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THE ATLANTA TRI-WEEKLY JOURNAL
Georgia Coming to the F rent
In Producing Sweet Potatoes
BY GEORGE H. FIROFt
During the past few years Georgia
has been producing sweet potatoes
at a rapidly increasing rate. In 1909
the crop was estimated at 5,000,000
bushels; in 1917 it reached 13,000,-
000. This great increase has been
due to the stimulation given to the
production of food crops by the low
prices paid for cotton in 1914; by
the boll weevil infestation of many
of the south Georgia counties; and
by the high prices paid for all food
products during and since the war.
The sweet potato being one of the
south’s most important food crops,
it has naturally played an important
part in the trying days of the war
when food became the first line of
defense in the stupendous conflict.
In looking for a basic and staple
food crop, the farmers of the south
ern states cannot find a better one
than the sweet potato, because it
possesses the two prime essentials
of any food crop.
Adapted to Soil
It is excellently adapted to soil and
climatic conditions and can be pro
duced in quantity cheaply without
making any' radical change in organi
zation and equipment. Also it meets
the natural and’ scientific desires of
the consumer. It is tasty, when
properly prepared, and of very high
food value, being better than the
Irish potato in this respect.
Consequently, each year the sweet
potato has become a greater mone
tary asset to the state than it was
the year before and there is no pros
pect, excepting a national economic
or political calamity, that it will not
continue to hold its well merited
position.
Adapted to Coastal Plains
The sweet potato is a crop adapted
best to the Great coastal plains,
which lands are almost completely
in the southern states. The value of
the sweet potato crop of the south
ern states was $35,000,000 in 1909;
$60,000,000 in 1916, and $100,000,000
in 1918.
It has been during recent years
that the sweet potato has become a
profitable crop when grown in quan
tity by any one grower. It has only
been recently that there were mark
kets for this crop other than those
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to be found locally. It has only been
during the last four or five years
that there were any practical storage
facilities for keeping the surplus of
the harvesting season so that it
could be evenly distributed over the
consuming year.
At harvesting time it used to be
next to impossible to sell sweet po
tatoes for any price and in the spring
it was difficult for the consumer to
buy them at all.
If the potatoes were sold in the
fall the price was extremely low; if
stored in banks or pits the losses in
decay and discoloration were usually
high—often as much as 25 to 50 per
cent. Even when, owing to good
weather conditions and exceptional
care in the construction of these
banks and pits, the crop was suc
cessfully stored, it was found that
the cost of making a new storage
house (of soil) annually and the
banks or pits were subject to weath
er conditions, throughout the winter;
even to the taking out of the potatoes
for sale, as it is not advisable to
open a storage house when the soil
is wet.
Marketing Facilities
With the organization of companies
for the storing and marketing sweet
potatoes, this natural product of the
south came into its own for the first
time of the history of the state.
These companies are, as a rule, pay
ing a cash price for this product
as it is delivered at the warehouses
at harvesting time and thereby put
ting it on the basis with cotton.
They are large enough to justify a
marketing organization that cannot
only investigate and make connec
tions with the markets of our own
cities, but they can go into the mar
kets of the north and west to sell
their holdings.
This is a momentous progressive
step as anything sold ‘ out of the
state is a profit to the state as a
whole. Furthermore, it relieves the
local markets in the fall at a time
when they used to be glutted, giving
to the small producer an opportunity
to sell his crop locally at harvesting
time.
The most unsatisfactory method of
marketing sweet potatoes is the con
signing of the crop to commission
men in bulk. Unless the small hold
er can sell locally, or sell to‘ a stor
age house, he necessarily is forced
to consign his product. With the
organization of marketing associa
tions and companies for storage this
unsatisfactory scheme of handling is
disappearing.
For information fn reference to
the growing, harvesting and storing
of sweet potatoes, communicate with
the division of horticulture, Georgia
State College of Agriculture.
Washington Farmers
Build Potato House
County Agent H. A. Cllett recent
ly sent In a report showing the
method of organizing a co-operative
sweet potato storage house:
The Washington County Sweet Po
tato company was organized May 28,
1919, at a meetinng called by County
Agent H. A. Cliett. Twelve farmers
greatly interested in potato storage
houses were present.
It was determined to form a co
operative company with an initial
capital stock of SIO,OOO, with the
privilege of increasing it to $50,000.
The stock was Issued in $25 shares
Organization officers elected were
C. D. Shelnut, president; H. A. Cliett,;
secretary; C. Findley Irwin, treas
urer. The president and secretary
sold the stock without a great deal
of trouble.
The charter was accepted and five
directors were elected on July 9.
Permanent officers were also elected.
They are: C. D. Shelnut, president;
Jeff A. Irwin, vice president; H. A.
Cliett, secretary; C. Findley Irwin,
treasurer.
Work on the house was begun and
it was soon completed. The house
was built according to government
specifications. It is of 15,000-bushel
capacity, having three units of 5,000
bushels each.
On account of the late date at
which the house was completed, and
adverse seasonal conditions, the
house was only partially filled. Tho
potatoes are keeping well.
County Agent Cliett and the Wash
ington county farmers are planning
to erect another large potato stor
age house In another portion of the
county this year.
10,327,530 POUNDS OF TOBACCO
GROWN IN GEORGIA THIS YEAR
This year Georgia produced 10,-
327,530 pounds of flue-cured to
bacco, which sold for an average of
$17,73 pei- hundred pounds. This
average was made from the com
plete reports of eight warehouses.
Some of the markets in sections
that did not suffer so badly from
rains as others made an average
for the season of $21.00 per hundred.
Good tobacco sold high, but the
rains caused a large amount of low
gfade tobacco and therefore made
the average for the season low.
Yield Low
The yield per acre this year was
lower than last year. This is to be
expected, however. The yield not
only varied a great deal on different
farms, but it is Interesting to note
the difference in yield in different
counties.
Records made of 121 farms from
15 different counties show an aver
age yield of 450 pounds per acre.
While the average yield for 28
farms in Berrien county was 650
pounds, only the tobacco sold was
considered.
Most tobacco growers had low
grade tobacco that was not put on
the market. Some farmers sold only
half of their crop, therefore the
average yield this year is not a
fair indication of the amount that
can be produced under normal con
ditions. Yields varied from 200 to
1,600 pounds per acre. The average
total yield was about 600 pounds per
acre. The average yield last year
was 750 pounds. An average yield
of 700 to 1,000 pounds can be ex
pected under normal conditions.
The variation of the gross returns
per acre was unusually wide, vary
ing from $5.00 to $400.00 on the
farms studied. Most of the farmers
who received very small returns
were the ones who did not trans
plant their tobacco until June or
July, or whose fields were practi
cally drowned.
Most of the farmers who seeded
their plant bed in January trans
planting by the 20th of April made
a profit on their tobacco. A record
Grasses and Clovers for Georgia
Pastures, Having Been Tested
A study of successful pastures
in our state shows that we have
several grasses and clovers grow
ing well under our conditions. The
most important ones are:
Lespedeza or Japan clover, Ber
muda grass, Carpet grass, Dallis
grass, White clover.
All these except bermuda have in
the majority of cases been intro
duced accidently into the pastures.
With a small beginning they have
increased and formed a complete
sod. All of them spread by produc
ing seed which are eaten by animals
and scattered in the droppings.
Bermuda grass produces a few
fertile seed but spreads by means
of its roots also. Under moderate
grazing, Carpet grass and Lespedeza
are heavy seeders, while white clov
er and Dallas grass are modearte
seeders.
Soil Adaptations
Lespedeza is the most Important
pasture plant in Georgia. For graz
ing on poor soils, it is unexcelled.
Given plenty of moisture it will
grow almost anywhere in the state.
Bermuda grass ranks second, be
ing well adapted to the red hill
section of the state. Because of the
cold winter in the mountain coun
ties and of the sandy top soil in
nearly all of south Georgia it is not
so successful in these sections. Car
pet grass grows wfill in the low,
moist places and the “clayey” and
well packed slopes of south Geor
gia and in • the ' bottoms of north
Georgia as far north as Atlanta.
Given an opportunity by the clear
ing away of native growth, it will
spread more slowly over the hills.
Very heavy grazing of the native
grasses from early spring will soon
kill them out, allowing carpet grass
and Lespedeza to come in.
Dallis grass will endure more .ex-
Poison Weevils With Calcium
Arsenate Result of Experiment
The demonstrations of poisoning
the boll weevil with calcium arsenate
have given results that are very en
couraging. The great frequency of
rainfall during July and August
made it impossible to keep poison on
long enough to get mkny weevils as
every application of poison was wash
ed off within forty-eight hours and
nearly every one within twenty hours.
Conditions Unfavorable
For this reason some of the dem
onstrations were abandoned and sev
eral of the demonstrators did not
have the cotton on poisoned acre' 1 -
weighed separately because they felt
that climatic conditions had made it
impossible to give the poison a fair
test.
Make Several Applications
To be successful the poison should
be applied while the dew is on the
plant and there should be four to six
applications using four to eight
pounds of poison per acre at each
application. But in most of these
demonstrations we failed to get the
poison on before the dew had dried,
and in only two places were more
than three applications made.
The best results were obtained in
the demonstration with County Agent
J. G. Liddell, on Mr. W. C. Crom-
Georgia Breeders Appoint Committee
To Establish a M arket for Meade Cotton
At the August meeting of the
Georgia Breeders’ association a com
mittee was appointed to establish a
market for Meade cotton.
Up to this time most of the Meade
cotton had been marketed as Sea Is
land and as the Sea Island cotton
seed would probably be almost if not
entirely wiped out under boll weevil
conditions, it seemed necessary to
establish a market for Meade.
Mr. Harry Brown, extension agent
in marketing, of the Georgia State
College of Agriculture, was request
ed to take the matter up with the
growers and see how much cotton
could be secured. Approximately 125
bales have been listed.
Messrs. J. E. Hite, of Sylvester,
Ga., and J. W. Williams and L. E.
Rast, of Statesboro., were appointed
to confer with cotton dealers and as
certain what arrangement could be
made for marketing. The commit
tee investigated a number of places,
and concluded that it would proba
bly be better to have more than one
point at w-hich to assemble the cot
ton.
Arrangements were made with the
following wa: 'houses:
Gordon-Smart company, Savannah;
A. J. Strickland, Valdosta; the Cot
ton Warehouse company, Atlanta; E.
M. Pennock & Co., Charleston, S. C.
A much better market can be ob
tained by getting.a number of bales
together than for each grower to
market individually. In the past
of 28 farms in Berrien county show
ed that an average of $136.00 per
acre gross was received. For begin
ners in a new section with very bad
weather conditions, this showing is
very good.
Date Tobacco Unprofitable
Leaving out the weather, most of
the failures were* due to poor plant
beds. The plant bed is the key-note
to success in the tobacco business.
The farmer who sows his plant bed
early and has plenty of good, strong
plants to set all of his tobacco the
first part of April has won half of
the battle. Late tobacco is rarely
ever profitable.
A great many failures were due
to lack of experience. There were
a number of instances where a good
tobacco man would have paid for his
services for the entire season with
one barn of tobacco.
Prices Advanced
Tobacco is now selling very high
on the North Carolina and Virginia
markets. It is unfortunate that
Georgia sold her crop before tobac
co made such a big advance. The
Georgia tobacco crop would prob
ably bring twice as much now as it
did when the crop was sold.
It has been thoroughly demon
strated that Georgia can and has
grown bright tobacco that compares
favorably in every particular with
that grown in any section of the
United States.
It would be a mistake for the
farmers who have already bought
their experience and have curing
barns and other equipment not to
continue growing tobacco if their
soils are adapted to the crop.
It would not be wise to advocate
the opening of many new markets
another year. It requires a good
quantity of tobacco to get buyers and
it requires a full corps of buyers
to secure the highest price.
Experience in the tobacco belt over
many years has shown that the
small markets do not pay. We could
not do better than to devote our
efforts to increasing the size of the
markets already established.
tremes of drought and water, heat
and cold than any southern pasture
grass. It is an early grower, ap
pearing two or three weeks before
in spring and remaining
green two or three later if
kept grazed during the summer.
Normally it grows in bunches but
it will form a complete sod if the
land is fertile enough.
White clover is the most dependa
ble grazing plant we have for early
spring and late fall. It is well adapt
ed to the bottom soils of north Geor
gia but indications are that it is
not so well adapted in south Geor
gia.
Langthening Grazing- Seazon
It is important that the grazing
season should be as long as possi
ble with a permanent pasture. The
ideal would be grass for twelve
months and consequently no winter
feeding. Our best pastures do not
furnish more than five to seven
months of heavy grazing and two or
three months of light grazing. The
heavy grazing is during the summer
and early fall when plenty of mois
ture is present, and the light graz
ing during the early spring and late
fall.
There are several plants that may
be regarded as possibilities in help
ing to increase the pasturage during
the early spring and late fall.
Among them are:
Bur clover, block medic, rescue
grass, red top, tall oat, rye grass,
and orchard grass.
These are not recommended as
furnishing a great deal of pasture
every month of the winter but simp
ly as a supplement to the summer
grazing. They will not be as suc
cessful except under special condi
tions as lespedeza, carpet grass,
dallis grass, white clover and ber
muda grass.
ley’s farm at Brooklet, in Bulloch
county. Five applications were made
and thirty-five pounds of poison
used.
Cost of Application!
Allowing $1 as the cost per acre
for the use of the machine, twenty
five cents per hour for labor of
application, and $1 per hundred for
picking the extra yield of cotton, and
charging the calcium arsenate at
actual cost, the expense of poisoning
the acre of cotton was $16.54. This
expense may be considered a bit high
as the labor Is charged at the rate
of $2.50 per day, which is more than
was paid for wages labor and be
cause the number of hours allowed
was more than the number actually
taken to do the work, but the calcu
lation was made on that basis as
under field conditions labor would
probably demand the wages allowed
for this work and it would probably
take about two hours per acre for
each application. The cost items
were: Calcium arsenate, $9.75, la
bor $2.50; machine sl, picking ex
tra yield $3.29. The yield on the
poisoned acre was 1,455 pounds of
seed cotton jvhile the yield on the
check acre next to it was 1,126
pounds.
Meade cotton has sold as Sea Island
but this season an effort was made
to sell it as Meade, i. e„ to place it
on a basis of its own merits.
About 150 bales were concentrated
in the warehouses mentioned.
The Cotton Warehouse company
announce the sale of one lot of Meade
cotton at eighty-two cents per pound.
It is expected that the acreage in
Meade cotton will be greatly in
creased this year and an effort will
be made in the fall to again concen
trate all this cotton in a few ware
houses in order to handle it to bet
ter advantage. ,
Cutting Inferior Trees
It is an excellent forestry prac
tice to cut out the badly diseased,
crooked, over-crow-ded, inferior trees
in a wood lot for fuel wood, giving
more growing space to the straight
promising young trees, according to
forestry specialists of the United
States department of agriculture. In
some cases, such as in stands of old
pine, a few large trees should be
left for seed to restock the land,
unless the area is to be cleared. In
many septions of the country the
present high prices of coal have made
profitable a renewal of the wood fuel
industry so that many farmers are
finding it worth while to clear out
the less desirable trees in their wood
lands and cut them up into cordwood
or shorter lengths.
THURSDAY, MARCH 25, 1920.
Steer-Feeding Tests
Now in Progress
Two steer fattening demonstra
tions have already been started this
year: One at Gainesville conducted
by Mr. R. Banks, and one at Com
merce conducted by Mr. W'. A.
Burns. Mr. Scott Murphy, at Talmo,
will put thirty head of steers on
feed in two weeks. This will make
three within the radius of twenty
miles. Several others in the various
sections of north Georgia will be
started before the first of the year.
Mr. Banks has fifty head of hlr
grade steers, averaging 908 pounds.
He is feeding sorghum pomace silage,
cotton seed meal and hulls. The
meal is thoroughly mixed with the
pomace silage before it is fed. The
cattle will be weighed every two
weeks. The feed is being weighed
up ea«h day by basketfuls.
This demonstration should be of
incalculable benefit to Georgia, be
came of definite results from feed
ing straight pomace silage and the
unusually careful check under farm
conditions on daily amount of feeds
.bnsumed.
Mr. Burns has two lots of ten
steers each in his demonstration.
These steers were purchased in North
Carolina and average about 800
pounds. Individual weights are be
ing kept, thus giving a good com
parison in individuality of the good
and poor gainers.
Immunity to Hog
Cholera Lasting
A series of recent experiments on
duration of immunity to !hog chol
era following simultaneous inocula
tion of young pigs supports the con
clusion that the protection is last
ing. The investigations were con
ducted at Ames, lowa, by specialists
of the United States department of
agriculture.
Altogether 171 pigs, Inoculated
when a week to six weeks old and ex
posed to hog cholera, at times vary
ing from 5 months to 9 months and
26 days later, were found without
exception to be immune to that dis
ease.
Three of the pigs, however, died
during the period of exposure from
causes other than hog cholera.
There was no apparent ill-effect
from the simultaneous inoculation in
any of the pigs.
There was, no difference In the im
munity of pigs from immune and
nonimmuna sows. •
Pigs that were approximately one
week old received 10 cubic centimet
ers of anti-hog cholera serum and
1-2 c. c. of virus. Pigs that were
three weeks old or more received
from 15 to 20 c. c. of serum and from
1-2 to 3-4 c. c. of virus.
Immunity was tested by injecting
5 c. c. of virus into the animals when
they had attained weights exceed
ing, in many cases, 200 pounds. None
of the hogs contracted cholera. The
experiments appear to disprove as
sertions by some observers that sim
ultaneous inoculation of young pigs
is not lasting and that immunity dis
appears at stages of frowth various
ly placed from weaning time up to 50
or 60 pounds in weight.
Small Start Is Best
The safest way for those who are
about to make their first attempt at
poultry raising is to start in a small
way with a few fowls and learn the
business thoroughly before making
large investments. Mistakes will be
made and many difficult problems
will be presented for solution before
success in any large makfiure will be
attained. As soon as it is found to
be a paying Investment, more capi
tal may be put lntb the plant.
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TIE PROFITS you get from your corn crop v
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an International.
See the International dealer the next time you
are in town and ask him to show you his lirie
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WK CHICAGO USA
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The Fitzpatrick Products Corp.
Box 72 99 j ohn St . New York
OX “ 182 Fifth St., San Francisco, Calif.
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7