that V - glnia was about to back them up in course, no matter how radical.” This convention of August 1. 1774, v - a purely voluntary and revoluti : body, yet it merely repeated the old : :. ctple that the rights an 1 p.-i’.l g > their fellow-subjects In Great Bril ~ . . longed also to the colonists. The cell a general congress having been fa ■ ably received, by the other eoionie.?. . convention proceeded to elect dele-;:.: Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry . George Washington, Patrick Henry . i. ard Bia: i. Benjamin 11 .. mund Pendleton. During that summer of 1774 Bos:' fereJ, and the heart of ail Ameri a.- pathized with her. The port ch-1 ■ merce dead, thousands were sq for the necessaries of life. “The cause of Boston is the c i’:-" * us all;” Boston must be fed. From e-- quarter aid is sent. Nev, England g. ■- - New York and Pennsylvania gi-c, south gives. North Carolina sends food by ' ■ •’ d; Ma. bushels of corn, besides pork ami flour; Virginia sends t n i. ■-■ bushels of grain and money by the th sands; South Carolina and Georgia ; i rice; verily there was brotherly love in those days. So powerful was the s< n’.lm. r.t of : ty to the common cause that whin An thony Stewart, of Baltimore, faith ess t ' his non-importation pledges, b.--c.;l:t ■ • ' on his brig, the Peggy Stewart, ■ casks of tea, the public feeling agar: ] those concerned ran s > hign that th made humble apologies, renewed * : :r boycott pledges, and as evidence of a l ! faith, burnt the tea. To set matters rigT ' beyond all peradventure. Stewart " :i the advice, it is said, of Charles Carroll. T Carrollton) set fire to his v ss' the Peggy Stewart, and fl. st: •? -d it. -th his own hands he applied the torch, an 1 tradition says that his daughter, I’-..:,', sat tn tiie piazza of her father's ho: ? ’ .coking on while her namesake was I"' ■:< offered as a voiuntar.v offering to disarm tiie wrath of indignant patriotism. ‘'i J eggy Stewart Day,” the 19th daj October, was made a 1( gal lio.i ~ Maryland and remains so to th" j : :.t time. '1 he professor of history in Harvard versify, Edward Channing, has ; ib.'.-ii' 1 "A Student's History of the Un : States.” his aim being, one would siipp to attain especial and critical :i, On page ISO of his book he class -s the burning of the Peggy Stewart with ta of tli" Gaspee, mentioning the tv.-. i “deeds of daring." It is pains :1 to <• learned professors who write stud'. i.:s' histories going astray in this art - ■ - =: Anthony Stewart burnt his littie ship b • cause he was afraid of his neighbors, I to class his act as a “deed of darirc. ’ comparable to the audacity of tl • b > burnt tiie Gaspee, is not the e ■ ■ ■ and critically accurate nianm-r in v ': < student's history should be ] ■. ; i.' 1 by a Harvard professor of history. Lord Dunmore, who succeed 1 Co,' r Botetourt, was a member of the s.' .t< n house of Murray, and while no t. ter ' ' is made to tiie facts in tl: !.. k<. . ■'■ v - probably related to th ? Randol; ■:’ Virginia. At any rate tney s-:::- i ’■ him almost to tiie last, ami on • f : ■■ most prominent members of th ■ V;i ". . -t family followed the Scotch ear! inv> ex. I n 1774 Dunt against the Indians into tim Ohio ■.■ov.ntrj', where mutual outrages had at -mr’h brought on a state of war. A pitched bat tle was fought on the Great Kanawha by the Americans under General Lewis and the Confederated Indians under the famous Chief Cornstalk. The red tm n were repulsed, and. while their losses had not been heavy, they lost heart and sued for peace. The Americans were eage r to pr--ss the ■advantage they had gained, but Lor 1 Dunmore, who had done no fighting, d. - cided to put and end to the war. To the conference which was held be tween the governor and the Indian chiefs one of tiie leading warriors refused to come. This was Logan, a headman of the Mingoes. At tiie commencement of the trouble nine of the women and chil dren of his family had been butchered in