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NEWS AND VIEWS FOR THE PROGRESSIVE FARMER ..
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THE ATLANTA TBI-WEEKLY JOURNAL.
Southeastern Farmers
Are Holding to Cotton,
Declares Editor Leech
BY E. T. LEECH,
Editor, The Memphis Press
‘’Sure they’re holding—tight as a
drum.”
That’s the way Lem B. Jackson,
director of the market bureau of the
Georgia department of agriculture,
sized up the “veiling strike” of cot
ton farmers throughout the south
eastern United States, when I saw
him in Atlanta.
And Jackson’s picture of the sit
uation agrees with what I have
heard in other southeastern cities,
notably Mobile and Montgomery.
Regardless of what cotton farmers
of other states may do, growers of
Alabama, Georgia. North and South
Carolina have embarked on what is
apparently a sink-or-swim battle to
force up the price of raw cotton by
refusing to sell their crop. Only
such “distress cotton” as cannot be
held is being sold, and it is a small
quantity.
How long they will be able to
to hold, if the price doesn’t go up,
nobody hazards a definite guess.
Want Cut in Acreage
Despite disappointments in pre
vious years, southeastern states are
again all wrought up over a scheme
to bring about i drastic reduction in
cotton production next year. Ef
forts are being made, chiefly
through the instrumentality of the
American Cotton assignation, which
is most strongly organized in this
section, to pledge farmers to a one
third reduction in cotton acreage
next year, and to get bankers and
business' men to agree not to finance
the growing of more than two-thirds
of this year’s crop.
I have just completed a trip which
has taken me into Tennessee, Ar
kansas, Oklahoma. Texas, Missis
sippi, Louisiana,'Alabama and Geor
gia. I have run into enough differ
ent schemes to remedy the cotton
situation to hold the attention of the
farrraers from now till the Judgment
i Day, if they were all tried out.
' Bint, though they differ in details,
practically all of them have certain
fundamental characteristics which
are alike, and out of the wholesale
preaching and propaganda and or
ganization now in full swing, inevit
able good "will result.
Three Results
If the fundamental principles of
these plans are carried out, the cot
ton gp-owing states within the next
few yiears will:
1 — Raise their own food and feed
crops.
2 Market their cotton in some
sort of co-operative way so that some
of the middlemen’s profits are elimi
nated.
3 Become more independent of
eastern financial control by wiping
out, to some degree, at least, the
debt system under which tenant
farmers are usually forced to sell
their cotton in one brief period of
the year in order to pay off their
rent or mortgages and through
financing of the marketing and ex
porting of cotton with southern
money. t
Regardless of what may ippen to
this year’s crop, the southern states
are today going through an agricul
tural change which will eventually
prove of tremendous importance to
them and to the nation at large.
For the first time in her history, the
cotton belt is on the verge of becom
ing a food belt, also.
Soap Substitutes
Are Recommended
In Certain Cases
When the action of soap is likely
to injure a delicate color, use soap
brick, starch water, or bran water,
advise home economics specialists of
the United States department of ag
riculture.
Soapbark, although not a soap,
when heated in water will form
suds. To prepare it for use, boil for
ten minutes a cup of the bark with
one quart of yyater; then cool and
strain the liquid. The “soapy” wa
ter may be used full strength for
sponging, or diluted for washing:
half of this amount is enough for
one-half tubful of water. Since the
liquid is brownish, it should be used
only on dark-colored goods.
Starch water is especially good for
cleaning delicate cotton fabrics. This
is usually made by adding thin
starch paste to the wash water. Wa
ter in which rice has been boiled, if
it is not discolored, may be used in
stead. If it is not desirable to have
the material starched slightly, it
must be rinsed in salt water.
Bran water, made in the same way
as soapbark solution, is useful with
colors that are likely to fade. It
does not give suds, but cleans like
starch water.
Gets Great Results
From Crop of Vetch
Mr. F. Lee Gaines, a young farmer
of Townsville, S. C„ who farms in
Anderson and Oconee counties, has
secured some remarkajjje results with
vetch and oats as a cover crop. Ac
cording to a recent report of George
R. Briggs, Oconee county agent, Mr.
Gaines will average over a bale per
acre on upwards of 100 acres of cot
ton. One field will average proba
bly 1 1-2 bales per acre. A tenant
share-cropper made twenty-two bales
on 16 acres in 1919. On still another
field sixteen bales were harvested
as compared with a harvest of only
three bales from the same field
just four years ago. Vetch and oats
made the difference.
M". Gaines turned under vetch and
oats four feet high last spring, ana
his neighbors thought he was crazy,
but he told them to wait and see.
And they did see. Mr. Gaines sows
vetch and oats in the cotton fields
in the fall, and while there is slight
damage to the cotton, he does not
worry over this damage for he is
repaid for it a hundred fold in ben
efits from the clover crop. His
farm is becoming a sort of mecca for
other farmers who visit it to see
what he is accomplishing, and what
they see is more eloquent than
words.
Timely Advice Given
By Clemson College
CLEMSON COLLEGE, S. C.—The
grape vines should be pruned before
January Ist. This is to lessen the
danger of bleeding, which is very
detrimental to the muscadines. Old
vines trained to an arbor will stand
a severe cutting back, which is nec
essary to produce a good vigorous
growth and to maintain fruit pro
duction.
The muscadine grape will produce
the best results when trained to a
trellis, using three wires instead of
two as in training the “bunch” va
rieties. Posts should be at least 8
to 9 feet in lengt'-, and set 2 to 3
feet in the ground. The wire should
be 2 feet apart on the posts, jwhich
should be 16 feet apart. The 'vines
should be set at least 25 feet apart
in the row.
For early cabbage Early Jersey
Wakefield are excellent varieties,
and should be planted in an open
furrow before December Ist. Suc
cession is an excellent mid-season
variety.
AX d SUCCESSFUL FARMING I
Dr AwrewK Sovle !!££=£
A OangariJus Insect
Have you met the bean ladybird
beetle? This is a new beetle which
threatens to prove very destructive
to the growh of leguminous crops
throughout the southern states. This
insect goes also by the name of the
spotted bean beetle, and. up to the
present time, has donW its chief
damage to the crops of tiie southern
states. It has proven particularly
destructive to the bean crop. It
threatens to become widely dissemi
nated through every southern state
and to prove as much of a menace
so our bean and other leguminous
crops as the Colorado potato beetle
did some years ago to the Irish po
tato crop of the United States. This
beetle is different from the other
members of the bean ladybird family
in that it lives by choice on vege
tables. Practically all of the other
members of this family live on
aphids or plant-lice and small, soft
bodied larvae of other insects.
In general appearance the bean
ladybird beetle is hemispherical or
broadly oval in outline. It is only
about a quarter of an inch in length.
In color, it is a yellowish brown and
each wing case bears eight black
spots, three near the top/ where the
wings join the body, three about the
middle and two near the end.
This beetle came co us from Mex
ico. It is not a newcomer, and it
has been known to inhabit the United
States since 1864. In 1883 it did its
first serious damage to farm crops
in this country when it attacked the
wax bean fields of Colorado. • This
beetle is now well established in
western Texas, New Mexico and Ari
zona. It has alsa infested parts of
Kansas and Arkansas and some other
of our western states. It has ap
parently made its appearance in a
considerable section of Alabama rath
er recently. Its depredations have
proven so widespread that an effort
is now being made through the es
tablishment of a state and federal
quarantine to completely eradicate
and destroy it before it gets a foot
r.old in Alabama. Just as certainly
as it establishes itself there it will
soon reach Georgia. There appear
to be no authentic reports on file in
dicating its presence or discovery in
this state as yet. It is for this pur
pose that the present article is writ
ten because our farmers should
know about the danger of the state’s
becoming infested by this pest. If
they are on the watchout for it, its
presence should be quickly discover
ed, and, in that event, it should be
immediately reported in order that
some concerted effort may be made
to control its spread.
This beetle literally devours all
of the bean plant leaves, flowers and
growing pods during its larval and
adult stages.- Naturally, its princi
pal damage is done to the foliage.
As a rule, it makes its first appear
ance early in June or July. A new
brood or generation of beetles de
velop in September and October. It
passes the winter in the adult stage.
The eggs are very small and are laid
in large clusters on the under-side
of the bean leaves. The eggs are
yellowish brown and readily recog
nized. The larva is a little longer
when fully grown than the mature
beetle and is somewhat yellow in
color. Its body is well covered with
long, stout, branched spines. The
feeding is qhiefly done on the upper
surface of the leaves.
The life history of this insect ap
pears to be about as follows: The
eggs are deposited during the early
part of June and up until August 1
on the under side of the leaves of
the bean plant . There are from fif
teen to seventy-five eggs in each
bunch. A single female may lay as
many as 1,500 eggs. The larvae as
a rule feed in colonies. The life
cycle in the warmer part of the year
covers a period of twenty to thirty
days. The eggs require from four
to nine days in which to hatch. The
larval period is completed in from
fifteen to twenty-one days. The pu
pal period varies from three to six
days. There are two broods annually.
There are two means of fighting
the beetles. The first is that known
as natural control. Up to the pres
ent time it has been ascertained that
the eggs of this particular beetle
are attacked and destroyed by three
kinds of beneficial or protective lady
bird beetles. Hand-picking and
brushing from the plants, clean cul
ture and early and late planting are
other means of control which have
proven of considerable benefit. Ar
senicals have not proven especially
effective though possessed of some
killing properties. They act as re
pellents in the case of this beetle.
Beetles which have hibernated should
be destroyed immediately, their pres
ence is evidenced in early June. The
larvae can be destroyed in large
numbers by knocking them off the
plants. If this is done in dry weath
er they will seldom be able to get
back to their favorite feeding
ground. Large numbers of this wee
vil pass the winter under pea vines
and trash which may have accumu
lated on terraces or along fence
rows. The number of weevils can
be largely reduced by burning such
trash in the late fall or early spring.
The effective work in fighting
this pest will be achieved through
destroying as many of them as pos
sible during the hibernating period.
Effective work in fighting this pest
can be accomplished by planting
beans either extraordinarily early in
the spring or rather late in the sea
son. This can frequently be ac
complished by putting forth a little
special effort relative to the prepara
tion of the ground in the fall for the
spring crop. A fall crop of beans
can often be produced after the two
generations of weevils have been
matured. The one thing to be cer
tain about in fall planting is to seed
in sufficient time to permit maturity
of the beans before frost occurs. If
the practice of early and late plant
ing were carefully followed up in
communities where the bean lady
bird beetle has established herself,
much could be done to diminish th<
number which could possibly survive
the winter season. This then con
stitutes one of the cheapest and most
effective ways of fighting this pest.
Spraying for the destruction of the
weevil must be done with skill and
care. Under no circumstances can
Paris green be applied to the foliage
of the bean crop. This is due to the
fact that the leaves of the bean plant
are injured by the slightest trace of
free arsenic. When this insect was
first met with in most localities, it
was supposed that the free use of
arsenical poisons would control it.
As a result, great damage was done
to the crop on many farms and plan
tations. There are arsenical poisons
which can be used on beans, how
ever, with Impunity, provided certaiif
well defined formulas are used. It
is safe to apply two pounds of ar
senate of lead, arsenite of zinc, or
calcium arsenate. If it first be dis
solved in fifty gallons of water or
Bordeaux mixture, a lighter dosage
will often prove quite as effective.
It is a saving and an economy,
therefore, to use it. Only the verv
best quality of arsenate should be
used for spraying the bean crop The
frequent complaints of Injury by
burning when not over two pounds
to fifty gallons of water had been
used are undoubtedly due to the in
ferior quality of much of the insec
ticide material on the market at the
present time.
In conclusion, therefore, the fight
against the bean ladybird beetle
should be conducted on the follow
ing basis: First, if one has planted
large areas of beans, the field should
be inspected very thoroughly from
time to time. Outbreaks begin in
small areas. When these can be as
certained, the infested sections can
be treated promptly and the multi
plication and spread of the beetle
held in check. It is at such times
as this that the use of insecticides
and all other methods of fighting
the pest which have been outlined
above should be put promptly into
effect. Efficient work under «uch
circumstances wtil probably mean j
the saving of the crop, while neg- ;
lect is almost certain to result i
its complete destruction.
Where one is growing beans in the ■
garden, hand-picking as soon as the '
beetle emerges from hibernation !
should be vigorously pursued This '
can be accomplished, I know, because
this beetle does about the same kind
of damage as the Colorado beetle to
the Irish potato. If one picks ahd
destroys the potato bugs when they
first appear, it may not even be
necessary to spray the potatoes, but
if they are allowed to get a start,
then it will take a vigorous and
long-continued fight to hold them
in check. During the hot summer
weather, the beetles and the larvae
In particular should be brushed or
knocked off the young plants. This
will result in thousands of them be
ing destroyed before they can get
back on the bean stalks. One should
also proceed this fall and winted to
clean up weeds and trash of all
kinds. Do not leave the beetle in
quarters in which it can hibernate
successfully during the fall and win
ter months. While burning is not to ;
be generally recommended, it may be
necessary from time to time in or- ,
der to insure the prompt and com- '
plete destruction of these weevils.
Where plants are badly Infested,
they may be sprayed with arsenate
of lime or arsenate of zinc. These
materials may be used at the rate
of one and a quarter pounds to fifty
gallons of water. Where arsenate of
lead is used, two pounds should be
dissolved in fifty gallons of water."
Making a Mixed FeedAat Home
J. E. D., Bainbridge, Ga.,
writes: I have large quantities
of velvet beans and field peas in
the hull, corn in the ear, and
bagasse. I wish to grind this
up and feed to cattle and mules.
Please tell me in what propor
tion I should mix them for a
good standard feed.
There are almost innumerable
ways In which food such as you de
scribe could be mixed together and
/produce a fairly satisfactory ration
for cattle and mules. You should
bear in mind that the requirements
of cattle and mules are different.
Cattle being ruminating animals can
consume and utilize much larger
quantities of coarse rough fodder
than mules. The digestive organs
of mules are much smaller than
those of cattle; hence they must
have a more concentrated ration. In
preparing a ration for cattle I would
proceed as follows: Take 600 pounds
of corn in the ear; add to it 400
pounds of velvet beans in the hulls;
grind these together and mix with
an equal weight of bagasse. I pre
sume the bagasse is dried out or
else you would have to make this
mixture each day in order to keep
it from souring and fermenting. The
best thing for you to do with ba
gasse would be to run it into the
silo; then you could keep it in a
succujent condition and feed as much
of it to your cattle as they would
eat up daily with enough of the
mixed grain ration outlined above to
meet their requirements. If you de-
only to carry the cattle through
the winter, then about four pounds
of the above mixture of grain with
as much bagasse as they will eat up
clean should be a sufficient amount
of concentrates to use for mainten
ance purposes. On the other hand,
if you wish to finish them off, or if
you are feeding dairy cows, then
you should feed from 12 to 16 pounds
of the foregoing grain mixture. On
account of the corn husks and cob
and the vines and hulls of the beans
this would only be equivalent to
feeding about 6 to 8 pounds of grain.
It is of course expected that the
amounts of grain indicated will be
fed in proportion to the live weight
of the animals. All rations as rec
ommended are on the basis of 1,000
pounds of live weight. If the ani
mals weigh less a smaller proportion
should be/ fed, and if they weigh
more a larger amount should be
used.
In the case of mules we do not
think you will find bagasse very
satisfactory as a form of roughage.
Shredded corn stover, mixed peavine
and millet or sorghum hay, and hay
from tame grasses which you may
have cut and stored will prove far
more satisfactory to use with this
class of live stock. You should give
your work stock all of this rough
age they will eat up and clean and
then feed them a mixture of grain
made up as follows: Corn in the ear
700 pounds; velvet bean meal, 300
pounds. The amount of this mix
ture to use will vary from 12 to 16
pounds per day, depending on the
age and size of your mules and the
character of work they are doing.
When they are at hard work give
the larger amount, and when they
are standing idle not over 10 to 12
pounds need be used.
XTotes on Becan Cultivation
W. D. H., Waynesville, Ga.,
writes: Please give me all the
information you can about the
cultaire of pecans, and what va
rieties you would suggest as
best suited for our coastal plains
soil.
The pecan tree grows in a wide va
riety of soils and is well adapted for
cultivation in Couth Georgia. Its
natural habitat is the rich bottoms
along streams and rivers. One may
naturally expect it, therefore, to ob
tain its most vigorous growth and
to produce its largest crops on soils
which are naturally above the aver
age in fertility. Jt, of course, does
best on land which is well drained
and on which there is a free circula
tion of air. We do not think you
will find it very profitable or desir
able to plant pecan trees on very
sandy soils which are naturally
leachy. This type of soil does not
retain plant food well or resist
drought satisfactorily. Os course,
such soils may be made rich to a
certain extent through the use of
leguminous crops and abundant sup
plies of yard manure, but even then
we do not regard this type of land
as especially well suited to the
growth of pecan trees. There are,
no doubt, areas of soil of the type
we have recommended in your sec
tion of the state and upon these pe
can orchards should prove profitable.
Pecan trees should be planted
from forty to sixty feet apart, de
pending on the richness of the land.
Intertilled crops may be grown flor
several years if the soil is unusually
rich. A part of these crops should
be turned under so as to supply the
land with the needed vegetable mat
ter. Such intertilled field crops as
may be grown should be fertilized
after the method you ( would normal
ly follow. Pecan trees, when first
set out, may or may not need to be
fertilized. If the land is relatively
low in nitrogen, we think the use of
a minimum of five pounds of ferti
lizer per tree will be desirable. This
should be put in a circle around the
tree after it has been set. Work the
fertilizer into the surface soil. A
formula containing 3.5 per cent of
nitrogen, 10 per cent of phosphoric
acid and 4 to 5 per cent of potash
should prove satisfactory. The trees
may be fertilized each year with a
formula of the same composition.
TnC amount applied should be in
creased until in four or five years
as much as 10 to 12 pounds per tree
should be applied.
Quite a variety of nuts may be
planted. Among those recommend
ded for use in your section of the
state are the Stewart, Curtis, Brad
ley, Pabst and Success. The Frots
cher and Moore are also favorites
on account of their productiveness
Among the other varieties regarded
with more or less favor are the Del
mas, Mobile. Money Maker, Schley,
Van Deman and Nelson. The Nelson
is a very large nut, but it does not
fill out well, and the Schley has a
I tendency to scab; otherwise it is a
very good nut for cultivation in your
section of Georgia.
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 7, l»20.
MOTOR TRUCKS
HELP ESTABLISH
DIRECT MARKETS
A large amount of farm produce
is marketed by the use of motor
trupks. While a relatively small
amount of this marketing is done
direct to consumers, many persons
have made ase of motor trucks in
their direct marketing Producers
who live near to cities often can
market advantageously direct to
consumers If they obtain orders for
sufficient produce at one time to
warrant the use of a truck. This
can be done especially In seasons
when consumers desire sufficient ajf
ples. potatoes, and similar articles
so ra winter’s supply
A man who lives near Providence,
R. 1., for several months every au
tumn obtains orders for sufficient
produce to require two or three
trips a week with a motor truck.
His orders are obtained from old
customers and by advertising. Dou
ble or return postal cards are sent
to old customers. The first half of
the card gives information and
prices, while the return card bears
the •address of the producer on one
side and an order blank on the other
side. All that is necessary for the,
consumer to do is to fill out the
blanks with proper quantities, prices,
and total amount, sign his name and
address, and mail the card.
New customers are obtained by
the recommendations of old custom
ers and by advertising. Small but
attractive advertisements are placed
in newspapers. Consumers are re
quested to order by postal card or
telephone. Payment for produce ,is
collected upon delivery.
The loads of produce average about
1 ton in weight. Apples, potatoes,
and cider are the principal articles
sold. About 15 or 20 stops on routes
about 25 mile® in length are made
in disposing of a load of produce.
This method of marketing requires
more time than to market whole
sale, but many persons who are
located favorably can market in this
way at a slight additional expense
and deliver to the consumer pro
duce which is loaded at the farm
and not handled until it is delivered
in the consumer’s cellar.
Surest Cure for
Egg-Eating Hens
Is Reliable Ax
Egg eating sometimes becomes a
serious vice in a flock, the fowls be
coming very fond of eggs when thev
have learned to eat them. The hab
it spreads from fowl to fowl and
unless checked will often spread
through the whole flock. Egg eat
ing usually begins through accident
by eggs being broken or frozen. See
that the nests are properly supplied
with straw or other nesting mate
rial and have them darkened, so
that if an egg is accidentally brok
en the fowls will not be likely to
discover it. Supply plenty of lime
in the form of oyster shells, bone,
or similar substances to insure a
firm shell. As soon as it is discov
ered that a fowl has formed the
habit, the fowls should be removed
to prevent the spread of the vice.
Once formed, it is difficult to erad
icate, and the safest remedy is the
death penalty, say poultry special
ists of the United States department
of agriculture.
Fowls sometimes pluck feathers
from themselves and from each oth
er. This is often caused by too close
confinement, by the presence of in
sect pests, or by improper feeding.
When some of the fowls a flock
have' formed the habit slightly, a
wide range with a change of diet,
including a plentiful supply of ani
mal feed, and freedom from insect
pests, will usually correct the evil.
Above all, see that the fowls have
plenty of inducement to exercise. If
the habit becomes well formed it is
very troublesome and may necessi
tate the killing of some of the fowls
in order to stop it.
Cotton sold in large quantities of
even-running quality commands a
premium in price over cotton sold
in small and mixed lots. Os course
the individual grower with a few
bales of cotton can never hope to
secure the advantage of selling in
large, even-tunning lots, except by
making up these larger lots with the
help of neighbors, and this can be
done best through co-operative mar
keting organizations.
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iS aA i
Florida State Fair
Sets Up New Records
As Stfecessful Show
Second to nothing of its nature in
the state, rivaling others of the coun
try In scope, the state fair at Jack
sonville Is a thing d*f history. And,
Indeed, it is an Illustrious chapter in
the agricultural history of this great
state.
Never were there finer displays of
farm and home produce and con
veniences brought together. Unlimit
ed in class and variety were the as
sembly Y»f the produce of the soil.
Marvelous -and stunning in quantity
and quality were most of the ax
hibits.
No better swine and poultry show
has ever been held in the south. Hogs
and chickens as fine as they grow
were to be seen. When we realize
that Florida growers made an almost
clean-sweep of the Durocs and Po
land-Chinas. we of Florida are over
come with pride and joy.
For a time we were somewhat
doubtful of our state’s place in the
swine world arid pessimistic of
Florida’s future as a great swine pro
ducer. The fair served to remove
that veil of doubt and pessimism.
Seeing in believing. We saw/ Now
we believe. We now look forward
to the day fwhen swine breeders will
turn their faces to Florida as they
have turned them to lowa.and Indi
ana and lillinois and Kansas in the
past. That day is our tomorrow.
The home demonstration depart
ment at the fair had a most interest
ing display. In it was represented all
the various products of the state in
fruits and vegetables, canned, pre
served and jellied. To one not ac
quainted with the possibilities of
Florida along this line, this exhibit
was a revelation.
No particular product could .be sin
gled out as best. All were good. The
guava display attracted considerable
attention, however. It was shown in
all the different styles kept and util
ized by the housewife.
All the canned products were pre
pared and. arranged attractively ap
pealed to the visitor. The home dem
onstration products within the vari
ous county exhibits stood out as es
pecially conspicuous. The winning
county owes much to its home dem
onstration agent. The number of
counties having these special displays
in the home demonstration corner,
gives an indication of the scope of
the work in the state.
The exhibit by the dairy specialist.
Miss Mae Morse, at the fair was an
eyeopener. She had three pairs of
rats in cages side by side. One pair
had been fed on an unbalanced food:
another pair on ordinary balanced
food; another pair on well balanced
food. There was no comparison be
tween the two extremes. The rats
living on the unbalanced food re
minds one so much of the hundreds
of little fellows we see every day
who we know do not get enough
milk.
One often sees small children in
what is called poor health. We say
they have hookworms, or malaria, or
some other trouble. After seeing the
exhibit of the rats, we wonder if
many of our cases of worms, or
germs is not just plain milk starva
tion. —From News Bulletin, Florida
Agricultural College.
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