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L& Education AbTD SUCCESSFUL FARMING Or Andrew K Sovle Protecting 1 the Garden Prom Insects Insects Jo tremendous damage in our gardens each year. In fact, their depredations prevent many people from securing proper returns from the seeds they plant. It is manifest ly not worth while to invest one’s time and effort in the cultivation of a plat of ground unless he is will ing to protect the growing crops as effectively as possible from loss and damage by insects. There are two classes of these pests which must be fought and overcome. First, there are thseo that destroy the plant by eating or chewing it up. Second, there are those that injure growing crops through sucking out the juices of the plant. Insects which do their uamage by eating can be destroyed through the agency of poison such as arsenate of lead and Paris green. Those which subsist on the juices are b?st combated by contact insec ticides. The substances used for this purpose are soap, decoctions of tobacco and kerosene emulsion. A short sumnjary of the more common of the biting and sucking insects and the best, means of con trolling and comparing them is presented below. These facts rep resent the best information which it has been possible to gather to gether on this subject by the ex perts of the Georgia State College of Agriculture. Asparagus Beetle. This pest is not yet of any serious moment in this state. It has been reported as far south as North Carolina, and some day it may appear in Geor gia. They may be controlled to some extent by cutting off the shoots in the early spring, also by allowing several old seed stems to remain at the end of the season and thor oughly poisoning them with arsen ical poison, or after the beetles have accumulated upon them they can be burned. As soon as the spring cutting of the asparagus is over the plants should be sprayed with arsenate of lead. Diabrotica Beetles. Several small beetles are found in the garden. One is known as the bean beetle, and another the striped cucumber beetle. They do not, however, con fine themselves to any one partic ular plant. Especially is this true of the twelve spotted Diabrotica, the larva of which is called the southern cornroot worm, or the bud worm. This insect will attack beans, watermelons, cantaloupes, cucum bers and like vegetables, and is a serious pest. These little beetles are small and are from one-seventh to about one fourth of an inch long. They eat the foliage of the plants. Most ev ery, one is familiar with the ap pearance of beans soon after they come up, with leaves full of holes made by this insect. The adults live oyer winter under some kind of rub bish and appear usually about March, egg-laying beginning in April. To destroy these beetles, spray with arsenate of lead soon after the plants come out of the ground. By spraying early the insects are killed before they have a chance to lay eggs. Cabbage Worm. This is the larva of the white butterfly that i*s so often seen flitting about the gar dens. These butterflies emerge ear ly in the spring and are easily rec- j ognized. They are white, with a , marking of black near the tip of the fore wings. They begin laying I eggs, which hatch in about a week into a little green worm. This worm attacks practically all of the com mon plants belonging to the mus tard family, such as cabbage, col lard, and cauliflower. They eat voraciously and grow very rapidly. In from ten days to two weeks they are fully grown and at that time they are about one and one-fourth inches long. They attach themselves to some plant pupate, and in about two weeks thereafter the.butterflies ; appear to start another generation. These worms can be controlled by spraying or dusting with Paris green. Corn Ear Worm. This pest not only attacks the end of the ear of corn, being especially detrimental on sweet corn, but it also attacks to matoes, eating into them and de- | stroying the fruits. This same worm > is also found on cotton bolls. The | injurious stage of this pest is the | larva, and Its parent is a moth. The eggs for the first brood are, laid on corn, beans, or whatever food plant may be available, and hatch in three to five days. Caterpillars at this stage will often attack young corn when it is about knee high. They are sometimes called the bud worm. In two and one-half weeks or so they become full grown and burrow from two to five inches into the soil, where they change to pupa, and in about two weeks the moth emerges again. It is the second generation that injures the ends of corn ears, for they appear about the time the corn is in silk and the moths prefer to lay their eggs upon the silk of the corn. Oth er generations, appearing after the corn is too hard to be injured, eat the fruit. There are four full broods of this insect in the gulf states. Where these pests are eating the leaves or outside of fruits, they can be controlled by spraying with ar senate of lead or Paris green. When they get into the end of the ear of corn nothing can be done to pre vent their damage. In the home gar den the ends of the ears can be easily examined, and the worms killed by hand. Such a method, how ever. is not adaptable to general field conditions. Do not plant toma toes and corn close together, as the pests will attack both crops. All tomatoes Infested with these worms should be gathered and destroyed by burying or feeding to hogs. Cucumber Pickle Worm. Some times called cantaloupe pickle worm. This is probably the most serious pest on cantaloupes, squash and cucumbers that we have. It injures the blossom, the leaves and the stem, but more the fruit. The adult moth Is brownish in color. The winter is passed as a pupa in dry and folded leaves on the ground. The egg is laid on the flower, bud or tender terminals. During warm weather it takes about fourteen days for the larvae to complete their growth. They spin a light cocoon in the fold of a. leaf. Soon the adult appears and another generation is started. There are four generations of this pest in the south. It was noticed several years ago by Mr. Quaintance that this moth preferred to lay her eggs on the blossoms of squash vines, and this suggests the use of a quash as a tran crop for the pickle worm. We have not been able to control it as yet. through the use of arsenical poisons such as Paris green and arsenate of lead. Potato Beetle. This is a very com „ mon garden insect, well known to everybody. The adult is 'a beetle, possibly one-half inch In length, of a yellowish brown color, with dark stripes running longitudinally on its wing covers. The larva is an ugly ’ shaped reddish grub that hears very little resemblance to the adult. This nest is detrimental both in its adult and larval stages. Tn the late fall the beetles »nter the ground, and s*ay there until spring. As soon as the young potatoes or other plants belong!"* to the «”ne e 3 mjly are up. the female Iv<-u her yellow eggs on the underside c.f the leaves. Tn about a week imi.i mernhle small lar V »e hatch out. and rapidly attack tl e potato foliage. Tn ? 1-’ to 3 weeks the larvae ho. come full grown and enter the ear‘h. where they nupate. Tn a week Or two the m'nlt. beetles ati nesr feenl’’. They feed for -.while and *hen begin the laying of eggs for the second generation. Th’s nest is not only serious on the Irish potatoes, hut >t is also very detrimental to •the egg nDnts. and sometimes causes serious dam age on the tomatoes. Spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green will control this pest easily. Cut Worms. There are numerous species of these worms. Every one is familiar with their work. A great many of them are the larvae div. sp. of moths. Others belong to othei classes of insects. The methods or control lie in prevention. A small 1 pa- THE ATLANTA TRI-WEEKLY JOURNAL. 2 / Sb* MB per collar large enough to admit pien tv of light and air around the stem of the plant, and tall enough to extend an inch or two above and below the surface of the ground, will usually prevent injury from these pests. If they are serious, as they have been in previous years it is 'well to put the ground in readiness for planting by turning under all of the grass and other plants that may be growing there on, then make up little balls of bran and molasses mixed with some Paris green. These should be scat tered about the ground before the plants are set out. As there is noth ing else for the cut worms to eat, they will attack this material and the* poison will kill them. It is sometimes of service to put one of these balls of poisoned bran by each plant when it is set. The Harlequin Bug. (Sometimes called Calico Back, Terrapin bug, Fire bug, Yankee bug, or Sherman bug.) This bug is probably one or the hardest garden pests to control. The adults pass the winter in old cabbage stems and under leaves and other rubbish. They appear in the spring and the eggs for the nrst generation are deposited on collard, turnips, wild mustard, or other plants belonging to the mustard family. In about a week these first eggs hatch and the insects attack most* any of the mustard family that happens to be at hand. They become full grown in about four weeks. The nymphs are something like adults but the wings do not ap pear until after the fifth moult, when the adult is ready to begin laying eggs again. In our warm countries there are several genera tions in a year. The best method of control Is to keep all rubbish and old cabbage stumps out of the field and to use trap crops. A trap crop of turnips can be planted to attract the first insects that appear in the spring. They can be killed upon this crop by an application of pure kerosene oil. or as a feasible on a small scale, by the covering of the trap crop with a dry mulch and burn ing it over. In the fall after a crop is harvested some heads of cab bage may be left in the field for the bugs to collect upon. They can then be destroyed to a great ex tent before they hibernate. Plant Lice. Most every plant Is attacked by a louse. Especially are they serious on cabbage and let tuce. They multiply very rapidly and suck the juices of the plants, and though they do not often kill a plant, they render it unfit for use. The pest is distributed from plant to plant by a winged generation. As a general thing, when a cab bage or lettuce head becomes very badly infested It should be taken out of the patch Immediately and destroyed. When these little pests begin first to appear, spraying them with kerosene emulsion, soan or tobacco decoction will usually control them. Squash Bugs. Every one Is fa miliar with these insects as they are quite common in gardens. When the vines begin to run these brown ish. black bugs anpear and for a while the females deposit their eggs mostly on the under side of the leaves. In a week or so, depending nnon temperature, these eggs hatch. The young nymphs are at first bril liantly colored, but later change to a jet black. They feed unon the mices of the plants for the next fo”r or five weeks until they- are full grown. Hand-picking is.the best method of controlling these nests, for any Insecticide that would he strong enough to kill them would also seriously Injure the nlants. One will find other sucking in seotg In the garden, but the three above discussed are probablj' the most important. Using Hydrated Kime in Spray Mix tures. H. E. F..> LaGrange, Ga., Writes: Is ground or hydrated . lime suitable for making a spray mixture for spraying fruit trees. We would not advise the use of hydrated time in the making of spray mixtures to be used on fruit trees. It can be done probably with a fair measure of success in an emergency. Hydrated lime, of bourse, is weaker than caustic, burnt, stone or builders’ lime, which w<= recommend and advise you to use. A good grade of hydrated lime might he used in an emergency to make lime sulphur provided you use boiling water with.lt. <>ha coui.l possibly use hydrated lime some times to make Bordeaux mixture. The results from its use ’or either of tho purposes indicated are not Lkely to be as satisfactory as when stone lime is used. Hydrated lime is, as a rule, more Costly in pro portion than builders’ lime because it contains a water on which there is no use paying transporta tion and handling charges. Preserving Bgge in Water Glass E. S. L., Austell, Ga., writes: I used successfully last year water glass for preserving eggs. I wish to know if the same liquid can be used again this year. How long will eggs keep after being removed from the liquid? Water glass diluted and used as a preservative for eggs last sea son could not be used with satis faction or success this year. It Will be necessary for you to prepare a fresh solution of this material. s ln doing this, you should exercise great care to have the crock or contain er thoroughly sterilized. Boil and cool the water to be used In dilut ing the water glass. Dilute in the proportion of one part of water glass to ten parts of water. It Is not desirable to keep eggs for any length of time after they have been removed from the water glass. In preserving eggs by this method, re member that they should be stored in a dark cellar where the tem perature can be kept at approximate ly 60 degrees. The eggs selected for pres'erving should be from a healthy flock kept under sanitary conditions. Only non-fertile eggs should be stored. This is a matter of the ut most importance to bear In mind. Harvesting Clover Seed in Georgia R. T. A.. Riverdale. Ga., writes: • Please tell me the best method of gathering crimson and bur clover seed. If you wish to gather crimson and bur clover seed on a large scale, it would probably be advisable to pur chase a heading machine by which you could gather the heads effective ly and then thresh them out and pre pare the seed for market. If voti de sire to harvest only a relatively small amount of seed, probably the quickest and cheapest method ot procedure would be to use a hand header. These may be purchased ot they may be made as follows: Take a piece of sheet metal or heavy gal vanized iron and cut a series ot rather long serrated teeth on the front edge. The box may he made ot any convenient width 4»nd depth out of pine lumber. Cut it at handle through the piece that forms the back. Nail the sheet of metal on the bottom with the teeth to the front side. By swinging this rapidly against the seed heads of either va riety of these clovers, you can gath er quite a large amount of seed in a relatively short time. Another i method, of course, would lie to cut ! the crimson clover when it is ripe and thresh it carefully when It Is dried out. You would have to cleanse i the seed by winnowing it througn a fanning mill in which the sieves. I are adjusted so as to property sepa rate the seed from the trash. Bin clover could he raked up, threshed out by l suitable machinery and win- I no wed out in a fanning mill. Making H- - from Velvet Beans J. M. P.. Putnev. Ga.. writes: Will velvet bean vines make suit able hay. and is It advisable to plant velvet heans and cowpeas together for hay- purposes? Velvet bean vines will not make a I satisfactory quality of hay. The rea sons for this are not difficult to understand. This is rather a long season crop, and it contains a great deal of wate’-. When cured the 'eaves dry up rapidly- and shatter easily. Hence, a la’-ge percentage of them are lost whenever an attempt is Is the Price of Beef High? ' Producers No;” Consumer, “Yes” “Is the price of beef high?” Tlys question is heard on all sides today. The producer says, “No, con sidering the price I get for my cattle.” The consumer says. Yes,.” So there you have it. üßt whatever the right answer, the fact remains that prices may go higher if there is not enough beef to supply the de mand for juicy steaks and rib roasts with brown gravy. On the. other hand, prices may de cline if an over-supply is produced. What is the present situation? We have today less beef in sight than for several years, according to re ports to the United States depart ment of agriculture, which is kept closely advised as to conditions on the ranges and in the markets. The present price of feed stuffs, scarcity of farm labor, reduced numbers of breeding animals, and a small mar gin of profits to the producer the past year are all factors which tend to limit production, and impress the importance of maintaining produc tion and producing beef as cheaply as possible. Utilize Pastures to the Utmost For an answer to this question, we must look to Mother Earth. This is springtime, the crops are planted, the grass is growing, and the cattle are on the green. This means, m Its last analysis, utilize pasture to the limit, conserve roughages to the utmost, and produce forages and feeding stuffs which will make the most beef at least cost. The bureau of animal industry of the department of agriculture has for several years been studying the problem of utilizing these feeds to best advantage. In 1914 the depart ment. in co-operation with the West Virginia agricultural station, began a series of beef-cattle experiments in Greenbrier county, West Virginia, to solve beef production problems in the Appalachian mountain region. This station is located in the south western part of the state, in the blue grass area, and among the prob lems undertaken are: First, most eco nomical and satisfactory rations for wintering beef steers: second, the influence of these rations upon the gains of steers the following summer from grass. The results of the experiments ap ply not to West Virginia, alone, but to all states having similar condi tions, which, in fact, includes the whole Appalacian region, extending from southern Tennessee to New York. It is within this general area that abundant pastures, cut-over and waste lands is found. producing abundant pasture of good quality Points the Housekeeper Should Know About Selecting Beef for Her Table Have you wondered just why sir loin steaks could be purchased from one market at 30 cents while an other dealer charged 50 cents for the same cut on that same day? Or why the rump roast you ordered last week was juicy and tender while the one which you ordered yesterday was tough and stringy, although you paid the same price per pound for both and purchased them from the same dealer? The fact that sirloin steaks can be purchased at such variable prices on the same day does not necessarily mean that one dealer is undersell ing the other on the same article. The first may be a sirloin cut from a cow or steer of common grade while the latter is from a cow or steer of good or choice grade. The two roasts no doubt varied just as widely jn grade. As a rule, a dealer habitually carries the same grade of meat, that best suited to his class of customers. However, when a deal er does carry more than one grade of meat, he usually sells the same cuts from all grades at the same price. Until the public learns that grade as well as cut determines the quality of beef and should also de termine the price, cuts of low grade will be retailed at the same price that similar cuts of good or choice grade command, although the dif ference in wholesale price is some times as much as 7 or 8 cents per pound between medium grade and common meat. The housewife should know not only the cuts of meat but should learn to distinguish between these grades if she would select her meat wisely and economically. How to Tell the Grades Four grades, choice, good, medium, and common, which cover all dress ed beef usually offered for sale to retail meat dealers, have been adopt ed by the bureau of markets, Uni ted States department of agricul ture. These grades are determined by the following points: 1. The color and texture of the lean meat: and the extent to which it is marbled with fat. 2. The thickness of meat covering the bone; that is the proportion of meat to bone. 3. The amount and character of How to Check Sweet Potato Disease Owing to large losses which dis ease and decay have caused in the sweet potato crop held in storage this winter, particularly in the south. United .States Departmdht of Agriculture specialists earnestly rec ommend that growers take steps at an early date to prevent the use of diseafeed potatoes for bedding, thus protecting the next crop from the danger of further losses. The three points upon which special emphasis is laid are: Careful selection and disinfection of seed potatoes. Care in preparing hotbed4* Crop rotations. Before the potatoes are bedded they should be carefully picked over. All with black-rot spots and all bad ly mutilated potatoes should be thrown out. The sound, healthy ones should then be disinfected by im mersing them for ten minutes in a solution made by dissolving one ounce of mercuric chloride crystals in eight gallons of water. In this work only wooden receptacles should be used. For treating a large quantity of potatoes about 50 gallons cf the so lution may be made up at one time. After treating the first ten bushels in this 50 gallons, one-half ounce more of the mercuric chloride crys tals should be added, and also enough water to bring the total amount of the solution once more up to 50 gallons. The mercuric chloride crystals will dissolve readily in hot water. The potatoes should be treat ed just before bedding. Rinsing in water after the treatment is not nec essary. If mercuric chloride cannot be obtained, the pototes may be disin- made to cure hay from this crop. We would much prefer to use cowpeas for hay production as compared with velvet beans. A better plan stih from our point of view would be to use cowpeas and Tennessee millet. This makes an excellent quality oi hay, if cured at the right stage ot development. It is a combination crop very extensively used in .east Ten nessee for hay-making. This hay is fed with success and satisfaction to all classes of stock. About a peek of millet seed or not more than a half bushel at the outside mixed with a bushel of early-maturing cow peas is about the right amount of grain to sow per acre. You should get the earliest-maturing variety ot cowpeas possible because millet ma tures in about ninety days and it is desirable that both of these crops be ready io cut at about the same time. Millet should be cut when in the early dough stage, as rhe seed, if allowed to mature, act too freely on the kidneys, particularly of horses and mules. Hay made from this crop when the millet is ripe is, therefore not of a very satisfactory quality to feed to the classes or stock indicated. Fight on German Goods HOBART. Tasmania. —Thousands of women have joined the “No Ger man society” to fight the present big release of German goods on the mar kets. The shops here are selling pre war German manufactures exclu sively. - for beef production. The summers are not too hot. nor the winters too cold. The water supply is plentiful, being provided by springs and small streams that gush out of the lime stone hillsides and down the valleys unpolluted by contaminating influ ences. Abundant Pastures Available The south, with its delightful cli mate and long grazing period of ap proximately ten months of the year, where carpet grass, Bermuda and other kinds almost equally as nutri tious abound over the plains, the cut-over regions and waste lands of this area. The Great Lakes region, properly termed ‘‘clover land,” where millions of acres today are not com pletely utilized by live pro vide 'abundant pasture that is well adapted for beef production. The west, with its vast plains, wide prairies and the resources of forests and streams, may be used by the beef producer Id even better advantage, although over stocking is a factor not to be overlooked. Will this vast area of unused pas ture be used for immediate produc tion? No; it’s a more difficult prob lem than that. To use some of it involves an expense not justified by present prices of cattle. The danger of overstocking, with its attendant loss in profit, is fre quently emphasized, but the de creased returns due to understocking should be considered as well. When the number of cattle on ft given area fail to keep the grass short, that which i$- allowed to grow becomes less palatable and less nutritive. Moreover, objectionable weeds are certain to gain a foothold. Utilization Increases Hand Value By utilizing to the fullest extent the land devoted to pasture, the val ue of the land is increased and greater profit results. A system of careful management makes it pos sible to use higher-priced land, than has heretofore been used for prof itable beef production. The intelli gent uses of pasture gives a return which compares favorably with that from the cropping system, but re quires less labor. It is not possible to state just how many cattle should be allowed to the acre for grazing purposes, because this is determined largely by the quality and stand of grass, which is, of course, variable’. In most sections the beef producer who will obtain the largest net re turns is the man w»o will stock his pastures so that the grass is kept fairly short but in good condition throughout the grazing period. I the outside fat and its general dis tribution and color. 4. The amount of inside fat, such as kidney fat on the loin cut and the fat on the inside of the ribs. Choice grade beef is not at pres ent found regularly in most mar kets, and the supply is limited. In it the characteristics of the gootl grade are accentuated—pronounced marbling of fat, smooth, uniform outside covering of clear white fat, and firm fine textured flesh of light red color. •» Good grade beef has lean meat of light to medium-red color, of firm, even texture and a fairly regular distribution of fat through the lean, giving the meat a slightly marblea or mottled appearance. The fat is I firm and usually a creamy white. The outer covering of fat is smooth and firm and should be evenly dis tributed over the loins and ribs. Medium grade beef has meat of i coarse texture and dark color wnich is inclined to be flabby and watery. The fat is flabby and usually yel lowish in color and is unevenly dis tributed, there being almost no in side fat and a scanty and irregular I outside covering; Common Grade Dark Common grade beef has a very high percentage of >bone to meat. The meat is extremely coarse in tex ture with no marbling of fat; is dark in color and very watery. The fat, which is very scanty, is usually ! of a pronounced yellow color. i The cuts of good grade beef, when ! compared with cuts of common I grade, are much more palatable, but I this is not all. A series of tests 1 made in the experimental kitchen of the department of agriculture on the cooking quality of the differ ent grades of beef shows that the shrinkage in cooking is much great er for common grade, watery meat than from good grade meat; also, the proportion of bone to meat is higher in the common grade, mak ing the amount of cooked edible meat obtained from one pound as purchased of common grade meat I considerably lower than the amount i from a pound of good grade meat i of similar cut. fected by immersing for 5 minutes in a solution of formaldehyde (com mercial, 40 per cent) made by dilut ing one quart of the formaldehyde with 50 gallons of water. This solu tion can be used repeatedly without losing strength. The potatoes need not be rinsed but should be bedded soon after treatment. Preparation of Hotbed If the old hotbed is to be used,’the dirt should be carted away and re placed by new soil or sand from the woods or elsewhere where sweet po tatoes have never been grown. The framwork should be disinfected by spraying with a solution of formal dehyde similar to that recommended above. All decayed sweet potatoes and rubbish likely to harbor the dis ease germs should be raked up from around the bed and carted, off or, preferably, burned. Cover the potatoes with soil or sand of the same sort as that used in making up the hotbed. If manure is used for heating be sure that it has not been infected with the disease germs by rotted sweet potatoes thrown -on it. If the bed is near the barnyard, fence it in or cover it -with chicken wire to keep chickens, dogs, or other animals from running over it. since they may carry the disease germs on their feet. Crop Rotation Recommended By carefully following thees direc tions, slips free of disease may be grown, but they may still become diseased if they are planted on ground where diseased sweet pota toes were raised the previous year. Therefore it is necessary to plant the slips on new ground or on ground where sweet potatoes have not been growm for several years. 50,000 Farmers Own Trucks At least 50,000 farmers in the United States own motor trucks which they use on their farms. This is shown by a preliminary survey of the ownership and use of motor trucks by farmers undertaken by the Office of Farm Management and the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of Agri culture. The data secured by this inquiry answer many questions which have been asked repeatedly in recent years regarding the extent to which motor vehicles are used tor farm hauling. The figures on which totals v for the nation and the several states are based were secured from approxi mately 35,000 selected crop reports of the Bureau jf Crop Estimates. This survey can scarcely be con sidered a complete census for it is probable that in some localities the crop reporters were not acquainted with all the truck owners but it is certain that a very large per cent have been listed. It is believed that in no state were less than 75 per cent of the trucks reported. If not complete in every respect the fig ures show the relative distribution very satisfactorily. Little or no damage to wheat is reported from cold or insect pests. There has been too much rain for low places. Sugar Beets Ample for Two Years; Industry Growing in This Country The supply of sugar-beet seed in the United States is ample for two years’ normal requirements, accord ing to close observers in the bureau of markets. United States department of agriculture, and with a normal domestic production of seed during 1920 and 1921 the United States should be independent of further im ports to meet the requirements in 1922. The sugar-beet seed growing indus try in this country is firmly estab lished and is gradually increasing. In 1918, 5,900,000 pounds of sugar beet seed was produced; in 1919, 6,- 700,000 pounds; and the prospective production for 1920 is over 8.000,000 pounds. However, because of prob able increased, acreage of commercial sugar beets, which would increase the annual consumption of seed, and because of possible dterioration of some lots of seed, which would re duce the surplus, it may be a num ber of years before the domestic seed production equals the total require ments. The United States has always been dependent upon other countries for the larger part of the sugar-beet seed required for planting. In a nine-year period ending June 30, 1918. an an nual importation of 12,500,000 pounds of seed was made. This quantity supplemented by a domestic produc tion during the past four years, equal How Much Must an Acre Yield to Be Profitable? Is the per acre yield of your farm sufficiently high to make satisfactory returns on the capital and labor ex pended in producing crops on it? This is one of the sixteen questions that the United States department of agriculture urges every farmer to answer for himself in determining whether or not he is managing his farm efficiently. In a number' of farm management studies in the south, on small farms averaging twenty-nine acres of crops, the de partment found under pre-war con ditions that an average yield of 355 pounds of cotton an acre is required to make an average farm income barely sufficient to pay a fair rental for the use of the land and give the operator ordinary wages for his labor and management. Not until the group of farms with an average of 121 cropped acres was reached did an average yield of less than 215 pounds of cotton an acre make an av erage farm income sufficient for rent and the farmer’s wages. The influ ence of yield on cost of production was just as marked with corn and other crons as with cotton. Full details as to this and the oth er fifteen points involved in efficient farm management are embodied in United States department of agri culture circular 83, “Testing Farms in the South for Efficiency-in Man had free on application to the depart ment of agriculture, Washington. District of Columbia. Exterminating Harmful Animals Profitable Live stock and wool valued at $20,000,000 are lost annually through the depredations of wild animals. The value of farm produce and for age destroyed each year by rodents is approximately $300,000,000. It is estimated that the households of this country sustain an annual loss from rats and mice of $200,000,000. These figures sum up certain of the larger losses due to destructive wild life which the biological sur vey of the United States depart ment of agriculture is engaged in reducing as rapidly as possible. A force of between 400 and 500 expe rienced hunters was employed by this bureau during the. past year to kill predatory animals, many of which were infected wfith rabies; thisd isease is often spread from the wild creatures to domestic ani mals and frequently endangers hu mans. In this work of extermina tion the states and numerous pri vate organizations have had an im portant share. The work of killing rodents — prairie dogs, ground squirrels, jack rabbits and cottontails, pocket go phers, native mice, wood rats, cot ton rats, etc. —is also carried on with the co-operation of the state. During the past fiscaly ear ground squirrels were poisoned on more than 14,000,000 acres. In one Idaho county alone 40,000 rabbits were killed. In the same period from 75 to 95 per cent of the prairie dogs found on a total of 2,200,000 acres were destroyed. Seed Logged-Off Land Soon After Burning Over Tn preparing logged-off land for pasture, the time of seeding depends upon when the land is burned over, according to specialists of the of fice of farm management of the Unit i cd States department of agriculture. I If the burn occurs during July, Au- I gust, or early in September, the seed should be sown in the early fall be fore the ashes have been settled by the rains. If seeded in the unsettled ashes, the first rains that come will cover the seed sufficiently to secure good germination. If the burn occurs so late in the fall that the seed cannot be sown until during October, it is best to sow the grasses then and wait until in February or March to sow the clover. * The heaving of the soil during the late fall apd winter, a condition caused by alternate thawing and freezing, often destroys young clover unless it is sown early enough in the fall to get a good start. If the fall-sown clover is destroyed in this wav it may be reseeded during Feb ruary or March. When sown in the I early spring the heaving of the soil I helps to cover the seed. Why Is a Boy’s Club? The boy of today is the farmer of tomorrow. He is passing through the changeable, character-building, and self-developing period of life. Therefore, every opportunity should be given him to make an all-round well-developed, business-like man, capable of successfully managing and operating his business affairs in later life. So says B. O. Williams, assistant agent of boys’ club work in South Carolina, who mentions the following as some of the objects of boys’ club work: 1. To enlarge the vision of the boy and to give him definite pur poses at a very important period of his life. 2. To interest the boy in improv ed agricultural methods at a period when he can most easily be reached. 3. To assist in the development of the spirit of co-operation in the family and in the community. 4. To dignify the vocation of farming, to emphasize its possibili- i ties, and thus encourage the boys to | remain on the farm. j 5, To emphasize the importance of keeping farm records and ac ‘ counts. 6. To make of the boy a demon strator of the facts of scientific agri ‘ culture. I 7. To develop leadership and re i sponsibility in co-operation and or ! ganization. i 8. To give him opportunity cf ■ exercising his own judgment to solve : his own problems. See your county agent about join- ■ ing the Boys’ Corn, Pig, Calf, or Pea ; nut club. Father of 22 Jailed LONDON. Eng.—.Toseph Atterbury, when arraigned on the charge of stealing the carcass of a sheep, asked • the court to be lenient because he • was the father of twenty-two chil- I dren. He was given twenty-one i days in jail. TUESDAY, JUNE 8. 1020. to about 40 per cent of the country’s total requirements, gave an increas ing surplus of Seed which could be held over to insure the next year’s planting. In 1919 this carry-over supply dropped to a dangerously low figure because of inability .to obtain seed from Europe; and the beet sugar pro ducing industry in the United States faced a bare sufficiency of seed for planting in 1920. Fortunately, the importation of sugar-beet seed began again with the first ship t 6 come from German ports after the close of the war. In September, 1919, 1,795,- 909 pounds of beet seed came * into this country, and by April 1, 1920, 15,067,078 pounds in all had been re ceived. or about 2,500,000 pounds more than the normal annual impor tation. The estimated surplus from the 1919 planting was 13,600,000 pounds, and the domestic production that year was 6,700,000 pounds, so that the total supply of seed on April 1, 1920, was about 35,300,000 pounds. Allowing about 16,000,000 . pounds of this for planting the commercial sugar-beet acreage in 1920, there should be a surplus of 19,300,000 pounds plus the 1920 seed production to apply against conditions which may prevail in 1921 and 1922. In these figures no allowance has been made for possible deterioration of im ported seed damaged en route to the United States or in storage. Gives Aid in Marketing Purebred Live Stock The live stock farmer having only a few pure-bred animals for sale at rather infrequent intervals often has difficulty in disposing of his surplus profitably, often because purchasers do not know what he has to sell. The bureau of markets, United States department of agriculture, in co-operation with the state, county and local agencies, has inaugurated a plan w’hlch assists buyers in ob taining information regarding the lo cation, character and number of pure-bred animals. The success of this plan is dependent on the co operation of the breeders in a county or community with each other and with the county agent. The latter’s office should be the headquarters for the association. In this office should be filed complete information regard ing the pure-bred animals belonging to the members. Through the coun ty agent, according to the plan, the state agent in marketing and the bureau of markets at Washington are kept in touch with the supply. These agencies likewise keep in‘touch with the buyers and so are able to serve an increasing number of buy ers and sellers effectively. Ten Essentials Listed 1 For Beef Raisers General improvement in the type and quality of beef animals the country over is one of the means urged by the United States depart ment of agriculture for bringing down the high cost of meat to the consumer and, at the same time, in creasing the profit of the producer. Some of the most’essential items in growing beef on the farm, specialists of the department say, are: Plenty of pasture and feed. The right kind of cows—those that will produce good calves regularly, A good, purebred registered bull —one that will sire good calves per sistently. A large, calf crop. This means that all cows shall drop calves, and that the Calves shall be properly cared for at birth. Proper care’ of the breeding herd and the calves. Selection of good heifer calves to .replace old or inferior ones. Prevention of disease among the breeding herd and the younger stock. Shelter sufficient to protect the cattle from both severe cold and extremely hot weather. A practical knowledge of fatten ing cattle for market. There is a.Farmers Bulletin. No. 1073, on growing beef on the farm that may be had free on applica tion to the division of publications, United States department ofl agri culture. Driver Agents Wanted > 166-in,/ Spring 116-in. s,Jb - Whecl 1 P rn - Base 6ion 5-Pass. Touring ' To drive and demonstrate 1920, 4-cyl., 37 H. I’. BUSH Car —Timken Bearings—-Willard Batteries—2-Un.it Stag. & Ltg.—Full Float ing Axle. Write at once for the best Auto mobile Offer in existence—don’t wait — tjromnt shipments. Money-back guarantee, n IT 0 U Address J. H. 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Other lengths to order ~4 by 6 sawn Creo-pine Posts in 6 and 7-foot lengths for J 'J board fence construction. L--" 7” - Write for descriptive booklet. State sizes and . quantities ' ~Bm—Twanted. Club with neighbors and secure special rock-bpttom ''BB- --M prices on assorted rar lots, about 1200 posts. , : SOUTHERN WOOD PRESERVING COMPANY ' '' 703 lee Street Atlanta, Ga. i Ta Manufacturers cf Creo-oine Proditeta ' 1:" Retail Distributors; West Lumber Co., Atlant.'. Ga. Carter-Moss Lumber Co., Athens,-Ga. A . Maple Street Warehouse Co., Carrollton, Ga. I Side dress yow Cptte-ii with GERMAN POTASH KAINIT 20 per cent MANURE SALT ani NITRATE OF SODA 100 pounds of Manure Sait go as far as 160 pounds cf Kainit and have the sama effact as' a plant food and plant disease preventive— Neither one will injure your crop. For prices write nearest Office of Nitrate Agencies Company-. New York Norfolk Savannah Jacksorville New Oilcans Houston. Tex. Stocks at other leading Atlantic and Gulf Ports DontSend aPenny Stylish Panama Hat You never had any idea that you could • wear a Beautiful Panama Hat—for only $2.95. Os course you didn’t and neither did we think it possible until we landed this world’s greatest scoop, but there are orS' K “’ of them— ro tiend coupon for yours today—send no money, pay on arrival and return it if you don’t consider this the Me tres t hat bargain you ever heard of. Leonard-Morton are showing men and women everywhere how to save real money and dress better. This is another example of "how we beat all competition. Cheap at twice this price. That’s what we know you will say when the hat arrives— it’s a beautiful, latest Broadway style, long wearing, shape holding white Panama with black ribbon band, splendid qual ity leather sweat band—wear it summer after sum<aer2«d will hold its shape and always be in style. 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Kansas WALL PAPER 1,000,000 ROLLS ( Write for Free Sam j pie Catalog of 100 new V> “i (designs and colorings. Roll Why use Paint when 98c will paper Room 12 x 14, 9 ft- high Martin Rosenberger, Send No Don’t miss this chance to ent your tire eost AfSiA MB 50% and more. We shits at once on ap- KzQt IRB proval. These ate standard, viaka used /VP tires, excellent condition, delected by out ■■ experts—rebuilt by expert workmanship. hI Can readily be guaranteed for 6000 miles. ■■ NOTE—Th.ao ar. not uwd aawed to- El gather tires—known ae double treade. i El | 30x3 .$5.60..51.60 34x4 .$ 8.75..52.60 I XJC El 30x3X. 6.60.. 1.75 34x4M. 10.00.; 8.00 | N 32x315. 7.00.. 2.00 86x415. 11.50.. 8.40 1 El 31x4 . 8.00.. 2.25 85x6 . 12.60.. 3.60 I El 32x4 . 8.26.. 2.40 36x6 . 12.76.. 3.66 SQC EK 33x4 . 8.50.. 2.50 37x6 . 12.76.. 8.76 EP nfilTF Remember, we guarantee your ■gP •unlit perfect satiefactlctn. Pay only QQQ ESE en arrival. Examine and judge for your lelf. If not eatiafied-send them back at WSC ’Six rar expense. We will refund your money without question. Be sure to state size J wanted—Clincher, 8. 8., Non-Skid, Plain. .rt&Zdr CLEVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER OOT ) 3105 Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111, I I Bee Dee I £ Tfte old reliable 1 t BLACK-DRAHCHT K wrSTockaad poultry I | | : ttk.yourJohbflit B ailiamui utout 899 ■ 7