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6 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION BY DR. ANDREW M. SOULE Drainage in Relation to Our Food Supply There are two great problems af fecting the progress of the world at the present time. The first of these deals entirely with food, and the second with t the necessity of a con stant and uniform supply of raw materials upon which to base and sustain adequate commercial enter prises. In many parts of the world people are now suffering for food. There are positive famine conditions in certain sections. The whole world is more or less slwrt-ratloned. This is not always due to a scarcity of fo6d, but to the exceedingly high Price which it commands. There has a rapid increase in wages, and ift a few Instances laborers are prob ably receiving wages proportionate Jn amount to increased living costs, but this only pertains to a small part of the population. Most peo ple, therefore, are oppressed by high living costs. In the face of this con dition, one would naturally suppose that we were bending every effort and energy toward the production of a superabundance of food. The con verse of this condition, however, seems to prevail in most localities. Instead of there being an abundant labor supply on the farm, the short age in this direction has really as sumed alarming proportions. It would not seem, therefore, as though relief as to lining costs was in sight, and it is self-evident that the restless ness and unhappiness prevailing in many parts of the world cannot be alleviated until the food supply catches up with the demand and there is some reduction in the cost of living. The condition portrayed relative to food applies with equal force t<_. that of raw materials, of which there for a thinkofit-twostand- ■ "ardmake tires—practic- new— at lasa than retail cost Os one! The one big chance of the year to lay in a big sapnly. Thousands of cus tomers are getting full tire mileage because tires were slightly used on demonstration cars only You can get 12,000 MILES out of these tires too. Don't delay—the sup ply won’t last long at these bargain prices— mail your order at once. See special bargain list here: New Size 1 Tin g Tint Tubt Site 1 Tin t Tint Tube 30x3 $7.56 $11.30 $1.75 32x4}$ $12.75 sl9 10 $3.30 30x3}$ 8.35 13.30 2.05 33x4}$ 14.06 21.10 8.40 32x3}$ 10 20 15.30 2.25 34x4}$ 15.80 23.70 8.50 81x4 11.00 16.50 2.75 35x4}$ 16.35 24.50 3.75 82x4 13.25 19 90 3.05 36x4}$ 16.75 25.10 885 88x4 13.80 20.70 825 35x5 16.85 25.80 4.00 34x4 14.85 22.30 3.25 37x5 17.25 25.90 4.00 State site plainly S. S Clincher, non-skid or smooth tread Send |3 deposit for each two tires ordered, balance C O.D after examination Special discount of 5 per cent if full ji amount accompanies order. "j' Order TODAY! Eureka Tire & k. Rubber Co. ’2*3 Michigan *«•.. Dept. 601 Vt, ’ w Rub-My-Tism is a powerful antiseptic; it kills the poison caused from infected cuts, cures old sores, tetter, etc. — ( Advt.) / fetorcycle > AU makes, singles or twins $ Every machine expertly rebuilt. f tested, guaranteed in perfect ‘ shape. Send 2c for "Spring ( Bulletin" of rebuilt motorcycles rfficrrW/jjt i Saves you half. / ; THE WESTERN SUPPLIES CO [ 366 Hayutln Bldg., Denver. bi _ _ 11 &=s ' aS g§ ?|g —R fl t» Weevil, Fire, | g i ;=g Water and Thief Proof. <j ~ 3 s: ;', rr~j jM The enormous loss in grain from Rats, 4 jgEfcpTrz Ei Hj eev 'L exposure, etc., may now be saved 4 ' 3 - E3SSB by a Dixie Corn Crib—a Crib con- 4 * I jSßgj§|S3| structed of genuine American Ingot Iron <, on scientific principles—and installed at ’ > S very little cosk . Lasts a life-time. \ < > Corrugated construction—tight, strong and rigid. Perfect ventilating , > < ► system and can be made air-tight for fumigating purposes. Made in four . > ( ► sizes. and we pay the freight. Easily erected in a few hours. Will pay ( > 4 ► for itself in a single season. The most perfect and satisfactory Corn < > I > Crib ever invented. < ► JFrite for Bulletin No. 103 4 > * t Giving Full Details and Prices 4 ► <> Dixie Culvert & Metal Co., e j J Jacksonville ATLANTA Little Rock £ KT* A iWcW eKM. rl® I® J 32? to r. wM |“The more I see cf your rooting (My • I A SQUARE J Roofing), the better I like it. And I j X-jSJMLyjkr-A 1 believe it is equal, if not better, than roofing (old j herein Atlcataat EightDollars(Jß.oo) u square ’ > [u I _ TT’I I yjJ/ ®| .'A —writes Mr. D. R. Mathews, of Atlanta, Ga. j v™ Fl jl , A n ’ L leu 1. " e “Everwear” Roofing at $'.97 per ; I Va T | M A « I a square—freight paid—sohesaveds3.os per HOW square and got better roofing. s FL... vHWI 11 IMk iSSSSJ sis l B uAnLIoLC as shown on house, or plain as on bam. [• I SAVED S2O 00 GUARANTEED TO ] - Everwear” j. ■ OHItU LAST 20 YEARS Roollnr Is P ■ , j j "■ ll guaranteed to K Bl lam pleased and last over 20 years. Five times as t’ satisfied,” writes long as most wood thingies. m Mr. M. Carlisle, Sr., ftjK * W FREE SAMPLES! et your Q of Cleola, Ga. My xga&r 3 ‘Ry- jQ TO TEST roofinx S bam is 30x40, which '7 no » Whiie 3 made a nice barn. Had no *' e B trouble in putting Roofing i* 3 Idd'reV. on . P o.?si on. I saved $20.00 by ordering brings Big Free Sem* from you.” P l *’ Roohng FIREPROOF- I “EverweW Roof. ”fa fiigk COOk - cant rustj Can be used on new b'jildincs or nailed rijht over old wood shinries -quick and easy. Come* NffEMMSs • JFaW 3ft in bis. wide pieces. Galvanired Nails. Roof nc wJhMBW Hfw —w K Hammer and MetalCuttinc Shears r c ,... t furnished with every order, large ' <» small. I BUILDING. C4W B sisM caKqk OUR 30 DAY OFFER IWe sei! direct to you. par the You.MQsm^^. p aS ,^n TOk own pocket the profit the dealer would get. WRITE lODAY \3eBS ® A® M B JW&kjk for Free Samples. Address SAVANNAH FENCE & ROOFING CO. Dept. J Savannah, Ga. j rjMKI i! IB *1 THE ~r,Lt<LY JOURNAL. is now a world scarcity of such pro portions as to threaten the continued prosperity of many essential lines or industry. Again we see evidences or excessive labor costs, short hours and under-production. Thus, a vicious circle’ is completed which ultimate ly spells disaster to the welfare of mankind and to the progress of civil ization. In Georgia, as in other parts of the world, we need to increase the aggregate of our food crops. Up to 1920 we had made commendable progress in diversification. Sixty per cent of the products of our farms might fairly be regarded as repre senting diversified foodstuff essential to the maintenance of men and ani mals, and 40 per cent cotton. This year conditions seem to be reversea and particular effort is being made /to encourage the growing of cotton /under the impression that it will bring prosperity to the state on ac count of the high price which it is expected the staple will bring next fall. Fifty or even 75 cents a pound for cotton will not do so much good, how’ever, should hay bring S6O a ton and corn $3 or upward a bushel. IT we were raising all the hay ajid all the grain needed in addition to the effort we are making to grow cot ton. all might be well, but the basis of procedure we are now fol lowing opens up no road to perma nent prosperity. , ‘‘Live at home and let cotton be a surplus money ciop,” sever a more or urgent slogan than it Is today. To meet the exigen cies of the present situation, what type of food de we need to produce in largest amount? Undoubtedly, corn is the answer. Os course, we should emphasize the raising or wheat, oats, rye, hay, sweet and Irish potatoes, peanuts and many other legumes, but, after all, corn is our most essential crop, not ex cepting cotton. The boll weevil last year ate up $40,000,000 worth of cot ton. With the Increased price ana the extension of the area infested, he may do a greater amount of dam age this year. The figures could easi ly reach $60,000,000. It is sincerely /to be hoped they will not, though I I regret to say that present conditions | point in that direction. There is thus I a loss, or a tax if you please, on our I farm operations which we cannot I hope to sustain for any length of ■ time. We must replace this drain I upon our coffers. How can we accom- I plish this to the best advantage is, therefore, as urgent a question as ever confronted the agriculture of Georgia. We can accomplish this through emphasizing our animal in dustries. They constitute the chief asset we possess for offsetting the damage by the boll weevil. What type of animal industry should we emphasize? All of them, but particularly swine production. In a period of about five years we in creased the number of hogs in Geor gia by nearly one million head. We raised our position in the production of hogs from sixteenth to sev enteenth plaoe. We can forge ahead and become the greatest hog producing state In the union. The hog multiplies more rapidly and it requires less capital to establish a hog ranch than to engage in any . other type of farming. Throughout j a great part of the state we can ! furnish hogs on grazing crops. Some of these, however, make a soft pork and we must find means of hardening these animals off before they are sent to slaughter. To this end" most exhaustive tests were conducted by the State College of Agriculture in co-operation with Swift & Co,, at Moultrie, Ga. These tests shbwed conclusively that the cheapest and best grain "for the hardening off of hogs was corn. Corn proves more desirable and economical when com bined with tankage or with a proper combination of peanut meal or pea nut meal and sweet potatoes. We can grow unlimited amounts of pea nuts and sweet potatoes in Georgia. There are no other crops better adapted to our soil and climatic con ditions, but we must have the sup plemented corn to feed with them in order to produce the type of pork that will command the highest price on the market and make hog raising our most desirable and profitable form of animal industry. Can we grow this corn? We can undoubtedly in crease our production very materially through the use of better types of seed, better preparation of the land and its proper fertilization. Our uplands are not as well adapted for the cultivation of corn as the bottom lands. They never have been and they never will be. Corn is a lover of a moist, deep alluvial soil. It makes a comparatively heavy drain on soil fertility. How can we undertake to extend [the area of land are devoting to this crop and insure lour raising one hundred to one hundred and fifty million bushels of corn at a reason able cost and so stabilizing forever our-hog industry? Through the drain age of our ’first or second bottoms or our low-lying, overflowed or swamp lands. We have about nine million acres of land of this type in Georgia. There are about 2,800,000 acres of this land located along the coasts and the flood plains of our principal rivers. These lands can be diked and drained at a moderate cost considering their value for agricul tural purposes. If this were done, we could raise 100 bushels of corn per acre on literally millions of acres of land that are now practi cally non-productive and really con stitute a menace to public health and the progress of the community. Much of this land could probably be re claimed at a cost of $lO to $25 per acre. Why waste energy on putting this much money into the clearing of some steep hillsides or some sandy tract that nature intended to be con tinued in a forest area for the pres ervation of the low lands contiguous to it. I take it that we have not thought out clearly the economic situation by ■which we are confronted, and have not realized the fundamental impor tance of drainage in its relation to the agricultural progress of the state. Surely, the time has arrived when we must give consideration to these problems. Take the Okefeno kee swamp, for instance. It is de sirable to preserve it for sentimen tal reasons, as a scenic spectacle, as a haunt for botanists and natur alists and the lover of wild game. This area if drained would probably add about five million bushels of corn to our annual production in Georgia. This would go a long way towards helping the farmers in that section of the state to finish off sat isfactorily their peanut and sweet potato fed hogs. I am a lover of nature and a believer in the lessons she teaches; I am inspired by her scenic beauty and by the lessons of thrift, industry and progress which she typifies. In the long- run, how ever, the progress of civilization and the adequate sustenance of mankind depend on food, and the time is not far distant in this country when we must choose between sentiment and necessity. Let us bond the state of Georgia for whatever amount may be neces sary. Fifteen million dollars would probably be adequate if the co-opera tion of the federal government were secured to drain ever-increasing areas of our low-lying and swamp lands and thus bring under the plow the best soils in Georgia for the produc tion of the amount of corn and other grain crops we must have in order to make our state self-sustaining. In this way we can readily wipe out the damage and loss which the boll weevil has inflicted, put our agricul ture on a safe and sane basis, main tain the. prosperity of the state through an indefinite period of time, remove the present menace to health which lowlands constitutor, and open up and utilize those vast areas of bottom land which represent one of the chief undeveloped and unappre ciated sourqes of wealth in Georgia. Planting a Pall Crop of Irish Po tatoes L. Y., Edison, Ga., writes: I have an acre of land that I wish to plant to fall Irish potatoes. What variety would you advise? When is the best time to plant them? Irish potatoes for the fall crop may be planted in late July or at almost any time in August in your section of the state. If you get them out of the ground by early September, they should mature be fore frost in the southern part of Georgia. Situated as you are, the most important facts to consider are as follows: First, you will need a good friable piece of land on which to plant this crop. You should handle it so it will hold moisture as long as pos sible. You should enrich this ground with one hundred pounds per acre of fertilizer containing 9 per cent of phosphoric acid, 4 per cent of nitrogen and 3 per cent of potash. We would plant these potatoes in rather deep, narrow furrows. We would not cut the potatoes for this purpose, but would select small po tatoes left over fro/n the first cron and which have been so as to insure their sprouting readily. This will best be accomplished by harvesting such potatoes as you may have on hand now and storing them in a relatively dry place in thin lay ers. When they dry out .so they will start to sprouting, the should then be transferred to the furrows. Plant the potatoes about two feet apart in the drill and make the rows three feet wide. We would then cover the potatoes to a depth of 9 inches. Next, make a mulch of trash, leaves or manure. This should be done to conserve the moisture and insure earlier germina tion. Getting a is the most dif ficult proposition by which you will be confronted, and we have indicat ed the best method we know for ob taining this result. Bedding Cabbage for a Winter and Spring Crop B. P. C., Baxley, Ga., writes: What is the time to bed cabbage for winter and spring plants, and how should the ybe protected from the cold? What varieties are best? The earliest cabbage are produced in the south from carried ove'.‘ plants. They are set out in th e au tumn and develop during the winter months. The seed should be sown in Septamber. When the plants have developed sufficiently to transplant, they are set in the open field in shal low, open furrows. This may be done at any time during November or December. Plants raised and handled in this manner will usually stand the’winter. An extreme freeze, however, may destroy them. As a rule, they will head up two weeks or more before spring-set plants. Among the best varieties to use are the Wakefield, the Sucession, the Drumhead and Flat Dutch. Onions may be seeded from Jan uary to April and from September to November. Where one wishes to grow onions for sale in the early spring or for eating purposes in late August or early September, the plants may be transferred when they are the size of a small lead pen cil. This may be accomplished any time during November or Decem ber. One, of course, may put out sets any time from September on. Another plan is to sow the seed in the spring and not thin the rows, when this Is done, the plants die down say in June or July. The sets can be gathered and, if kept dry lit erally- hundreds Adil be made avail able for planting out any time for September on. The onions may be made ready for use in the green form by November Ist and from that date forward. CONTROLLINGTHE CAUSES OF LUMPY MILK R. K. F.. Toccoa, Ga., writes: I have a cow which gives lumpy milk out of one of her teats. She has ben that way about every two or three weeks for several months. Can you tell me what to do for her? Lumpy milk is often caused by congestion of a part of the udder. This may be due to an accidental injury- ors to a sudden blow of some kind. The method of procedure in treating a case of this character is to knead the section of the udder very gently, but persistently. Do not bruise it, but soften it as ef fectively as possible. Bath it three times a day for twenty minutes at a time with water just as hot as the hands can bare. Then cover it with a camphorated lard or some other soothing and healing lotion which will prevent its chafing and help to keep it soft, and thereby- re duce and eliminate the inflammation. The purpose of the treatment is to restore the normal function of the part of the udder affected. Very thoroughly and completely milk out the udder at least two or three times a day, until a cure is effected. It is seldom desirable or necessary to 2ise medicine administered through “GOLDEN CALF” GOES UNDER THE HAMMER t ■ —i>rrv„ 1 ■”* Alcarta King Sylvia, whose sale at St. Paul, Minn., is expected io bring the highest price ever paid for' a calf,..two months old. When the auctioneer knocks down his hammer on the final “Gone” at St. Paul, Minn., some one will be the proud possessor of the finest calf in the world. / Under the auspices of the National Holstein-Freisian association, -the young son of Tilly Alcartra, world’s record cow, will be auctioned this week by its owner, A. W. Morris, of Woodland, Cal. The youngster’s father is Carna tion King Sylvia, owned’ by a firm the teat for the purpose of curing a trouble of thi,s kind. Controlling Hog Cholera With Serum C. F. 8,, Milan, Ga., writes: Is there a vaccine for the preven tion of swine plague? Can it be used by any- one or does it take a veterinarian? \ A great many cures have been put on the market for hog cholera. About the only thing which has stood the test of time is the protective serum which this institution, by the direction of the state legislature, has been making arid forwarding to the state veterinarian, for distribution at the actual cost of production. The serum for the most part may be used alone, but ‘‘simultaneous inocu lation” may also be practiced. This is intended to give permanent im munity to the hogs treated. The “serum alone” treatment is generally used by farmers who wish only to protect their hogs to put them on the market. The “simultaneous” treat ment is used in the case of breeding animals. Only a veterinnarian or an individual holding a certificate from the state veterinarian is presumed to administer the “simultaneous” treatment, The county agent may use the ‘serum alone” treatment or, after a little reading up and experience, you may be able to use it success fully and satisfactorily yourself. The principal thing is to secure a high grade of serum and then administer it under the most sanitary and effec tive conditions possible. The amount of serum required va ries with the condition, size and weight of the hog to be treated Se rum now costs about 1 cent per c. c. equivalent to about twenty drops It will take from 10 to 20 c. c. to treat a 25 to 50-pound hog. 20 to 40 cl c. to treat a 50 to 100-pound hog, 40 to C ‘ C ‘ J treat a 10 9, t 0 200-pound t'Z.inZ 60 J-°. 80 c ‘ c treat a 200 to 400-pound hog. It would be verv rtunate for the average layman jo attempt to use virus evbn if he could secure it and were it permis sible to use it under the state law. Destroying Worms on Cabbage J. H. D., Unadilla, Ga., writes: Please advise me tyhat will kill worms on cab bage and will not be injurious to the cabbage or render it unfit’for food. The cabbage worm is the progeny of the white butterfly so often seen in our gardens. These insects emerge very early- in the spring and are certainly easy- to recognize." They begin laying eggs shortly after they come out. These eggs hatch in a period of about a week and quickly develop into a little, green worm. This worm attacks practically all the plants belonging to the mustard lamily He is a very- vigorous eater, ana also grows with amazing ra pidity. In ten days to two weeks they are fully grown, and are then about one and one-fourth inches in length. They attach themselves to some plant to pupate, and in about two weeks appear as butterfles and start another generation. These worms /an best be con trolled by either spraying or dusting with paris green. I prefer to use the dusting method myself. This preparation should be made up by using one pound of paris green in thirty pounds of air-slaked lime shorts, or low-grade flour. The dust ing should be done very early in the morning yvhile the dew is on If the cabbage are well washed before using there is no danger of thfe fam ily being affected by the fact that they were sprayed with paris green. Treating a Cough of Long Standing J. C. M ~ Carticay, Ga., writes: I have a horse, seven years old, that has had a cough for several months. It is very dry and deep-seated and seems to be in pain when he coughs. I have been feeding him good. sound corn and well-cured fodder and he seems to be healthy with the exception of the cough. Wilh be glad* if you can give me a remedy. In treating a cough," the first thing to do is to determine the nature and cause A trouble of this character may follow diseases pf the respira tory organs. It may be the result of pneumonia, bronchitis or laryngitis. A cough often follows influenza/ It may result from heavesl. It is some times caused by chronic indigestion or from worm infestation. One of the most common causes of a cough is heaves. This is brought about through improper feeding and han dling as a rule. When the disease is well established, there is no cure Z bl ! t atte ntion to the dietary will often relieve the animal quite materially. Over-feeding is to be avoided, especially wi"th coarse, rough fodders, which mav be moldy or dirty. This class of feed should be discarded altogether. Coarse fod der before it is fed should be cut and dampened. An animal suffering from heaves should be watered be fore feeding and never directly aft er meals. An animal should not be worked immediately after meals Turning on pasture will often give a considerable amount of relief. The b£st medical treatment is to use Fowler’s solution of arsenic When Fowler’s solutjon is used, the damage is one ounce in the drinking water three times daily. This medi cine should be used very cautiously. If there is not regular and (frequent action of the bowels, then give a pint of raw linseed oil once or twice a month. A handful of glauber salts iitythe feed twice daily will often an swer the same purpose. Using Nitrate of Soda on Watermel ons F. G., Quitman, Ga., writes: I have been using 50 to ' 100 pounds of nitrate of soda on my watermelons and I have been in formed that this will cause the melons to decay badly in ship ment. The melons are planted in squares ten by ten, and I put the soda in the middle and cover same with a plow. I would appre ciate your advice regarding this matter. There is no reason why nitrate of soda should affect watermelons in the manner you suggest. We are in clined to think that this very im portant and essential plant food is charged up with causing a great many troubles for which there is no foundation, in fact. Situated as you are, we would not hesitate to use fifty pounds of nitrate of soda as a top dressing on melons. Out idea would be to put it a'round the vines immediately. It should not be put on, of course, when they are wet, and it is necessary that it be placed not too close to the hills. It may be iiut on in two applications in Seattle, which bought him as a six-months-old calf for $106,000. Tjlly, its mother, has given 180,- 460 pounds of milk in the last seven years, or two big railroad tank cars full. “The Golden Calf” is called “Al cartra King Sylvia,” and at two months of age is insured for $50,- 000. .He is expected to bring the record price paid for a calf. His advent in St. Paul in a palace stock car was marked by a procession and ceremony at the. front door of the state capitol building. rather than in one. Fifty pounds at a time would be a very good quan tity to use, and the applications may be made about two weeks apart. We think the real cause of the loss of melons in shipment is most likely due to what is known as stem end rot. You can control this trou ble with a considerable degree of success by proceeding as follows: When the melons are out in the field, leave a long stem on them. When they are transferred into the car, take a good, sharp knife and cut a piece of the stem off. Daub the fresh cut ends with a mixture made up of water and starch and containing about 6 per cent bluestone. Improving a Stand of Blue Grass i R. L. S., Commerce, Ga., writes: The blue grass on my lawn is not as thick as I would like to have it. Should I let the blue grass go-to seed and let it j fall, and come up volunteer another year, or would it be bet ter to have the seed cut when ripe and threshed by hand and sown on the thin spots? Which is the best time for sowing, spring or fall? My front lawn is well shaded anfl I think blue grass should do well on it. There is no reason why blue grass, when it attains proper maturity in this climate should not produce vi able seed. Os course, comparatively few seed is produced in Georgia on account of our climatic conditions, but there is no reason why more of it should not be developed under fa vorable conditions. This grass is quite likely to make a desirable de velopment and reach a satisfactory state of maturity on a lawn which is well shaded as yours appears to be. It would be an advantage, therefore, to let your blue grass mature and drop after it ripens on the ground. When its transformation has been completed, then you might harrow, rake, or scarify the soil so as to cov er it. It would be a good plan to cover it well next fall with decay ing vegetable matter obtained from a low place in the forest or with I thoroughly rotted yard manure. One desiring to seed blue grass on a lawn should sow it about the fif teenth of October to the first of No vember. A good deal depends on ' seasonal conditions. Os course, you j should sow the seed more thickly on those parts where the grass is now i thin. We de not think you can hope ! to have much satisfaction from seed- I ing blue grass in the spring in our climate. I believe a formula running high j in nitrogen is desirable to use on your lawn. I generally use about two sack# on my own lawn of a for mula containing from 4 to 5 per cent of nitrogen, 8 to 9 per cent of phos phoric acid and from 3 to 5 per cent of potash. I generally put one ap plication on in late March or early April and the other some time in May or June, when there is a good season in the soil. I seldom use any fertilizer in the autumn, preferring to enrich the land in the manner in dicated above. Feeding Barley to Work Stock H. C. E., Bostwick, Ga., writes: My oat crop this year is about 10 per cent barley, and after be ing cured the barley heads are very hard and dry, and wish to know if you think it is safe to feed it in the straw. There is no reason why you should not feed the oat hay containing a little barley to your live stock. This crop is extensively grown in the north, and the straw is largely used for stock feed. Occasionally the beards may make the mouths of ani mals sore temporarily. ■ This is a passing condition which soon adjusts itself. Our experience with feeding hay of this kind makes us feel that, we can recommend its use to you in the manner indicated with safety. GROUND OYSTER SHELLS AS V POULTRY FEED 1). G. E. writes: I would like to know something of the value of ground oyster shells for poultry feed, and also as a fertilizer. Ground oyster shells make an ex cellent grit food for poultry, and this material is used when properly prepared to a considerable extent by up-to-date poultrymen. Pulverized oyster shells are of much value for supplying calcium to land deficient in this element as any other carrier 0f this material. The strength and value of oyster shells is influenced to some extent by the arrft>unt of mud or dirt adhering to them. Under normal conditions, oyster shells run high in lime, containing 90 to 95 per cent of calcium carbonate. There is no reason why material of this kind, if relately finely ground, should not be a valuable amendment to any soil deficient in calcium. In the south we grow a consider able quantity of leguminous crops, and we are adding annually to the arejfs of land devoted to this type of plant. Land intended for alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans, velvet beans, pea nuts, vetches and other standard farm crops wil] be benefited bv an appli cation of finely ground oyster shell lime. This material should be used in proportion to the needs of the soil and the requirements of the crop. Under normal conditions, an application of one ton every three to five years will be found satisfactory. When preparing the land for planting to alfalfa as much as four to six tons should be used per acre. Grading Saves Big Loss in Marketing Products Standardization of farm products is being widely recognized as funda mental to improvement in market ing. Without well-organized, accept ■ able, standard grades, the various I market news services of the bureau lof markets. U. S. D. A., cannot be i made fully effective because there ! must be recognized basis for buy | ing and selling, a common language ! through which grower, shipper, trans- I portation company and dealer may I clearly understand one another. Standardization, moreover, elimi i nates waste and prevents the ship i ment of diseased with sound fruits j and vegetables and of overripe with properly matured specimens. Fail | ure properly to classify products be ! fore shipments frequently results in | deterioration, decay and inefficient . distribution. Much of this loss might j be prevented by sorting products into i grades at the point of production, | packing each grade Separately to j minimize contamination and convert ; ing inferior or unmerchantable grades ' into by-products. Would You Wait for Permission? This Is What Happened to Hodge What do you think of/ having to telephone for permission to run from a flock of bears—and then having your more or less palpitating pro posal turned down? That Is what happened to J. W. Hodge, a fire guard on the Shenan doah National Forest, a few days ago. Hodge was stationed at the look out tower on Hankey Mountain. It was his job to scan the skyline and to make expert diagnosis of far away smoke smudges or any other indication of fire in the forest. This particular morning when he went to the lookout tower on the mountain top, he failed to attach his gup to his person. It was a mere formality anyhow—and guns are cumbersome things to carry around. Well, he got into his lookout box and began searching the dim blue distances that look like the further fringes of the world. He was very busy at that for a while. Then his eyes came back closer home, and GARDENERS SHOULD REPLANT WITH MOST IMPORTANT CROPS To get the most out of the home garden a number of crops, such as snap beans, beets, lettuce, radishes, and peas, should be planted at in tervals to insure a continuous supply. In the case of snap beans as many as five plantings may be made in some sections of the country. Ijj the southern part of the United States special attention should be given to the late planting of the semihardy crops for late fall and winter use. These crops include spinach, kale, cabbage, collards, turnips, lettuce and winter onions. The la.te-planted crops generally give the best veg etables for winter storage. Beans, peas, carrots and beets ?®r canning purposes should be grown either very early in the season or quite late in or der to get the finest quality of canned goods. A late-planted crop of snap beans often yields an abundant sup ply of very tender pods which are ready for canning just before the first frosts. These usually make a better quality of canned product than do those grown at a time when they mature during the heated portion of the season. More Irish Potatoes Urgent Too much stress cannot be placed upon the need for gardeners to pro duce Irish potatoes during the re mainder of the season. It is now time to begin thinking about planting a late crop in sections where a late crop is grown. In the southern part of the United States a late crop may be planted in July or August, provid ed enough moisture is in the ground to give the seed a start. Gardeners are advised to plant the standard crops and varieties, leav ing the fancy kinds of vegetables and the novelties off their list. Throughout the greater portion of the south a very excellent crop or sweet potatoes may be grown by tak- FARMERS FIND CO-OPERATIVE HAULING OF PRODUCE PAYS A steadily increasing number of shippers are looikng toward the mo tor truck forU the solution of their transportation problems. Farmers are included in this category and it may therefore be well to point out, as the result, of avtual experience of others, the things they should con sider in connection with the use of motor trucks to haul their produce to market. In very few instances, say experts of the Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture, is it advisable for a farmer to purchase and operate a motor truck solely for his own needs, as the initial invest ment, cost of upkeep, and the lim ited time the truck is likely to be in use make the venture expensive and disproportionate to the convenience secured. Where trucks are operated by pri vate individuals for profit the owner of the truck usually operate between certain points on a fixed schedule. The farmer assumes no risk. He simply pays whatever the rate for cartage may be, and many find the use of this means of transportation an advantage over the railroad or over hauling his produce to market himself by team. At the same time it has often occurred that when the farmer had learned to depend upon this service, the rates would be rais ed to a point that the farmer could ill afford to pay, or that another mo tor-truck operator ivould enter the field with the result that both opera tors were compelled to go out of busines, leaving the farmer without any truck service at all. It may be well to consider the basis upon which a farmer may se cure motor-truck transportation at a nominal cost and create a service upon which he can place full reliance. There are several co-operative md tor-truck asociations in existence of which perhaps the Farmers’ Co-oper ative Co., of Hartford county, Md., has had the largest measure of suc cess. The territory served by the association is a very productive ag ricultural region. Many of the farm ers ship milk to Baltimore, some raise truck crops, and other prac tice general farming. The association rates on many com modities are decidedly lower than those of the railroad. The members say that the saving of time in mar keting their produce is a big ad vantage, also. For example, when the farmers hauled their produce to market by wagon they had to start out at midnight and did not return home until 9 o’clock the next morn ing. Now, at least 8 hours of that time is saved for other work. But while the Harford County company has had considerable suc cess, it would not have been possi ble had the condition not been fa vorable for the operation o" a co-op erative motor truck route. This fact should not be lost sight of; and for the benefit of those contemplatin'” the e.ta blishment of co-operative mo tor truck associations the following* points should receive careful con sideration : A careful survey should be made to determine the adequacy of pres ent transportation facilities, the rea sonableness of the rate charged, the approximate daily tonnage available for movement in each direction, the character of the roads over which the trucks must be operated, and the general sentiment of the community toward such an association. The dis tance from market should not be more than forty miles, and there should be sufficient volume of pro duce to warrant reasonably constant operation of the trucks throughout the year. It having been concluded that the co-operative enterprise will be a de cided advantage, only men who have demonstrated their business abilltv in handling their private affairs and who exercise a good influence among the members of the community should be selected as directors. The secretary should be a man with en ergy, tact, business abllty, and a high appreciation of the farmers’ interests. The capitalization of the association should be large enough to permit the issuance of enough stock i to pay for the trucks in cash, to as- ! sure a sufficient amount of cash on ! hand as working capital, and to h?,ve ; enough unissued stock to provide /for ! future .sound extension of the busi- ' ness. as well as a depreciation fund j to replace worn-out equipment. The trucks should be selected only ; - J About Bees and Bee Work i CLEMSON COLLEGE.—-Many peo ple still insist that bees cause dam age to fruit, and some even assert | thatS-'beest damage crops by sucking nectar from the flowers. Careful in vestigations prove that these beliefs are not only not true, but that bees are a great help in pollination of flowers. Bees do not puncture fruit and suck the juices. Observations of ’ trained investigators prove that bees visit fruit and suck juices only after the skin has been broken. Many bee keepers are disappointed at the failure of the entomologists to meet requests for help. It is phy sically impossible for the extension service bee specialist to meet. TUESDAY, JULY «, 1920. what he saw made him wish for an airplane to take him immediately to one of those far fringes. Three bears were browsing around only i little distance from his lookout tow er. They were not apparently giving him any thought, but he did not know how soon they might become hungry. There being no airplane at hand, he decided to use his legs. Then he remembered he could not leave his post without permission, so he called up District Ranger Shank lin, laid the case before him, and requested permission to go for nis gun. He x was promptly told that the rhing was impossible. The for ests were dry, and fire might start anywhere at any tir jears or no bears, it was Hod,«e'„ business to stay in that 10€>X- box. Being a perfectly good st guard, he stay ed. Fortuna - -’’, another lookout happened to listen in on the tele phone conversation and succeeded in sending- help to Hodge. ing vine cuttings from those that have been previously planted and in serting these in ridges in place of rooted plants. The sweet potatoes grown from vine cuttings are usually free from disease and are smooth and uniform, making them very de sirable for winter storage. In many sections peas can be planted as late as September and will yield a very nice crop before cold weather sets in. For this pur pose the early or quick maturing sorts should be used. Can or Store Vegetables Large quantities of garden vegeta bles are lost through want of suit able means of taking care of the sur plus. This can be done either by canning or by storage, depending upon the kind of vegetable to be cared for. The secret of filling the pantry shelves with canned goods is to can a little every day during the season when vegetables are plentiful in the garden. Storage facllties either in the form of special room in the cellar or a suitable outdoor stor age pit should be provided. In a few instances arrangements with the lo cal cold storage or ice factory for the partitioning off of a small com partment in their ice storage room in which vegetables that should be stored at a temperature near the freezing point may be kept. This class of storage is especially desir able for apples and Irish potatoes Sweet potatoes should always be stored In a warm place and given plenty of ventilation. In planning the garden operations for the balance of the season, it is well to take into consideration all of the above features. First, grow the kind of vegetables that are needed for canning and storage, and, second, make provision to can or store all that are not needed for Immediate use. after a thorough and unbiased con sideraton of the various makes. Rec ords of performance, of cost of op eration and maintenance, furnished . by actual operators of trucks rather than by agents of truck manufactur ers, should be carefully considered in the light of present and prospect ive needs of the association. z In employing operators merit should be the sole consideration. Rates should be based on a careful analysis of complete, adequate, and accurate information regarding costs. i Accounting methods should be sim ple but sufficiently comprehensive to ■ show the exact financial status of I the association at all times. I In determining matters of policy [ the interests of the members as a whole rather than as indviduals must be considered. Service must be the ■ watchword. And to make the asso ■ ?lation a real success, each member must feel that It is his association. I WOOD’S SEEDS Crimson Clover The Wonderful Soil Improver Sow it in your corn and cotton at the working, and next year you can plant these two crops on the same land and . make bigger crops. It is considered w'orth S2O to §3O per acre in the increased productiveness and improved mechanical con dition of the soil. CRIMSON CLOVER also makes an excellent winter and spring grazing crop, the best of early green feed and a good hay crop. Cow Peas • . For Forage and Soil Improving Crop Pound for pound, cow pea hay is as valuable a feed as clover hay; it is nearly equal in value to alfalfa and wheat bfan. The U. S. Department of Agriculture says: “No ,one thing can add more to the agricultural wealth of the South than growing of cow peas." Write for copy of our 1920 Fall Catalog giving prices and full Information about fall crops for Farm and Garden. Mailed FREE on request. T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, Richmond, - - - Virginia. 1 "'"ii /' ' —." ~ r r —.... Sir? dress your Cotton with : GERMAN POTASH j KAINIT i' 20 per cent MANURE SALT and NITRATE OF SODA ICO pcuirJs of Manure Salt gu as far as 160 pounds cf Kainit and have the same effect as a plant feed and plant disease preventive— Neither one will injure your crop. For prices write nearest Office of Nhrate Agencies Company INovz Ycrk Norfolk Savannah Jacksonville New Orleans Houston. Tex. Si ji Stocks at other, leading Atlantic and Gulf Ports ► -raw- --.■w'-ttjv -»» —i- .w..««rrmrr-n rni —n —r~r^' l i’-rnTT-MrTrn~Bi~Trirwim~~rTßnnnrr ■■■■ »7i i—nemij. a-J? White-Shelled Eggs Are Better for Breeding The Mediterranean or egg breeds are best suited for the production of white-shelled eggs. Representa tives of this class are bred largely for the. production of eggs rather than for meat production. Among the popular breeds of this class are: Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona and An d a 1 u s i an. Care in Feeding Chicks Results in Good Profits The first rule for getting a good profit from poultry is to get the chicks hatched early, and the next is to keep them growing sc :s.*: they will reach laying maturity before the commencement of cold weather. There is no profit in keeping a chick en just alive, whether it is intended for laying stock or for the market. One reason why more care should be exercised in feeding chicks than in feeding fowls is that the chicks know less about what is good for them than do the fowls. The healirijr chick is a hungry thiwg and r—cat what is given it; the or gans being weak are less able to dis pose of objectionable feed than are those of older fowls. Young chicks should be fed a lit tle at a time and often, poultry spe cialists in United States department of agriculture say. They should be fed early in the morning and just before going to bed at night, and not less than three times in the inter vening period. For the first two weeks they may be fed three meals of soft feed and two of hard, and after that age two of soft and three of hard, less soft feed beirig fed as they grow older. No more moistened soft, feed should be given at one time than they will eat up clean. A standard-bred male at the head of a mongrel flock will improve tha quality of the stock materially. A mongrel male will produce no im provement in quality. Send No Money Don’t ml«a thii chance to ent your tir* coat pCaA 50% and more. We ahi|} at once on ap- AT I proval. These are ttandard. make uaed QcK I [ firea, excellent condition, selected by our il experts—rebuilt by eXpert workmanship, ' V? Can readily be guaranteed for 6000 miles. . fJTJ NOTE—These are not used sowed to- XjC k (ether tiros—known a* double tresds. < F/ fiF e^e«^ igg I 30x3 .$5.50. .$1.60 34x4 .$ 8.75..52.60 1 H 30x3}$ 6.60.. 1.75 34x455. 10.00.. 3.00 g 31x8}$. 6.75.. 1.85 35x455. 11.00.. 8.15 1 82x35$ 7.00,. 2.00 36x455. 11.60.. 8.40 1 gi 81x4 8.00. 2.25 35x5 . 12.60.. 3.W DOC gl 32x4 8.25 . 2.40 86x6 12.75.. 8.65 fiOC EE 33x4 . 8.50.. 2.60 37x6 . 12715.. 3.75 I Efl iMDITI? Remember, we guarantee your V ■ Unilfc perfect satisfaction. Pay only Vff an arrival. Examine and judge for your- OOt- VXS lelf. If not satisfied—Send them back at tp aur expense. We will refund your money vjSmuXs without question. Be sure to state size 1 wanted—Clincher, 8. S.. Non-Skid, Plain. 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