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THE FARMERS’SIDE AS’ TO SIXTY-CENT COTTON The Literary Digest of May 8 der votes considerable space to extracts from leading daily newspapers in all parts of the United States in regal'd to the action of the committee on price-fixing of the American Cotton association at the Montgomery con vention, held April' 13-16'. A number of the newspaper edi tors, located especially in the north and west. severely condemn the commmltte and the association for suggesting a price of sixty cents for short staple, middling cotton, on the remnant Os the crop of 1919 still left in the farmers’ hands. As a ■matter of -fact the committee did not * fix a price of sixty cents as* was 3 sent out to the press and exchanges s over the Associated wires. That part ’ of the committee’s report (referring to a price for cotton is herewith , quoted as follows: “Be it further resolved. That the ■world’s demand for the manufactured products from cotton has placed the price of the manufactured products far above a just ratio of the present prices paid farmers for cotton. The spinners should pay farmers a price not less than sixty cents per pound for cotton, basis middling, which price would enable them to mrfke enormous profits on the manufac tured products at the present prices of said manufactured products.” . .This action of the committee.' nel< ther fixed or recommended that the farmers should demand sixty cents for the remainder of the crop on hand. It was in the nature of a suggestion to, the spinners that on' account of the present ehornrous profits they were making on manu factured goods, they could well af ford to pay farmers sixty cenfs for middling cotton. Criticism of the present high prices for cotton fabrics appear to be di rected solely at the growers of cot ton by nearly everybody living out side the zone of the American Cot ton producing. area,and are conse quently ignorant of the true facts in the matter. - , What are the facts so far as the cotton growers are concerned? The cost of producing a pound of cotton in 1919 as carefully worked out by EFFICIENCY OF 600 FARMS COMPARED Reports From Corn Beit Farms Show Merits of Va rious Implements and Methods The- relative efficiencj’ of plows of different sizes, the value of the tractor compared with horses, the saving effected by corn binders, hay loaders and numerous other imple ments, and other facts on farm management are discussed by specialists of the office of farm man agement, United States department of agriculture, in a bulletin recently issued. The publication discusses in detail the standard day’s work in central Illinois; that is, the amount of work that the 600 farmers in cluded in the investigation ordinarily do in that part' of the worn day de voted to a given farm operation, such as the number of acres plowed with a given equipment. In some instances the rate of ‘work is given in the bulletin in number of minutes per load, as in loading and unloading hay, or hauling and spreading ma nure. From the figures published one may get a good idea of the rate at which different farm operations are done in the parts of the corn belt in 'question. For example, it is shown that one man does-from 70 to 80 per cent more with the twenty eight-inch horse-drawn gang plow than with the one-bottom sixteen inch plow. Figures are given for spring and fall plowing, harrowing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, husking, seeding, unloading ear corn, unload ing- oats, loading and unloading hay aaa hauling and spreading manure. The bulletin is entitled “The Standard Days Work in Central Illinois.” Copies may be had by addressing the United States department of agri culture, Washington, D. C. * The farms represented by this Inquiry are fairly typical of thos* throughout the middle western states, since the average crop area is 167.4 acres and an average of 32.1 * acres is never planted to crops. Corn ls V l6 , - P rlnei Pal product, at least one-half of the crop area being de voted to it, and the oat crop is second in importance. The ground cultiva tion in most instances is level, and • so represents easier working condi tryns tban rolling or rugged eoun .™me^vera.s<Ltim<' spent in the field, exclusive of the time used in going to and returning from the field at noon and night, is report tbese me P as ten hou rs and 1®?. Jnmutes per day devoted to spring field work and corn cultivation; nine m°^ rS a nd W-five minutes for hay gram harvesting; nine hours and thirty minutes for fall plowing and preparing ground, and nine hours vest 1 enty minutes for corn har- Important Facts Emphasized significant facts brought ?“on»a y th e h M’S? may be m ™- machine enables one man on tnese farms to cover nearly twice as much ground per day as with a one row cultivator. Three horses are most commonly used on the two-row fmi?t V h at T and the addition of but little apparently increases out little the amount of ground covered per day ground These farmers find that the use of a corn binder increases the es ficiency of man labor 50 per cent over that, achieved when cutting and shocking by hand. s ana day’s g work on^these’forms forgone duces the Hmp P° rta ble elevator re grain intotth e required to unload cent 1 * th bln by abo ut 75 per about o- e ri of a hay-loader reduces by ?«°n.L 26 p F cent she time required to put on a load of hay. The amount t > he^m° r r , er iuired for unloading into the mow is only a little more thJn half as great when a hay-fork £ hand &S Wben the work is done by The men in this territory who use rg n ive e n S a P motn e t rS of haUl a " d 1 hand haUl hl wagons and spread by A large majority of the men re porting, broadcast their small grain the n ho endgate seeders attached to the box of an ordinary wagon. Only about 2t> per cent of the farmers Porting own grain drills. e The bulletin analyzes each field m P an ra iVh n from • the standpoint of man-labor requirements, horse-labor requirements, size of machine, etc nlo\v’np an ? er ln > w hich the data on tvn7rai S nf h^' e been summarized is I f the way in which several subjects are treated. About 80 ner cent of the farmers reported the use rtated U *Hv<t D tu S ’ abOut 80 I,er cent „, that they use horse-drawn r.an b plows, and 14 per cent reported •-he use of tractors for plowing d 16-Inch Sulky Flows Popular majority of the farmers use 16-inch sulky plows, nearly all of them with three horses in the spring Three acres is an average dav’s work for this outfit. For Z s fa »l me F s using 14-incn sulky Mows with three horses in spring Plowing about 3 acres is an average nay’s work. While theoreticallv tne 16-inch plow should cover about la per cent more ground in the same Zl 8 t b ° f - tln,e ’ this apparently has not been found true in practice. Four-Horse Teams Preferred The greater number of four-horse teams and even some five-horse teams on 14-inch sulky plows for tall plowing is accounted for by the fact that Plowing in the fall is usu ally about one inch deeper than in the spring, and also by the fact that the ground is generally drj- and hard to turn. On An average, outfits of the same size cover about a half acre less per day in tne fall than in the spring, due not onlv to the more difficult conditions mentioned above, but also to the fact that the THE ATLANTA TKI-WEEKLY JOURNAL. a committee at the Montgomery con ference, April .13-1,6, arrived at the average figure* of cents per pound for the crop of 1919 as applied to the main producing states. The crop of 1919, basis middling, has not been sold for an average of forty cents. Fully one-fourth of that crop was under middling and has been sold at .prices which would hardly average twenty-rfive cents per pound. If three-fourths of the crop sold for forty cents and one-fourth at twen ty-five cents, the average price re ceived for the whole crop would not exceed thirty-Sjx and a quarter cents per pound, or 1 3-4 per cent less than the actual cost of production. As fixed by the committee, a profit of even 25 per cent to the average farmer who only produces Six bales, would net only, -$375 and at this his entire crop «would have to average him a price of 47 1-2 cents per pound. Either the average cotton grower must remain in a state of agricul tural slavery to satisfy the general ignorance of the world as to the cost of producing cotton, and be con tent with low prices, or he must in the fact of unjust ‘criticism and in the defense of his home, his occu pation ami his manhood, assert his rights and by co-operative effort en force them.. There is no other solu tion of the problem and the Ameri can Cotton association offers the only medium, through which the cot ton growers and the south can prof itably and equitably enforce and maintain those rights. It will cost the farmer consider ably more in 1920 to produce and harvest a pound of cotton than it did in. 1919. It costs just as much to harvest and market a bale of low grade cotton as it does a bale cf middling COttdri, so that middling cotton should command a price high enough to average the cost of produc tion for the entire crop and a fair profit above that to the growers. This rule is applied to every well es tablished business industry in the world except ‘cotton growing. -Yours very truly. HARVIE JORDAN. National secretary, American Cotton association. time spent in the field is about two thirds of an hour less per day in the fall. As is the case in spring plowing, the 14-inch plow seems to cover prac tically as much ground per day as the 16-inch size, provided both drawn by the same number of horses. The addition of the fourth horse in creases the efficiency of the unit by about 10 per cent and the addition of tjie fifth horse to .the 16-inch plow re sults in a sifriilar increase. Except ing under favorable conditions, a sulky plow seems to be somewhat of an overload for three horses of the size and type used on these farms. Many Gang Flows Used Over 450 men reported using horse drawn gang plows on their farms. About 80 per cent of these plows have 14-inch bottoms. Most of the remaining plows have 12-inch bot toms. Some plows with 13-inch bot toms were reported, but the number was so small that no figures on their performance are given. Over three fourths -of the men wfio use gang plows also reported the use of sulky plows. A comparison' of an average day’s Work for the 16-inch sulky plows and 28-inch gang plows show that so far as horse labor is.concerned the gang plow drawn by four horses is the most efficient unit in both spring and fall: In the spring this outfit covers 1 1-4 acres per day per horse, while both the sulky plow drawn by three horses and the gang plow drawn by five horses cover One acre per day per horse. The gang plow drawn by six horses covers but nine-tenths of an acre per horse. In the fall four horses with the gang plow cover 1.02 acres per horse, while three. porses op the. sulky plow and five horses oh the gang plow cover .86 and ..91 acre tier horse, re spectively. Four horses on the sulky plow and six horses on the gang pHow cover ,72 and .78 acre per horse, respectively. However, the gang plow is evidently a heavy load for four horses in the fall, excepting un der favorable conditions. The 28-inch I gang is a somewhat heavier ioad for I six horses, the mose popular sized team used in the fall, than is the 16-inch sulky for four horses, but is a lighter load than the 16-inch sulky for three horses. As far as man labor is concerned, the gang plow drawn by six horses is, of course, the most efficient unit both in the spring and fall, but wncn horse labor as well as man labor is considered, it is seen that the ad vantage of this largest unit, is some what lessened. Federal Grades For Wheat to Stay Federal grades for wheat will not cease to be enforced under the United States grain standards act when the United States Grain corporation ceases to function. Reports have been received by the bureau of markets that, farmers and grain dealers tn some parts of the country are under the impression that the federal grades and- the grain corporation will “go out” together. This rumor may be due to the fact that the grades went into effect at the begin ning of the 1917 crop movement, at approximately the same time that the Food Administration Grain cor poration began its control of wheat marketing. The grain corporation was created under a war emergency law. The law which empowers the secretary of agriculture to fix grades was ap proved August 11, 1916, and is a permanent measure. Federal grades for wheat had been contemplated by the department of agriculture for several years prior to the entry of the United States into the war, and a large amount of .■ investigational work had been done toward estab lishing national wheat standards. The wheat grades would have been established at the time they were even if there had been no war and, therefore, no grain corporation. The grades were promulgated by the sec retary of agriculture on March- 31. 1917, to become effective on July 1, 1917, for winter wheat and on Au gust 1, 1917. for spring wheat, and were revised in their present form effective July 15, 1918. Farmers Want Posters for “Better Sires” Problem That the value of improved live stock is recognized by farmers even though they are still far frm reach ing that goal on their farms is shown by correspondence reaching the Unit ed States department of agriculture fro mregions where the live-stock in dustry is undeveloped. “This town ship,” one farmer writes in pencil on a scrap of paper, “is interested in a. better grade of cattle. There is a sawmill and a carriage shop find a blacksmith shop right bv us, and I think these would be good places for your colored poster about better sires. If you will send me some I will nos,t them up.” “We have several grade cows in our barn,” he continues, “and will improve our cows with a purebred Holstein bull, which will soon be ready to head the herd.” He received the posters. “Better Sires” for the Rabbit Should Be The first person in the United States whose “live stock” consists entirely of rabbits and who applied for enrollment in the “Better Sires— Better Stock” movement, is Hamil ton Coleman, of Bav county, Fla. Rabbits are not officially listed among the classes of animals for whose improvement the better-sires campaign is being conducted. How ever, in response to the spirit of co-operation shown and considering that the breeds of rabbits listed are raised for meat, the official emblem of recognition has been granted to Mr. Coleman. The rabbits listed' in cluded Flemish Giants. Snotted Giants New Zealands and Belgian hares. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION BY DR. ANDREW M. SOULE THE PKICE OF PERMITTING LAND EROSION The land waste in our great state is simply appalling. According to the best figures obtainable, it approx imates 600 tons per square mile, or 32,885,000 tons a year. Each ton con tains on a conservative estimate four pounds of nitrogen, two pounds of phosphoric acid and four pounds of potash. At present figures, the nitrogen is -worth at least twenty five cents a pound, the phosphoric acid, seven cents a pound and the potash, twelve and a half cents a pound. The loss, therefore, equals $1.64 per acre. Our rivers run red to the sea with the life blood of the land. They are the arteries of the soil. In dry times, they supply by seepage vast quantities of water to our crops; in times of flood, they drain the land. They carry the es sence of the fertility of our soils and deposit it beyond the reach of our growing crops. Erosion goes for ward steadily and constantly. The galled hillside is a familiar picture. It corresponds to the; bloody and hor rifying wounds which the individual receives on the field of battle. If a man were lying with cut arteries, bleeding to death, we would hasten to bind up his wounds, but the con ditions which are going forward in our rural communities, and 1 some times think becoming worse instead of better, attract no attention. Is it not worth while to conserve and save? Do we not owe that much to posterity? We are a wonderfully prosperous people. Is our motto to be “eat, drink and be merry for to morrow we die.” Is it not worth-- while to trouble ourselves about the destruction of the patrimony of our boys and girls? Are we to be class- lANDW A ST K 600 TOMS PER SQ.MILE H 7 | CATOOSA I /f ANN | r, \ Ur JKN 5 J y YPAQ i S If" 11 ■ s 0 Klo g „ piCKCn A V \ > P KI ■ r 1 1 B w W»<AiP3Pii| ■ t " ' \ j " 7\ y c’ 1 " 3 A 1 A | \ ■ Ts* 7 V*YIF I \ I r X* \ / lb ■ r j\co»*eTA \ | \ \ \ Z (a \ X U , Z A c* a I 1 \ \rtM at n \ yffICNWOkO ■ f| J k Y —• "w L L I \_ZflAAcocK / ik. Woup """ />•'"£ -cr,r<oc\ \ \ 1 \ T•iMHidkioN \ 1 M• 1 y r z \u pSO h iZ'vfr—x N| ZVw / J I W I / ’ yAJ’etSJ \ JTjohwsOm J | ■ £t r-7f I X 3 - K / $1 " C “ s '’ W X. / Y #2-- U I' \ # ''K \ \ VB JmACOjv } / \ / o T W p,tcHAM W II [ " T l —/ UX'A \ It y-B xJ 1 OOOly \ \ \ \ 1 w. m STHVARI suMTta < \ \ Vi ' « I W nctiru A♦, TOOMM \ I 1 \ 1 rfILLOX \ 11AHNAU f J Wr I k InMffM M I 1 lAMunC I . /X -IRb * M * I ' ( * / \Q 1 M wiXT J | 1 I J MF ff- ICAIMOVN JoovCHfMrtV l’ ACW * / I ■ I CBFFffe I f \ v K I r-r J' V f \ \ rA. /««•* / LZZ coi-auirr J ( y Zl-S. IjP Bk | \( < J \wAie / y -J* J) Ttlo>Wi \ joMAiro* "Iw / f fo* < 'y. \4 W LOSS EQUALS W U $1.64- PER ACRE ed with those who s'-y, • suifla.ont unto the day is the evil thereof* Lol the morrow take care of itself.” Somebody must pay the bills for the land carnage ana destruction we are encouraging and lifting no ef fective hand to stop. It is time to wake up. The future is fraught with danger. The land is our one permanent resource. We are scarce ly concerned about these red rivers these soil arteries running r<?d to the sea with the fat of the land. Con servation is essential as never be fore. Deep plowing, crop rotation, the use of cover crops, the establish ment of adequate pasture areas and the reforestation of hillsides will enable us to reduce our losses in this direction to a mininum. It must be done for the sake of present and future generations. We can accom plish this end if we inform our peo ple as a whole about the losses that are now taking place and the means of correcting them. The gullied hill side with its gaping wound ‘‘crying aloud to heaven” should become the concern of every man, woman and child in Geoogia. It is not a thing to be passed over lightly. If nature were let alone, she would edver them up. She heals all wounds and takes care of her resources and conserves them. Let us go back to nature, the great healer, the great teacher, for advice and instruction at this emer gency. The issues involved make it whorthwhile. Somehow or other we have never been able to visualize our lands as gold, yet that is exactly what they represent. The store of plant food they contain and the condition in which it is held in the soil deter mines their value for agricultural purposes. It we permit our soils to be decreased in value $1 per year thus encouraging rather than endeav oring to prevent erosion, our annual loss in Georgia totals the astonish ing figure of .$37,584,000 a year. Think of it. This represents enough gold dollars to build a system of paved roads connecting all the coun ties in Georgia. It totals three and a half times the amount we now spend through all agencies for pub lic education. It aggregates more than four times the gross revenues of the state. It would pay our pub lic indebtedness off more than six times over and still leave a respecta ble surplus in the state treasury. Can even a state as rich and as pros perous as Georgia withstand this state of affairs indefinitely? Is it right or proper that we should per mit this loss to continue? Do we understand correctly its nature and extent? I think not. We have been so busy with other matters that the needs of our fundamental indus tries and the necessity of conserv ing our soils has attracted as yet but little public attention or consid eration. We have, questioned our ability to carry forward a scheme of universal education. We have debated the ap propriation of funds for the main tenance of higher education and particularly the more, liberal endow ment of technical and vocatfonal ed ucation. In spite of these facts, we are permitting a loss from soil ero sion amounting to nearly four times the total amount expended for edu cational purposes to accrue each year. We are paying a tribute to our lack of technical training of amazing proportions. How long can we afford to continue this practice? After all, the problem resolves it self not into how much we spend for education, but whether we spend it efficiently and get a worth-while result. The longer we argue over the method and amount, the greater will be the annual aggregate of our losses. Education of the right type is the only means by which we will mitigate a part of the loss we suf fer annually through the impair ment in the value of our agricul tural lands. This problem requires our immediate attention and consid eration. It affects the welfare of every individual in Georgia. It D a state-wide proposition. It cries aloud for immediate attention. Let us attack it with vigor. We can solve it and save a handsome endow ment annually for the enrichment of •ur state and the improvement of our education institutions. STARTING ANEV/FARMING EN TERPRISE A. T. H„ Bolton, S. C„ writes: I have just come into possession of a farm I am not acquainted with. Part is red subsoil and part is sand with a pipe clay sub soil. The farm is rather run down and was planted to corn last year. Will you tell me how best tp prepare the land and how to fertilize it? I want to put about 150 acres in cotton and 50 acres in corn. Soils sue has you describe are not naturally as rich in plant food sup plies as those generally predominat ing throughout the Piedmont sec tion. Therefore, the lands about which you inquire will give you bet ter returns if first enriched with veg etable matter derived from com posts or yard manures. There is a good deal of leaf mold and other vegetable matter which you can se cure from the woodlands on your farm. I would advise you to gather all this up as promptly as possible. Then I would proceed to break my land if this had not already been, done. Next, lay off in rows at desir able distances for planting to corn or cotton. We think hei’e that a four-foot row is about right for cot ton. Sometimes we plant cotton in 3 1-2-foot rows. The spacing should be from 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 feet. Open the widest and deepest furrow you can where you expect the rows of corn or cotton to stand. Scatter in this furrow either compost or yard manure at the rate of two to five tons per acre. Mix this material well with the subsoil by means of a bull-tongue. Scatter from three to four hundred pounds of fertilizer in the bottom of the drill, mixing it with the subsoil. After it has stood for a few days, you may plant the corn in the water furrow. In the case of cotton, draw the furrow to gether on either side to make a bed. Eet the land stand to settle for a few days, knock the top of the bed off and plant your cotton. , A good formula to use for corn should contain 4 per cent of nitrogen, 1.0 per cent of phosphoric acid and 3 per cent of potash. For cotton, use 3 1-2 per cent of nitrogen, 9 per cent of phosphpric acid and 3 per cent of potash. If you are not trou bled by the boll weevil, you may use a side application on cotton relative ly early in the season. For corn, use a side application of 200 pounds when the plants are about fifteen to eight een inches high. 3IDB AFPI.ICATIONS ON CANTA XOUFES E. F. M., Bartow, Ga.. writes: Kindly let me know when is the proper time to put nitrate of soda on cantaloupes. Nitrate of soda may be applied around cantaloupes more than once during the growing season. The first application should be made as soon as possible, and the second and third about two weeks apart respectively. I would use as much as 100 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre, putting it on in either two or three applica tions. I think there is a tendency to put the nitrate of soda on too late in the season. This is due to the gen -ral impression that the nitrogen in this material becomes immediately available to the growing crop. Ft does become quickly available, but it takes the plants about ten days to begin assimilation and utilization. It probably takes them another ten days to benefit materially by its use. Hence, we need to put nitrate of soda on some little time in advance of when we expect it to render its best service to the growing crop. Nitrate of soda should be put around the cantaloupe hills, but not around the plants unless they are thoroughly drv. It is easier to apply it, of course, when the plants are relatively small. It may be used strictly as a top dresser and does not require to be covered into the soil. best re sults from using nitrate of soda on in the manner indicated and applied truck crops come from , applications made In the manner indicated and about two weeks apart. Replanting Cotton "Under Existing Conditions F. G. J., Yatesville, Ga., writes: •I planted my cotton and failed to get a stand on half of the land. Would you advise me to replant it or plant corn and vel vet beans? I am using about 400 pounds of meal and acid per acre. Ordinarily, we would not hesitate to advise you to replant cotton even at this date as we have seen some fairly good crops of cotton harvested in Georgia where a stand was not secured before the first of June. The preat question, of course, is the boll weevil. To what extent was he pres ent in your county last fall and, therefore, what amount of damage is he likely to do this year. The coun ties which the weevil infested, for the first time last year are not likely to suffer great damage this season. Os course, climatic conditions will exert a great influence. Up to the present time conditions have prob ably been favorable to the weevil because the season has been cold and backward. We might still, however, have a hot, dry summer which would rot be to his advantage. As you no doubt are in position to make a fairly good fight against the wee vil and, if you only have a moderate amount of cotton to replant, I would be disposed to take a chance in try ing to secure a stand on a limited urea of my crop by replanting. This means, no doubt, that you must be prepared to fight the weevil with every agency which you can com mand. In taking this chance with the weevil, I would, of course, diver sify my other crops and emphasize particularly the production of food and foraee crops useful for hogs and cattle. The needs of the family should, of course, be well taken care of. Then in the event the weevil proves destructive, you would not be “putting all your eggs in one bas ket.” tn the event yoii are able to control weevil depredations with a measurable degree of success, the cotton you will thus be able to pro duce will command a big price next fall. So, I think it worth while to take a chance in trying to raise a moderate crop of cotton even though the conditions be discouraging. The Commercial Value of Velvet Beans J. J. R„ Waynesboro, Ga., writes: I would like to know the commercial usages now being made of velvet beans as this county expects to raise a good many this year for market, and as we are unfamiliar with the uses now being made of Velvet beans, we feel it would be im possible to market them intelli gently without such knowledge, and we have come to you for this information. The velvet bean is valuable for several specific purposes. It may be grown on lands for their enrich ment. It is a legume, and. there fore, gathers a part of the nitrogen it needs out of the air. It often grows surprisingly well on thin lands. On such soils, it may be grazed when green and the refuse matter turned under for the enrich ment of the land. It is an excellent smother crop to use on weed-infested areas. In our opinion, its greatest value to Georgia farmers is obtained from growing it in combination with the corn crop. We would plant the seed either in the drill row or along side the corn. Some prefer to plant it in drills between the corn rows. When planted in the manner indi cated, it will yield from eight to twenty bushels per acre. The beans may be harvested when they are ma ture, or cattle and hogs may be turned in on them and allowed to do a part of the harvesting them selves. When the» beans are harvest ed for sale, they are, of course, gathered in the hull. They may be shipped in this condition to sections where a high-grade feed is desired. Horses and mules, cattle and hogs will eat the beans without their be ing ground. For some classes of stock, particularly cattle and work stock, the beans need to be softene.i by soaking. Another method of han dling this crop is to grind the beans and hulls together and make a meal therefrom that is a valuable food for almost any class of animals. A higher grade food can be made by shelling the beans before they are ground. In tests made here at the college, we have found velvet bean meal an excellent food for dairy cows. We prefer to combine the beans with peanut meal and corn meal. Velvet bean meal and corn meal make an excellent food for work stock. Many farmers do not have a food stuff containing a sufficient amount of protein available on their farms. They may have corn or oats. This makes it desirable that they use some other concentrate. Velvet bean meal can often be used to ad vantage for this purpose. There is a growing demand for velvet beans as constituting a food stuff of rec ognized merit. The beans without the hulls contain about 79.8 pounds of nitrogen, 20 pounds of phosphoric acid and 34 pounds of potash per ton. When the hulls are included, the beans contain per ton about 56.8 pounds of nitrogen, 16 pounds of phosphoric acjd and 34.4 pounds of potash. While it would be imprac ticable to use velvet beans directly for fertilizing purposes, it will be seen that they contain considerable amounts of the essential elements of plant food. There is thus a wide field of service in which this crop can be used to advantage. It will undoubtedly grow in commercial im portance and popular favor as its value and merit for soil improve ment, animal nutrition and fertiliz ing purposes become more widely un derstood and appreciated. Destroying Bugs on Irish Potatoes A correspondent, Millen, Ga., writes: My cabbage is dying very rapidly, and I would like to know what is the trouble. Also what will destroy bugs on Irish potatoes? How can I get rid of ground moles? It is impossible to tell from your letter just what sort of a disease is destroying your cabbage. We judge it to be black rot, however, as this disease causes considerable destruc tion to cabbage in this state from time to time. This is a very difficult disease to control. The sources of infection are, as a rule, infected fields and seed beds in which tne young plants are developed. One should, therefore, watch the seed bed very closely and be careful that no suspicious plants are set out in the garden. The best means of fighting this trouble is through a rotation of crops. In fact, this is about the only practical means of controllng this organism in a field which has once become infected. Infected leaves should be picked off and burned. This, however, is la service of doubt ful value. Diseased plants should be pulled up and burned. The treatment of the seed before it is put out in the Seed bed with formalin in the strength of one part to 200 parts of water for twenty minutes is ad vised. Irish potato bugs can best be controlled through the use of Faris green. You may .use it as a spray or else dust it on the plants when the dew is on them either in the morning or late in the evening. The use of finely ground slaked lime on the basis of fifteen pounds to one pound of Paris green of standard strength will prove effective. The persistent use of this material in the manner indi cated will enable you to effectively control Irish potato bugs. Ground moles are very difficult to control. There are special traps on the market which may be purchased and used for this purpose. You may also saturate balls of cotton with carbon-bisulphide and put them in the runways. I think the best way of fighting this pest in gardens is to watch for the moles early, in the morning or late in the evening. One can generally see them at work ana spear them with a sharp pointed, heavy wire or other convenient Im plement of a type. Fertilizing Cotton on Flatwoods Band J. W. 0., Pine Grove, Ga., writes: 1 am contemplating planting about six acres of heavy fruiting cotton on land which is about' half of medium texture mid the rest very poor. I have a ton of 9-2-3 guano. The land is low and flat and the cotton has the tendency to produce too much bush. It is fairly well drained. When and how much fertilizer should be used per acre? Under the conditions described in vour letter, you should apply pounds of the fertilizer you have on hand to each acre of land. W e woulu put the fertilizer under the drill row at the time the cotton is planted or earlier in the season, if you pre fer. .We do not think you are likely to find side applications beneficial under existing conditions. If the cotton on this land makes a good weed, then the use of additional nitrogen hardly seems desirable. I judge, however, that it does not fruit as well as you would like to have it do on all occasions. Probably, therefore, it would pay you to em phasize in the future the use of both phosphoric acid and potash. On lands of the type you are cultivat ing, we have found that heavier ap plications of potash than those or dinarily used proved both desirable and profitable. Os course, we know that phosphoric acid is one of the elements in which our soils are re 1 atively low. As a rule, more nitro gen would seem to be desirable th'ar you propose to use. We have found it good practice in other words to use a formula which supplied from twenty to twenty-five pounds of commercial nitrogen to each acre of land. Your suggestion as to the size and character of the cotton weed you are now producing leads us to think that’a heavier application of nitrogen than you contemplate using this year may not be necessary. Sire Service Free to Community, Says Breeder In a Florida locality where little scrub bulls and boars roam at will along the roads, scattering parasites and disease, the leaven of live-stock improvement is at work. Having en rolled in the “Better Sires—Better Stock” movement, a stockman in that locality is now maintaining at considerable cost two registered bulls, a Holstein and an Angus, and two purebred boars, a Hampshire and a Duroc-Jersey. The services of all of these animals are free to the community. “We feel we are doing something,” this breder informs the United Stat es. Keep the Barn Clean “I sold everything I had but one pure-bred sow, for the reason that they were not purebred.” This state ment accompanied enrollment in the “better sires” campaign of A. M. White, a North Carolina farmer, ex plaining the small quantity of stock on hand at the time. TUESDAY, JUNE 1, 1920. Sweet Sorghum a Source of Syrup The sorghum plant is similar in appearance to corn growing about the same height and possessing about the same color. It may be grown throughout the United States in practically all regions where corn is grown, though parts of the extreme northern tier of states have a grow ing season usually too short for sweet sorghum to mature. In grow ing sorghum for sirup care should be taken to secure seede of a sweet sor ghum variety, and for planting in the north, one which matures quick ly. Sweet sorghum is grown from seed and is planted in rows about 3 1-2 feet apart. The plants should stand from four to six inches apart in the row. Approximately from five to eight pounds of seed is needed to the acre. Ordinarily planting time falls soon after corn planting, when the soil has become thoroughly warm. The stalks of the plants are ready for sirup making when the seeds which form heads at the top of the stalk are in the late dough state; that is, just before they become dry and hard. The machinery necessary for mak ing sirup consists of a mill for ex tracting the juice from the cane and an evaporator for reducing the juice to sirup. The mill contains three iron rollers between which the sor ghum stalks are passed to press out the juice. It may be operated by a gasoline engine or by a sweep drawn by horses. The usual type of evaporator con sists of a rectangular, flat-bottom ed pan of galvanized iron or copper. Evaporation may be produced by di rect contact with Are or with steam. In the former case the pan is mount ed on a specially constructed fire box. If steam evaporation is employed the pan is provided with steam coils which lie on the bottom of the pan. In some cases a double-bottomed pan is used, the space so provided being employed to carry the steam. Other Equipment Needed Other articles needed are barrels or tubs for patching the juice, pipes for conducting it to the pan, skim mers for removing the scum, appara tus for testing the sirup’s consis tency and barrels or cans for hold ing the finished product. In making a sirup the blades of the plants are stripped off, the sor ghum cut at about six Inches from the ground, the seed heads removed. The sorghum is passed through the mill with as little delay as possible. When the weather is cool or there is danger of frost, the sorghum may be cut considerably in advance of pressing for when properly piled, it will keep for several days. The juice extracted by the mill is strained and then run into the evaporating pan. As it passes through the pan, it quickly comes to a boiling point and a scum rises to the surface. This should be constantly and carefully removed. Sirup, should be evaporated to a point where it contains not less than 70 per cent solids; that is, has a weight of less than 11 1-4 pounds to the gallon. If placed in containers while boiling hot and properly seal ed. it will keep indefinitely. The department’s publication de scribes in detail the methods of manufacture, including the clarifi cation of the juice if such is desired, and the utilization of by-products. The latter inplude the blades of the plants which make excellent feed for cattle, the bagasse (the stalk from which the juice has been re moved), the scum which may be fed to hogs in small quantities, and seed heads which also have a feed ing value. The average yield of sirup an acre is from 75 to 200 gallons, al though in some cases it has been as high gs 400 gallons. The estimates on the yield of seed an acre vary from 600 to 1,600 pounds. Purebreds Within Six Months, Says Geo. Mead “I am buying a pure-bred Duroc- Jersey board and will have all pure bred hogs on the farm within six months.” This remark accompanied participation in the “Better Sires— Better Stock” campaign by George E. Mead, a live stock owner in Es cambia county, Fla. The Value of pure-bred sires and better stock so greatly exceeds that of inferior ani mals that often a mere suggestion is enough to bring about the change in progressive localities. Get Rid of Scrub Cows Two pure-bred sires and twenty head of scrub female live stock were the property of a Florida farmer a short time ago. Not satisfied, how ever, with the quality of stock kept, he disposed of all his scrub sows, nine in number. Likewise, he is in cubating fiifty eggs of standard-bred poultry as a basis for a well-bred flock to replace his scrubs. 6,000 MILES no money I IHereistheabsolutellmltintire I t ®a lofferß—never before such won tWl | derful values! Pay only when r\4Br B l (convinced. Used standard UK/b fl I I makes rebuilt by our own ex- ■KhX B I pertstogiveS.OOO miles—or faRL< H I I more. No comparison with a I I double tread tires which are Lflrk S I I sewed. RS I /Lowest Prices M/ I Quick Delivery tvi Size Tires Tubes Size Tires Tubes 30x3 $6.4551.75 32x45$ $12.2552.70 rahL W#7 80x35$ 7.25 1.95 33x44$ 12.50 2.85 KSf ,32x35$ 8.75 2.15 34x45$ 12.90 3.00 MHrh \ 731x4 9.45 2.25 36x45$ 13.25 3.15 OSV-/32x4 9.90 2.40 36x44$ 13.90 3.40 33x4 11.25 2.50 35x5 14.90 8.50 84x4 11.90 2.60 37x5 16.90 8.75 T Send your order today while we havo S<sß“«'*“ • big stock on hand and can ship same day order is received. Send nomoney with order, just your name and address and size tire desired, whether clincher or straight side. MITCHELL TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY Its E. 39th Street Dept. 16S Chicago SSZo3/Vorid’s Best Roofing at Factory “Reo” Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roofings, Sidings. Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct to you at Rock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. g Edwards “Reo” Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painting 9 □r repairs. Guaranteed rot,fire,rust, lightningproof. ■ Free Roofing Book g Get our wonderfully g ® low prices and free R £ Sarn P^ 3 - Weseildirect & to you and save you all ■ Z IxMl-in-between dealer’s u « profits. Ask for Book-ty 6353 LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made gj/ Vr *7 j Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set jlffjijffi ■ , up any place. Send postal for- - Book.showingstyles. 1 111 ** JI ' THE EDWARDS MFG. CO., C333-13L Pike St. Cincinnati,o. piMMiUi nhUUwu I Sample means MORE MONEY in the pocket of the Cotton Grower. And therefore Z / uk * MORE BUSINESS for the Glnner, a* V'l m 2 advertises him far and wide. Munger System Outfits V* .•»> a wllich revolutionized the cotton gin- r-Z nin S industry many year* ago, have I al ' va - vs led as & ‘ AMPLB MAKERS, and their superiority is maintained by continuous and progressive Im provements. ol ’ Write for catalog I Continental Gin Co. Sales Offices: Birmingham, Ala., Atlanta, Ga. g • Charlotte, N. C,, Dallas, Tex., Memphis, Tenn. / fiZj&eTOTFw/A mry 1 reliner —that offer can’t be equaled any- I &Y3FA where —think -of it! A standard I make Guaranteed Cube and two 1 ||lKpuH ply reliner free with every tire and 1 till Goidhart Double Tread Tires \'V\\ Guaranteed 5,000 Miles \Wfl are offered at prices nearly 50% \ YES lower than new tires. Better lay in X’aaM'.GjM n season’s supply atonce —You’ll reorder \ tags! like thousands of others because these guaranteed tires “make good” every-\ 7'cj'Aj where —everytime. \JjCpy • These Prices Include Tires and Tubas: 30x3. .. .$7.00 32x4. .. .$10.50 35x4K . .313.00 32x345.. 0.00 34x4.... 11.25 35x5.... 14.55 31x4.... 10.00 34x444.. 12.50 37x5.... 14.50 Send $2 deposit for each tire ordered, balance C. O. D. subject to examination. Special 5% discount if full amount is sent with order. Specify whetherS. S., Cl., plain tread or non-skid all same price. ORDER TODAI. GOLDHARDT TIRE HOUSE 3536 Ogden Ava., Chicago iirWuissiffi I f 1° the face of rising costs, I I have reduced engine prices. By in- F creasing production, making my factor / the largest, selling direct to user. I build KgF engines for less and give you the benefit. g 90 Days Trial Jss You have 90 days to try the OTTAWA and you u are protected by my liberal ten year guarantee. 7J 5 Sizes 11$ to 22 H-P. Cash or Easy Terms— make engine pay for Itself while you use it. I Kerosene, Gasoline. Gas. Kill Use cheapest fuel r . F °°ir fFREE U f.J special money - ■ C ill saving offe» and f liU Now Free Book ' 0-. at /7 OTTAW * «fg . co. JS The Only Log Saw X With “Arm Swing” Sti-oke and Lever ■ML J I,l\ Controlled Friction Clwtch fK Startinc Stoppina-Saw. K®!* s for Pricea xZpHa If sAEtFand Description of this Fuat Cutting, Practical One-Midi Outfit. ENGINE WORKS 1 g lv>7 Oakland Avtiwe Kmplra BiHliWg ■ R Kansas City. Rllalnugli. Fa. Motorcycle BargainsKjy l All makes, singles or twins. • Every machine expertly rebuilt, : tested, guaranteed in perfect shape. Sind 2c for “Spring > Bulletin” of rebuilt motorcycles. /ffijSEK/W E Saves you half. ‘ THE WESTERN SUPPLIES CO./ pyflßsrß i 366 Hayutln Bldg., Denver. Colo. l L.i.in .—.I mi i Send No Money Don't miss this chance to cut your tire cost fioA 50% and more. We ehiji at once on isp- VCN VM proval. These are standard make used LXV. /Va tiree, excellent condition, eelected by our Hw experts—rebuilt by expert workmanebip. M Can readily be guaranteed for 6000 miler, Bl NOTE—Thss. ar. not uaed hw<4 to- XYf El gather tires—Unown as doubl. treadu. , El 30x3 .$5.50.41.60 84x4 .$ 8.75..52.60 I X>C El 30x345. 6.50.. 1.75 34x445. 10.00.. 8.00 i El 31x315. 6.75.. 1.85 85x445. 11.00.. 8.15 QC> Ei 82x345. 7.00.. 2.00 36x415. 11.60.. 8.40 I WC fl 31x4 . 8.00. .2.26 35x5 . 12.60.. 8.50 X>C fl 82x4 8.26.. 2.40 36x6 . 12.76.. 8.65 Bl 33x4 . 8.50.. 2.50 37x6 . 12.76.. 8.76 ffl WRITE Remember, we guarantee your Fag nnilb perfect oatisfaction. Pay only OSc7 iffiS on arrival. Examine and judge for your- QQdw wj self. If not satisfied—Send them back at vjcyrL. KF our expense. We will refund your money C£S<4l.Vi without question. Be sure to state size J wanted—Clincher, S. S., Non-Skid, Plain. vgSIaSF aFVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER CU 1 3105 Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. iSKi thM® Classy r Tailor-MaTe-to-Ordei Swife Msuill Aduaf s 6- tSSwS We Prepay Express f . Bn lIA Less than half V I BM| .» I faction guaranteed I Wdl —A 1 or Money Back. VriSWMMB J Send at once for snappy Style Book and mcanurcmcnt blanka. You need ■ these hlanka to injure perfect fit. Ik member, only $2.65 for cants, ex- I rcßti prepaid. We make all clothea Ito your individual mcasuremeite. Great Money-Making Han I Find out how to earn $2500 to 18000 a year in your epare timo. Get your lown seft FREE (just to make'em ask where you got it). BE* O CS? Beautiful, Interesting EflSzW IM SB ML Em BOOK about this mon ey-makinß propoeition. Greatest col I lection ever of woolen samples., 152 Egaffi Ettssag/ latest, most exclusive style fashions— raSgSW all winners. Theda Bara, Annette Kel- jffiilaf I lermann.etc.,in uncensored Bcenesand VBH darini? poses, beautiful colors. Some pictures. Men ! Postal brings every- tHfrS 1 thiDff Free. Write today-SURE. blf V Reliable Tailoring Co. £ 316 3. Peoria St. Chicago eiR be us an n n m sraa ss as ■ $ 11 ' “• —• ally new — at lass than retail eo3t Os one! The one big chance of the year to lay in a big supply. Thousands of cus tomers are getting full tire mileage because tires were slightly used on demonstration care i only. You can get J 12,000 MILES I out of these tires too. Don’t delay— the sup ply won’t last long at these bargain prices— mail your order at once. See special bargain list here: Nrw Size 1 Tire t Tira Tube Site 1 Tire 2 Tira Tube 30x3 $7.55 $11.30 $1.75 32x44$ $12.75 $19.10 $3.80 • 30x34$ 8.85 13.30 2.05 33x44$ 14.05 21.10 8.40 32x34$ 10.20 15.30 2.25 34x4 4$ 15.80 23.70 3.60 | 31x4 11.00 16.50 2.75 35x44$ 16.35 24.50 8.75 ’ 82x4 13.25 19.90 3.05 36x44$ 16.75 25.10 885 ! 83x4 13.80 20.70 8.25 35x5 16.86 26.30 4.00 ! 34x4 14.85 22.30 8.25 87x5 17.25 26.90 4.00 otate al-o plainly whether 8. S. Clincher, non-skid or smooth treed. Send $1 deposit for each two tiraa ordered, balance C.O.D. after examination. Special discount of 5 per cent If full r'j~jr ■■ - amount accompanies or d• r• TODAYJ Eureka Tira & k Rubber Co. K 1243 Mlchlgm HKh. ~ Ava.. De,t. 60-A CMcaao I 7