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6 How About Motor Trucks? Here’s a Fine Summary Os Results From the West Summarizing the experience of 831 dorn-belt farmers who own motor ■trucks, the United States department df agriculture found that in the opin ion of nine-tenths of these men, the greatest advantage in owning a mo for truck is “saving time,” in the opinions of three-fourths of them the greatest disadvantage is “poor roads,” and 91 per cent believes that their trucks will turn out to be a profitable investment. The reports, however, indicate that on most of these farms the truck has not reduced expense to any great extent, and that it supplements rath er than replaces work stock and oth er equipment. On the average these trucks trav el 2,777 miles per year, and the cost of operation is between 16 1-2 cents and 17 cents per mile, making the total annual cost from $460 to $470. Each truck displaces an average of 1-2 head of work stock. With the cost of keeping a horse a year in the corn belt around S2OO, the reduction in expense for this item is in th,e neighborhood of $240 per farm. For all farms the average amount of hired help saved by the trucks is $163. On most farms these are the only two items of direct reduction in expense which can be credited to th® truck, and on the average they amount to S6O or S7O less than the total cost of operating it. To offset this added cost, custom hauling done with the trucks amounts to about SSO per year for all farms, leaving only something like $lO to S2O annual net expense which must bc'Vnore than balanced by thg saving of time of the owner and members of the family, the abil ity to get crops and live stock to market in better condition or at bet ter time, and other benefits which are not directly measurable in dol lars and centh, if the average truck is to a profitable investment , It must be remembered that most of these farms where trucks are owned are larger than the average, 'and are lo.cated at a considerable distance from market. - The investigation was made dur ing the past winter and spring, farmer-truck owners in Indiana, 111- •'inois, Missouri, lowa, southern Wis consin, southern Minnesota, south eastern South Dakota, eastern Ne braska. and eastern Kansas, who raise corn as one of their principal jcrops, and who practice the general grain and live stock farming char acteristic of the corn eilt, reported to 4; he department of the use they make of their trucks, the cost of operating; them, the advantages and disadvant ages of trucks for farm use, and other related information. • , : A study of the reports of 831 of these farmers has just been complet ed by the division of rural engineer ing of the bureau of public roads and -the office of farm management and farm economics. \ Some'of the important facts re vealed by the investigation are: The average size of the farms is 346 acres and their average distance from market is 8 miles. ''“Only 14 per cent of them are less than 5 miles from market, and 20 per cent are 15 miles or more from market. A little over one-fourth of these men have changed their markets, for at least a part of their produce, since purchasing trucks. For those who have changed market, the aver age' distance to the old market was 7- miles, and to the new market is 18 toiles. The rated capacity of these trucks varies from one-half to two tons. Seventy per cent of them are rated at one ton, and only 9 per cent of them at less than one ton. Experience with trucks has caus ed 57 per «cent of these men to de cide that the 1-ton size is best for their condition, 25 per cent that the 1 1-2-ton size is best, and 12 per J£nt that the 2-ton is best. Prac tically one man in four has decided that a truck larger than the one he .-xnow\owns would be better suited to liis conditions. Ninety-one per cent believe that It Pays to Get Rid of Hens That Are Loafing on the Job ‘•’Cull tie slackers” Is- the slogan if the .-- Jccessful poultry man of to- Uay. All during the year he weeds but the sick, the weak, and those which show evidences of nonpro ductive weakness or poor vitality; but before cold weather sets in the / whole flock is given a careful sys tematic culling. Culling serves three purposes, poultry specialists of the United States Department of Agricul ture say. First—lt increases the profits by Insuring that the feed will be consumed by the better-producing hens, thfe profit payers, and will not be consumed by the poor producers, ‘ which are ekpt at a loss. Second—lt makes it possible to save those best suited for breeders, both on account of their better production and on ac count of their superior strength and Vitality, which have enabled them tq stand up under the severe strain of heavy laying. Third —Weeding out the poor hen gives more room and a better chance to those left. Where trap nesting is practiced, culling is a comparatively simple process, as the recorded egg record enables one to determine whether a hen should be retained or discarded. Market Foor Producers The hens should be handled indi vidually and gone over carefully with the object of dividing them into two lots —one the better producers and the other the poorer producers. From f the better producers it is also desir able to pick out and baud, or other wise mark, as many of the best as will be needed for breeders. Market 'hose selected as the poor producers. Save the better producers for laying and breeding. When a single’ systematic culling is made, the best time to do it is ■in early fall. At this time it» is easier to form a close estimate of the relative value of a hen as an egg producer and to waed out the poor layers. • Hens that show indi cations of laying at this time are those which on the average have been the better producers for the year. It must be remembered, too, that the better producers during the .irst laying ye.Tr are usually those Which w-ill be the better producers in subsequent years. Molting is probably the most valu able and most easily applied test of production. Hens cease laying com pletely, or almost completely, dur ing the molt. The better producers lay late in the fall and therefore molt late. Late molters also molt rapidly as a rule, while early molt ers molt slowly. Therefore, save the hens that have not molted by Au gust or are only just beginning to molt late in September or in October and discard those which have finish ed molting or are well into the molt. The hen that molts latest, provided they are otherwise desirable, are the best to save for breeders. As a hen stops laying there is a tendency for her to take on fat. This - is noticeable in examining the pelvic bones, the two bones which can be felt as points on either side of the vent. When the hen is laying, these bones are comparatively thin 'and flexible. When she is not lay ing, they feel thicker and less flexi ble. des to the fat which has ac cumulated there. Often poor pro ducers are somewhat "beefy in type. ' showing stiffer, thicker pelvic bones, even when in laying condition than do good producers. The spread, or distance apart, of the pelvic bones ig also a valuable indication of whether the hen is laying. When laying they are wider apart than when the hen is not laying. The spread can be roughly measured for practical purposes by determining how mhny fingers can be laid be tween the bones. If the spread meas ures two fingers or less, the prob abilities are that the hen is not lay ing, while if the spread is greater, she is probably laying. •In brief, cull hens that are sick, K ’eak, lacking vigor. Inactive. poor * THE ATLANTA Till WEEKLY JOURNAL. their trucks will prove to be a profitable investment. In the opinions of these men the principal advantage of a motor truck is in saving time, and the principal disadvantage *s “poor roads.” As compared with horses and wagons the trucks save aboutiwo thirds of the time required for haul ing to and from these farms. On the average there are over eight weeks during the year when the roads are in such condition on account of mud, snow, etc., that these trucks cannot be used. The roads on which nearly 95 per cent of them us ually travel are all or part dirt. The condition of the roads prevent ed the use of the trucks with pneu matic tires a little less than seven weeks during the year covered by the reports, and of those with solid tires a little over nine weeks. Twenty-four per cent of the trucks are equipped with pneumatic tires, 27 per cent with solid tires, and 49 per cent with pneumatics in front and solids in reai>JHowever, expedi ence has convinced 58 per cent that pneumatics are best for their condi tions, 35 per cent that solids are best, and 7 per cent that pneumatics in front and solids in rear are best. These men have return loads for trucks about one-third of th*' fine. A majority of these men still use their horses for some hauling on the road. On more than half of the farms all the hauling in the fields and around the buildings is still done with horses and wagons. About-40 per cent of these men did some custom hauling with their ✓trucks during the year covered by the reports. The average amount re ceived by those who did such work was $132. Their owners estimate that on~fhe average these trucks travel 2,777 miles and are used on 112 days per year. The average estimate life of these trucks is six and one-half years, and on this basis depreciation is usually the largest single item of expense in connection with their operation. The average cost of operation, In dia!.n" dem ed--, iom Interest on in vestment, repairs, registration and license fees, fuel, oil, and tires, is 15.2 cents per mile for the one-half and three-quarter ton trucks, 15.2 for the one-ton, 21.3 cents for the one and one-quarter and one and one-half-ton, and 25.8 cents for the two-ton. The average cost of hauling crops, including the value of the driver’s time, is fifty cents per hour, is twen ty-four cents per ton mile with the one-half and three-quarter-ton trucks, 24.1 cents with the one-ton, 23.3 cents with the one and one-quar ter and one and one-half-ton, and 21.5 cents with the two-ton trucks. Nearly 85 per cent of thes trucks had not been out of commission when needed for a single day during the year covered by the reports, and 80 per cent of the owners stated that they had not lost any appreciable time on account of motor and tire trouble, breakage, etc., when using their trucks. About one truck, in fifteen was out of commission more than five days, however, and one owner in forty reported a loss of more than 5 per cent of the time when using his trucks. per cent of these men have not reduced the number of their work-stock since purchasing trucks. Twenty-four per cent have disposed of one or two head, and 20 per cent of more than two head T**e aver age reduction for all faztns is 1.2 head. t Half of these men own tractors as well as motor trucks. Most of the tractors are owned on the larger farms, howeve •. Only 33 per cent of the men whose farms contain 160 crop acres or less own tractors, while 65 per cent of those with over 320 crop acres own them. The num ber of work stock kept on the farms where both trucks and tractors are owned is only slightly less than the number kept on the farms of cor responding size where only trucks are owned. Seventy-eight per cent of these farmers state that their trucks re duce the expense for hired help. On those farms where there is a reduc tion the operators estimate that it amounts to $209 per year on the aver age. eaters, early molters, with small, puckered, hard, dry vents; with small, shriveled, hard, scaly dull-col ored combs; with thick or coarse stiff pelvic bones, close together, small spread between pelvic bones and rear end of keel, and hard, small abdomen. In breeds with yellow skin and shanks, the discarded hens should also show yellow or medium yellow shanks and yellow beaks and vents. Save hens that are healthy, strong, vigorous, alert, and active; good eaters; not molting or just eginning to molt Pn September or October: with large, moist vents, with full, red combs; thin, pliable pelvic bones well spread apart, wide spread be-- tween pelvic bones and rear end of keel, and large, soft, pliable abdo men. In breeds with yellow skins and shanks, the hens saved should also show pale or white shanks, and pale or white beaks and vents. Dia Sweet Potatoes Before Frost Comes: * 7 Get Better Grade . BY J. A. M’CIiINTOCK Physiologist, Georgia Experiment Station Tests at ■Hie. Georgia experiment station and at experiment stations in other southern states, have prov en that the time of digging sweet potatoes has much to do with their keeping and eating qualities. It has been the practice for growers to wait until frost kills the potato leaves before harvest ing. This was based on the theo/y that it required frost to “drive the sap out of the vines and potatoes into the ground” before the pota toes were ready to harvest. This practice has undoubtedly been re sponsible for the loss of many po tatoes in banks and storage houses, because sweet potatoes dug after the leaves are killed are apt to be “waterlogged,and thus difficult to cure and k£ep. Under normal growing conditions the potato plants take water from the soil through the roots, use what they require, throwing off any excess moisture through the leaves. This process is well regulated by the potato plants as long as the leaves 1 are alive and healthy, but when the leaves are seriously in jured by disease or are killed by frost they cannot throw off the I excess moisture. The potato roots ! beiner in the ground and not injured Iby frost continue to take up water ■ and as the dead leaves are unable Ito get rid of the excess moisture it accumulates in the vines and potatoes; giving them the so-called "waterlogged” condition. This ex cess moisture in the potatoes makes them more difficult to dry or cure, even under the best of storage con ditions. The excess moisture also makes them more subject to the at tacks of fungi, like I’hizop:.-. which causes large losses due to soft rot in storage. Sweet potatoes p. anted in the spring are mature and ready to dig before danger of frost injury to the leaves, and those planted later m the season would keep better if harvested while immature, than if allowed to stay in the ground until the vines ate killed by frost. The Georgia experiment station advises growers to dig their pota toes before the leaves are killed by frost, but in case a grower is not able to do so, he should try to get his potatoes harvested as soon as possible after frost, for the longer the potatoes remain in the ground after the vines are frosted the more “waterlogged” they become. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION BY DR. ANDREW M. SOULE Destroy the 801 l Weevil A united state-wide fight on the boll weevil should be inaugurated immediately. A crop worth more than three hundred million dollars is at stake. The credit and progress of Georgia are involved. The weevil ate up forty million dollars worth of cotton for us last year. We can not tell as yet how extensive the losses will be for 1920 but they will undoubtedly aggregate many mil- Jions of dollars. We have preached diversification and it is a wise and proper subject to emphasize. We must continue to diversify on a much more extensive scale than we have practiced in the past. The more successfully we do this the greater will be our profits under boll weevil conditions. At the same time, there are two things which stand out pre-eminently. First of all, the world must be clothed and cotton is ' that most .important and essential fibre to this end. Second, cotton will always be our chief money crop. Our climatic .conditions make this self-evident to any one who has studied the situation. We should be prepared, therefore, to use every agency at our command to maintain our supremacy in cot ton production. We can grow cotton successfully and profitably under boll weevil conditions but we can not do this by a continuance of the methods of practice followed in the past. New situations create new needs. Prog ress brings about change. Even the depredations of a small insect ci" neither be gainsaid nor overlooked. It is our duty then as well as our privilege to acquaint ourselves thor oughly with the life history of the bpll weevil; to asectrain as nearly as possible the best conditions under which he thrives and develops, and then to counteract his power to mul tiply and destroy our crops by at tacking him at the weakest point in his armor. There has never been a plague in the history of the world which could not be held in check or overcome. Man has had to exert himself and change his line of thought and his method of procedure to accomplish this end, but up to the present time he has always suc ceeded. Nature has seen to it that there is a weak spot in the armor of the boll weevil and by taking advan tage of this weakness, we can at least sufficiently encompass his de struction to enable us to continue the profitable production of cotton on a state-wide basis. Now is the best time In all the year in which to fight- the weevil with the utmost vigor and the high est measure of success. This may be brought about in one of several ways, but the best, most economical and desirable plan of action to follow is that of turnirtg under the cotton stalks before frost to the greatest depth possible. Immediatelv the cry goes up that the cotton will not all be out by that time. This is a mis conception for there will rearely, if ever, be anything of a top cron of cotton under boll weevil conditions. Let us get this idea firmly in out minds and resign ourselves once and fir all to the loss of the top crop. iTie advent of the boll weevil means that we can only succeed in cotton cultivation through the growing of early, maturing varieties. The boll weevil will see to it that we grow early maturing varieties or go out of business. The boll weevil will live chiefly under p-oner methods of management on the ton cron of cot ton. Let us give this to him, but at the same time arrange our meth ods of farm nract’ce on a basis that will insure his destruction in the largest nossible numbers. We should “ncourage in so far as we can a heavy infestat-’on of the top cron, and if we select early maturing varieties for planting, we will he sure of raising anywhere from 40 to 80 per cent of a normal cotton cron Senending upon the degree of weevil mfest'tion and the methods em ployed of fightin" the same. The cotton stalks should be turn ed under three weeks before frost. Do this work if it is at all possible by October 1. This can certainly be accomplished in many sections of the state because of the fact al ready stated that tjje weevil will cause an early ihaturitv of the part of the crop which the farmer wi’l gather from this date forward. Tn some sections of the state it may be possible to turn under the stalks effectivelv as late as October 15. If we wait until after frost falls, the benefits of turning under the stalks are greatly minimized because the weevils will immediately scat ter out and find shelter which lyill effectively protect them until next year. Weevils can not live away from cotton in the fall for more than two or three weeks. There fore, if their food supply de stroyed before frost occurs, millions of them are starved even if they may not be buried so deeply in the soil as to kill them. After frost occurs nature has pro vided the weevil with the power to live for several months without food. After he goes into hybernat ing quarters, there is little we can flo to injure him before he emerges the next spring. It is the late de veloped weevil which is well fed anil noursihed on the top crop of cotton that has the greatest vigor. These are the ones that go into the winter if left unmolested in a vigorous con dition. Their powers of resistance to cold through the hybernating period are much greater than those of older weevils. It is this young crop or last' crop of weevils which we should make the greatest ef fort to destroy as completely as possible. -"■"When you consider that literally millions of them may be killed out by the simple practice of turning the stalks uAdey to a depth of sev eral inches three weeks before frost occurs, the importance of this par ticular phase of the fight against the weevil becomes self-evident. If we can just impress this fact on the minds of all our land owners strongly enough to convince them of the necessity of making a united effort to destroy stalks, we will have done more to minimize weevil damage in 1921 than can be accom plished in any other way. The stalks may be turned under with various types of machinery. A tractor will be found admirable for this purpose. Gang plows may be used. Ordinary turning plows may be used effectively provided a heavy chain is attached to the end of the whiffle tree and the colter. Remember that the complete bury ing of the stalks is the end to be accomplished. Do not be afraid of ripping up the soil to o deeply. sure that your plow is so adjust ed a s to completely invert and burv the stalks in the soil. Any method of practice that will attain the end indicated may be employed. If you simply turn the stalks over on the side and leave the ends sticking out of the ground, you will no doubt destroy some weevils, but you will have largely nullified the end vou are striving to attain. A one-horse plow and a light mule will not en able you to turn under the cotton, stalks satisfactorily, if you go not idppen to nave two mules, borrow one from your neighbor for a day or two. United effort should be made by every individual and every com munity to get sufficiently large im plements and heavy enough work stock to accomplish the desired end. Remember that every one is con cerned in this enterprise. The bid farmer should see that the small farmer is helped in an emergency of fronted* 6 by whlch we are n °w con tnLhere^Vil] be - t A? se who conclude that as their neighbors are not turn ing under the cotton stalks it is use less for them to break their own land. In this they are very much mistaken If you will always bear in mind that it is possible for one pair of weevils coming out of hybernation in the spring to be the progenitors of eleven million weevils before the next au tumn, we can surely appreciate how important the destruction of even one pair of these insects becomes. The man who plows the stalks under on his own land irrespective of what his neighbor does, will be benefited cer tainly to the extent that his own fields,will not likely be infested until a good deal later in the season an other year than those of his neigh bors. In that event he has a fine op portunity to develop a good bottom crop of cotton and feed the weevils when they attack his field on the top crop. We should remember that the weevil has been in the United States now for a good many years; that he has traveled across a number of states; and that his record of destruction in every state has been practically the same. While he has reduced cotton production in some areas and in creased it in other sections, we are still producing, on the whole, as much cotton as the world appears to need. In states where the weevil has been established for a number of years, however, his life history has been studied out and determined and methods of combatting him evolved which we are finding it necessary and desirable to follow here in Georgia. Turning under the cotton stalks immediately is the great end to at tain. The business man, the banker, the farmer, the tenant, the merchant and every citizen is intimately con cerned about this proposition. The matter is of such great importance that there ought to be a state-wide concerted effort put forth to minimize weevil damage in 1921, by the im mediate destruction of the cotton stalks which are now standing idly in such a considerable percentage of our fields and favoring the develop ment of a seed cron of -weevils which will prove a veritable plague here in 1921. I am so firmly convinced of the necessity and importance of de stroying cotton stalks as a means of controlling the boll weevil depreda tions in 1921 that I believe we can add as much as forty million dollars to the value of our cotton crop if our farmers will devote their energies for one week during the early part of October to burying deeply in the soil the cotton stalks now standing in the fields. Surely this is a prize and a re'AM.rd worth striving for. It is the best possible insurance*we can take out against weevil damage during next year. Improving Soil With Crimson ' Clover G. W. D., Loganville. Ga., writes: I wish to build up my land and have been thinking of growing crimson clover, but know nothing about it. I will appreciate all the information you can give he in regard to time of planting, etc. Crimson clover is a winter-grow ing legume. It will do well on al most any type of north Georgia soil but gives its best r&sults on those of a sandy, loamy type. It does es pecially well on the Cecil sandy loam, the Tifton sandy loam, the Greenville sandy loam v and the Nor folk soil series. It naturally gives the best results on land, in a fairly fertile and friable condition. It should be planted on a rather firm seed-bed which has been made free of weeds and trash by fallowing for thirty days before planting. Iff this section it is desirable as a rule to seed it about October 15. In an open season, it can be sown as late as November 1. It will not give as good yields, however, nor stand the winter freezes so satisfactorily if planted too late. So this is a point to keep constantly in mind. You should use about twelve t® twenty pounds of well-cleaned, viable seed per acre. If you have never grown crimson clover before, it would probably be good practice to inocu late it. Use an artificial culture for this purpose. You can secure the same through any reliable seedsman or from firms who manufacture them. Directions for using this- ma terial are fully set forth in the lit erature sent with it and you should follow them very carefully. Sow the clover with a barrow seeder and cover with a brush har row or a weeder. The latter is much to be preferred. You can, of course, use crimson clover in association with oats, rye or wheat. It makes a good bottom for these crops). If cut early in the spring when \ust coming into bloom, it makes am ex cellent hay. A yield of from one and one half to three tons per acre can be secured from good land. It is an excellent crop to turn under for the improvement of the land Growing Ginseng Commercially R. D., Elizabethton, N. C., writes: I would like some infor mation in regard to growing ginseng. Do you think it can be successfully grown in this , section? X- Ginseng is a fleshy-rooted plant growing wild in shady, well-drained situations. It is found chiefly in hardwood forests from Maine to Min nesota and as far southward as the mountains of Georgia and the, Caro linas. It has been used by the Chi nese for many years for medicinal purposes. It is not regarded by American physicians as possessed of any curative qualities. The demand tor it abroad has stimulated the col lection of the wild roots. Its price is now such that one could probably grow it on a moderate »scale with some profit. The market for it is far away, however, and one should only undertake ' its cutlivation on a modest basis. The plant, of course, is only valuable for its thick, spin ale-shaped root, and the more nearly it represents the human form, the higher the roots are prized by the Chinese. The seeds are slow to ger minate, and it requires from five to seven years to develop marketable roots from seeds. In cultivating ginseng, various plans may be followed. It will pay to shade it as completely as possible. It may be planted therefore in thick forest areas. It may be planted un der laths much as shade tobacco is grown. The soil should be well drained and- rather light. The best fertilizer is well decayed leaf mold 4 to 6 inches deep. Mulching in win ter is desirable. The culture of gin seng must be regarded as that of a highly specialized crop. One must be prepared to start in a small way wait a long time for returns. ’ Plunging,” or speculation in the cultivation of this crop is to be avoided. Selecting a Variety of Cotton J. S. C., Midville, Ga., writes: I am growing half ana half cot ton, but am interested in the Piedmont Cleveland variety. Is it a safe taiicty to plant under boll weevil conditions? What is your opinion of Bank Account cotton 7 Half and Half cotton makes a large yield of lint, but this variety is sub ject to attack by anthracnose which causes many of the bolls to rot. It has not proven as early as some varieties tested here at the college. Bank Account has made a fairly good record, but it has not proven to be one of the leading varieties which we have tested up to date. Pied mont Cleveland is an excellent strain of cotton, and under proper and care ful management in so far as I can gather, has given very good satis faction in most sections. It is re garded as one of the earliest varie ties next to College No. 1. The Cleveland big boll, as you doubtless know, is one of the most satisfactory varieties for general cultivation in Georgia. Hence, we have advised its use in many localities. We do not rcommend College No. 1 for growth where black-root is found, and it is. no doubt likely to occur from time to time in your section as this dis ease is most troublesome in south Georgia. We believe that under existing circumstances you would probably find the Toole a good variety to grow in your section as it is relatively early, can be grown with considerable success where boll weevil depreda tions are likely to prove severe and is strongly resistant to the wilt disease. Notes on Planting Fall Onions G. M„ Soperton. Ga.. writes: I am thinking of planting a few acres in onions and wish you" advice. What kind of land should they be planted on and what kind of fertilizer should I use? What is the best method of procedure to obtain a good yield? Onions should be planted on rich land which is well drained. The Tif ton sandy loam is a good type to se lect for this purpose in your section of Georgia. My plan of growing onions is to seed them in nur ery rows in the spring. In this way large number of sets can be de veloped. I then allow the sets to die down as they*will during the warm months of the summer. After they are well dried out, I gather and’ store them and then replant in the fall. I set my onions out in rows eighten inches apart and put them eight to ten inches apart in the drills. I have my fall crop al ready planted. The land is made rich by a rotation of crops, the use of large amounts of well-rotted yard manure and the application of ferti lizer at the rate of 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre. A good formula for onions should contain from 4 to 5 per cent of nitrogen, 8 to 9 per cent of phosphoric acid and from 3 to 5 per cent of potash. You can, of course, plant seed now. The sooner .the planting is done, the better. Sow fairly thickly in rows fifteen inches apart. Transplant into field rows when the onions are the size of a lead pencil. Any standard variety that is hardy in your section may be planted. For onions I prefer to scat ter the fertilizer and broadcast and mix in well with the soil several days before planting’the onions. It will take frcyii 50,000 to 60,000 plants per acre at the distance apart I have s u g g ested. 2 A. B. C.’s of Breeding Told in New Bulletin Issued by Uncle Sam Written in simple language for the person who raises farm ani mals, a new Farmers’ bulletin, just issued by the United States de partment of agriculture, tells the basic facts about heredity and how live stock improvement may be brought about. Under the title “Es sentials of Animal Breeding,” this publication pieces before farmers and stockmen information which heretofore has been available chief ly in books, many of them being of technical character. Topics explained and illustrated by the new bulletin include: Begin nings of life, evolution, Mendel’s law, determination of sex, .inbreed ing, cross-breeding, outcrossing, pure breeding, pedigrees, grading up, and maternal impressions. Cer tain popular but incorrect ideas about heredity are discussed. Several series of, pictures show how good blood “breeds on” and l.kewise how inferior parents stamp undesirable characteristics on fol lowing generations. The discussions deal with all the principal classes of domestic animals, and a sum mary of basic principles concludes the bulletin which contains 40 pages. Copies may be obtained free of charge by application to the division of publication, United States department of agriculture, Washing ton, D. C. For experienced breeders and for ethers who desire more detailed in formation than that contained in the Farmers’ Bulletin, the department of agriculture is preparing another bul letin entitled “Principles of Live Stock Breeding,” which goes more deeply into the subject. This litera ture, prepared in connection with the “Better Sires —Better- 1 Stock” campaign, adds to completeness of the series of government publi cations pertaining to live stock rais ing. In fget, the department is now prepared to furnish interested per ; sons literature on practically all 1 problems of live stock production : and improvement. Now Is the Time to Banish Cockleburs . By Plowing Them In Early Fall Opportune Time to Flow Under Cockleburs Aside from its general unsightli- I ness on the farm and the severe dam age done to crops, such as corn, cockleburs also occasionally kill swine and young cattle. According to department circular 109, issued by the Uinted states department of ag riculture, cockleburs do not grow very luxuriantly in grainfields until after the removal of the crop; the cockleburs should then be plowed un der before they mature seeds. In the north early fall plowing before the seed ripens is always good practice for controlling this weed. The weed may be destroyed by the use of any good shading crop, such as buckwheat, soy beans, or cowpeas. Clover is particulary useful in sub duing cocklebur. Close grazing with sheep, especially in grain stubble, is a very useful practice. In heavily infested areas mowing and burning have been successfully practiced. Plants in waste places should be re moved by mowing before burs are formed, or, better still, by hand re moval following rain, when the ground is soft. The spud, mattock, and hoe are all useful instruments in eradicating cocklebur. The re moval of cockTeburs from waste areas is of special importance, because the burs from a single plant may spread to all parts of the farm .since they adhere readily to the clothin g of passers-by or to the coats of animals. If the farm is*equ;pped with spray ing machinery it is practicable to destroy cocklebii -s entirely by spray ing early in the spring with a solu tion of iron sn’ptate used at the rate cf two pounds of the chemical to a gallon of water. Cherokee Ginners Are Warned Not 1 o Open Their Gins CANTON, Ga., Oct. 9.—Ginners in many sections of Cherokee county have been warned to close their gins until the price of cotton goes up. Two more warnings were posted dur ing the past week. In each instance the owners were ordered to cease operations until January 1, 1921. A notice was found on the gin operated by ex-Governor Joseph M. Brown, at Cherokee mills, but Gover nor Brown instructed his foreman to continue to operate unless al the other gins in the community closed down. I. S. Stafford, 1 owner of a gin in this city has closed his plant US' the result of a warning that his gin would be burned unless he ceased operations. The authorities are making every effort, to apprehend the parties re sponsible for the posting of warn ings, but thus far no progress has been mane. Cotton Growers See Need for Warehouses In many parts of the cotton belt growers are rapidly awakening to the importance of warehouses as a fundamental element in any scheme of marketing, and arrangements are being made to secure funds through ■co-operative action in one form or another tor the’ building of such warehouses, say cotton marketing ex perts of the bureau of markets, United States department of agricul ture In some instances the states them selves are taking official cognizance of the need for warehouses and ex tending financial aid for their ex struction. The state of Louisiana owns and operates a large modern warehouse at New Orleans. North Carolina has provided a fund from which loans can be made for the biulding of warehouses by levying a small assessment against each bale of cotton at the gin. In South Caro lina it has been proposed that finan cial aid for building warehouses be extended through the issuance of bonds by the state. Auto Becomes Tractor A Missouri farmer had made a tractor for his farm by mounting his automobile on top of a wheeled structure with the rear wheels of the touring car geared ter those of Jthe truck, thus utilizing his pleasure vehicle for proctical purposes in place of horses. Grain Dust Explosions Results of investigations - nd pre ventive measures against grain dust explosipns, which cost 80 lives and $7,000,000 property damage in 1919, are contained *in a new book being distributed by the Bureau of chemistry. United States department of agriculture. Expert Gives Summary Os Information About Meade Cotton in Georgia BY FRANK C. WARD Cotton Specialist Meade is the name given to a va riety of upland long staple cotton originating by selection from a variety known locally in Texas, where the selections were made, as “Black Rattler” or “Blackseed” cot ton. The name Meade was given to the variety in honor of the late Rowland *M. Meade, who made the first selections in 1912 while work ing for the United States depart ment of agriculture. Meade cotton has a lint that is 1 1-2 to 1 3-4 inches in length and has been proved by spinning tests to be practically the equal of sea is land. The lint sold in Georgia in the early months of 1920—for more than SI.OO per pound or nearly three times the price paid for short sta ple upland cotton This variety has the upland type of stalk and habit of fruiting which makes it better adapted to boll weevil territory where sea island cannot be grown because of its late fruiting habit. Many growers of Meade claim that they make as many pounds of lint cotton per acre as with the short staple cottons planted under the same conditions. The boll weevil came into Geor gia in 1915 and it was immediate ly evident that the state would not be able to produce sea island when the boll weevil had spread into the sea island territory, Meade cotton was introduced into the state to take the place of sea island, which cannot be produced under boll wee vil conditions. The work of introducing this cot ton to the farmers of Georgia was done by the United States depart ment of agriculture and by the di vision of agronomy of the Georgia State College of Agriculture. The first lantings of Meade wer§ made in 1917. Meade cotton cold in Savannah that year-for 73 cents per pound which was l-2c per pound more than was paid for Sea Island on the same market the same day. In 1916, which was the last year before the boll weevil began to af fect the Sea Island crop in Georgia, the state made 77,891 bales of Sea Island cotton. In 1919 less than 600 bales of Sea Island cotton were ginned and there will be less than 100 bales ginned in Georgia in 1920. During the same period the produc- Scarcity of Furs and Tremendous Demand Offers Fine Opportunities (Here is the first installment of a valuable article telling of the won derful opportunities confronting farmers this season in furnishing furs for a market featured by high prices. This timely question will be covered in three installments pub lished consecutively by The Tri- Weekly Journal.) Farming of wild fur-bearing ani mals and the establishment of large sanctuary tracts is urged by the United States department of agricul ture as the only sure means of pre serving the fur supply, which is be ing diminished to the vanishing point. Muskrats, skunks, foxes and minks are among the animals which can be successfully bred in captivity or under conditions of semi-domesti cation Decrease in the supply of fur bearing animals in the United States, coupled with a vastly increased de mand, leads the department to urge domestication of the ainmals and the establishment of preserves where they may be safe from molestation. Unless fur-bearing animals are rigidly conserved, the biological sur vey declares in department circular 135, the time is not far away when many of the valuable species will be exterminated-'and furs will be worn only by the very rich. This fact is said to be recognized by the fur trade generally, and by individ uals who have made a study of the subject. Directly or indirectly fur contrib utes to the support or comfort of a large part of the population of the United States. We import as much fur as we produce. In other words, we could sell at home twice as much fur as we are now producing, in ad dition to the foreign demand. Since 1914, the center of the fur trade has been transferred to the United States. The greatest fur sales in history are now being held here, and all branches of fur dressing, dye ing and manufacturing are bqing suc cessfully carried on by American en terprises. Most of the fur goods produced in Pine Beetle Inflicts Damage in South Approximately $20,000,000 damage was inflicted by the southern pine beetle in its attack on southern tim ber forests during two decades, ac cording to investigations made by the United States department of ag riculture concerning destruction caused by insect forest pests. Added to this damage is that of the black and the red turpentine beetle. The hickory-bark beetle is found to be doing extensive damage in the northern tier of states from Wiscon sin to Vermont and southward through the Atlantic states to cen fral Georgia. The department has Issued three bulletins of particular interest to farmers who have hickory or pine trees on their lands. They are: “The Dying Hickory Trees, Cause and Rem edy,” bureau of entomology circular 144; “The Dying Pine Trees, Cause and Remedy,” farmers’ bulletin 474; and “The Black Turpentine Beetle and Red Turpentine Beetle,” reprint from bulletin 83, part I, bureau of entomology. The department is urging farmers who use the slack time of late fall and early winter in getting in fire wood to select trees that have been infested with insect pests. Down come our prices ShoesUnaemfflrffasren/ We Lead the Fight Against Profiteers Order (ired from u». Outrxluet defy competition. We furutH to live you money. Our prices are almost as low as wholesale. We deliver all roods FREE to your door. Your money will be refunded instantly i f you are not satisfied with your purchase. | BIG BARGAIN WXtrL k book Write for thio new illu- \ etrated Fall and Winter \mJ Bir Bargain Book. It’e \ crammed full of barcaina \ which hare no equal. i A postcard will brinr It to \ you at once— FREE!-POST. \ PAWI ’ ' Don’t bay a tkinc (or year sell or family antil yoa got I our bargain book u 4 compart oar prices, Gilbert Bros. DEPT E NASHVILLE, TENN. ts TOBER 12, 1920. tion of Meade cotton in the state has increased from none at all in 1916 to more than 3,000 acres in 1920. But there will be less than 2,010 bales made this year to offer to a trade that had a 77,891 bale source of sup ply in Georgia in 1916. There is great need for this long staple cotton, for manufacturers of fabric for automobile truck tires, have found that cotton of less than 1 1-2 inch staple does not make as desirable fabric as does cotton of 1 1-2 inches and over. The chief American cottons producing such staple are Meade, Sea Island, and American-Egyptian. The production of Sea Island cotton in the United States has decreased from 117,469 bales in 1916 to 6,916 in 1919 with prospects of a great further de crease in 1920. The production of American-Egyptian has increased from prac.tically nothing in 1916 to a crop of over 40,000 bales in 1919, which will probably be doubled in 1920. There will still be not much more than 100,000 bales of 1 1-2-inch staple to supply a demand which is greater than in 1916 because of the increased demand for large pneu matic tires for trucks and because of the tendency to produce tires of better quality which necessitates the use of long staple cotton in making the fabric. Meade cotton is just as good as Sea Island or American-Egyptian it it is grown from pure seed and gin ned on a roller gin. A few plant ings of impure seed might be diast rous to the Meade industry in Geor gia, so the United States department of agriculture and the Georgia State College of Agriculture are en deavoring to induce all growers of Meade cotton to handle the crop in such manner that the seed will be 10° per cent pure and to sell - mpure sed to the oil mills. The farmers of Georgia -an pro duce this cotton of greatly superior quality at very little greater ex pense than they are producing short staple cotton and there is no reason why they should not put themselves in position to receive the higher prices that are paid for cotton of superior quality. In the old Sea Is land territory they have a great many roller gins idle and the grow ing of Meade in that territory will enable this machinery te giw’ some returns to the owners at a satisfac tory price. This is a great oppor tunity to put some of this idle ma chinery to work. America are manufactured in or near New York City, where in 1918 there were About sixty dressing and dye ing plants, 500 dealers, 1,200 manu facturers, 18,000 operatives and an investment estimated at between $200,000,000 and $300,000,000.' Values of skins have risen to heights that have surprised even those on the inside, and skins that formerly had little or no value as fur became popular under various trade names. A comparison of the highest prices paid at the October, sales in St. Louis in 1915 with those’ in 1919 illustrates the increase in fur values. Beaver advanced in these four years from sl7 to $38.50; otter from sl4 to $101; muskrat from 36 1-2 cents to $5.10; red fox from $15.20 to $64; fisher from $25 to $205; skunk from $3,36 to $10.60; marten from $15.20 to $145. The crest of the rising wave of fur values was reached at the auction sales of February and March, 1920, when weasel brought $4.10; muskrat, $7.50; skunk, $12.25; raccoon, S3O; lynx, $66; red fox, s7l; mink, $75; otter, $105; marten, $201; and fisher, $365. The fur market has been greatly depressed recently, but its re covery to normal demand and prices in the near future is anticipated. (To bs continued) We want you to »ee the Dixie Razor and try it thoroughly. Alter trial if you want to keep it .send ■ us $1.95 and we will send you a fine SI.OO razor hone free. If you don’t want it return to us. Fill ■ out blank below end mail to us. Hie razor will be sent you Ly return mail. DIXIE MANUFACTURING CO.. UNION CITY, GEORGIA Send me a Dixie Razor on consignment for 10 DAYS FREE TRIAL. If satisfactory I will I send you special factory price of $1.95. If for any reason Ido not want it I will return >t to you ■ at the end of ten days. If I keep razor and pay for it promptly you are to send me a FINE SI.OO B RAZOR HONE FREE. 7 1 NAME■ R P, STATE.R. F. D■ RII i IIIIM 'WIIBHRW— BBBBMBBMBM—BBBM—MB38aBSM» BIG CUT IN BUGGY PRICES FOR A FEW DAYS ONLY Write today for catalog and special cut prices E. VJ. MBDDLEBROOKS BUGGY CO. 100 Main Streei Barnesville, Ga 1 SAVED |“I am ■ $20.09. Iplcas B aSSBBgaSAA .A et ' ant l I |SgtTjugSatM satisfted:”wrifesMr.M.Carlisle, n Sr., of Cleola, Ga. “My barn is M W * 36x40. which made a nice barn. Had no ■ tgK’J 1 . trouble in putting Roofing on. I saved sf it s2o.oo by ordering from you.” Kt»j tj fwUl X n Pnnv I y° u are £ott> n K ready to build or fix ts.vfe.ePvK |„p your old Hous Barns Cribs or Shelters it will pay vou to get this Free Book For it shows New Ways How—at little cost —you can build r - ~ New Housesand Build- ROOFIHG sgjg I price Q .fe o etWE PAY Freight DIRECT TO YOU FIREPROOF EASYTO PUT ON SSSS Guaranteed For- 20 Years CANTUIVST Roofing is Fire- « iGetyourrcofingnow. & vANT_R —>— J proof. Can t rust. Easy to nail SAV.tS YOU MONEY: While prices are low. a on. Can be used on new buildings or nailed ' We sell direct to you—Pay the freight and a right ©ver old. wood shingles—quick and ship Quick. Be your own merchant and m ea . Comes in big wide pieces. Galva- keep in your own pocket the profit the H nize<. Nails, Roofing Hammer a d Metal dealer would get. WRITE —TO DAY. B Cutting Shears furnished with fcVERY Your name and address on a postal brings M eve: ' order, large or small. |bUILDING Free Samples and f SAMPLES h S fflNGL^PATrEßN| , >r^ r ” i ”“’ d e i “ Roafin^ook ’ ITO TEST ' | hous "or plains 1 ack for prices and samples of Galvanized n . T « 3 ste Fc ?e. | Dept. J Sarannaii, Ga. g Send No Money Don’t miss thia chance to cut your tire coot / /} 50% and more. We ahitf at once on ap- II ' proval. These e.re standard, make KfcaX //J tires, excellent condition, selected by our /j •* experts—rebuilt by expert workmanship* KKSI \ J [ Can readily be guaranteed for < 000 miles* LAJfJT i I NOTE:The«e are not sewed togeth- \ . I er tires—known as double treads. I 80x3 .$5.50.41.60 31x4 .$ 8.75.42.60KgfS 11 30x3X. 6.50.. 1.75 34x414. 10.00.. 3.00/Sg< 'I 31x314. 6.75.. 1.85 35:;4>4. 11.00.. 3.lsb?*?> | 32x354 . 7.00.. 2.00 36x444. 11.50.. 3.4OKW> ,| 31x4 . 8.00.. 2.25 35x5 . 12.50.. 3.50 I 32x4 . 8.25.. 2.40 36x5 12.75., 3.65 MSS> 11 33x4 . 8.50.. 2.50 37x5 . 12.75.. 3.75 VwS, VyPiTf Remember, we guarantee nnilk perfect satisfaction. Pay only\ \ ’ on arrival. Examine and judge for your- \\ k self. If not satisfied—send them back \\ our expense. V/e will refund your moneyV* without question. Be sure to state size \ Wanted—Clincher, S. S., Non-Skid, Plain. ' CLEVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER CO. 31 On Michigan Avenue Chicago. HL GENUINE lA® C SVSLLE BEST ' BUGGY MADE! Direct from largest and best buggy factory in Ki South to you at lowest lyS j| wholesale cost. The only buggy warranted on any road under anv load. We voajLffiTL tave you big money. WwTyßh “I have a buggy bought cf you 19 or 20 years ago. It has been in pretty constant use ' EsAmV all this time and the last three 1 years I have used it on a mail fit* — 'v route. 1 J H MULLIS, SR., Cochran. Georgia. Ing A Write fob tree catalog of I Buggies and Harness w / I / BUGGY CO. / / Box 200 / II BARNESVILLE, GA. FJ II ZWW'WOW '■ ll minimi 4BT W SEND Z- CATALOG RIFLES, REVOLVERS. FISHING TACKLE AND SPORTING GOODS INCORPORATEb F 313 w.Market. LOUISVILLEKY PEACH & APPLE AT BARGAIN prices II Ir&KLfeJD TO PLANTERS Small or Large Lots bv Express. Freight or ParcU Pon. Pear. Plum. Cherry, Berries, Crapes. Nuts Shade and Ornamental Trees, Vines and Shrubs Catalog bREE TENN. NURSERY CO.. CLEVELAND. TENN lj Don’t misa thia chance to cut your tire cost in half. Our standard make Rebuilt Tires in excellent condition 1 selected by our experts are guaran- Ikr® I teed for 6,00»mil :s or more. We | ship at once on approval. Don’t jOCjk wWgB , send any money. Just your name Wwfel brings tires. NOTE. These are not two tires sewed together. BK Prices Smashed i Size Tires Tubes Size 'fires Tubes [ IHI 28x3 $ 5.85 $1.50 34x4 $10.90 $2.85 1 feSg I 30x3 645 1.70 33x4H 11.25 2.95 IXXT fegfc 30x344 6.95 1,95 34x414 11.50 3.10 32x314 7.86 2.16 .35x4)4 12.95 3.26 g® 31x4 8.95 2.45 36x4)4 13.25 3.35 fcffi 32x4 9.95 2.65 35x5 13.45 3.45 IXXI 83x4 10.45 2.75 37x5 13.65 3.65 sews Rio m Just your namo nud size of tires VJe/ I wanted. No money in advance. > Pay only on arrival. Examine and judge for yourself. If not satiflfied return them at our expense and your money refunded. MITC»4ELL TiRE & RUBBER CO. 115 East 33th Street Dept. 257 Chlcege, I**.