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VOL. XXV. NO. 131
HARDING DIES; COOLIDGE SWORN IN
OATH 15 AOMINISTEBED
8T COOLIDGE'S FATHER;
: sums fob cm
PLYMOUTH, Vt, Aug. 3.—(By the Associated Press.)—
Calvin Coolidge, sworn in a few hours before as president of the
United States bv his father, in the Plymouth Notch farm house in
which he spent ’his boyhood, left for Washington at 7:30 o’clock
this morning. I , ’
Accompanied by Mrs. Coolidge, Congressman Dale, of the
Second Vermont district, and two federal employes, who had been
hastily pressed in secret service duty, the president left by auto
mobile for Rutland, where a special train was prepared to take
the party to New York. ColoneJ John C. Coolidge, the presi
dent’s father, who is seventy-eight years of age, resisted the es
, forts of his son to induce him to make the journey to the capital.
Neighbors from Plymouth and nearby towns gathered to wish
the president Godspeed. From Ludlow, Woodstock and Bridge
-9 water came men who had gone to school with one they remem
■’ bered as “Red” Coolidge. An army of newspapermen and pho
tographers invaded quiet Plymouth Notch until the start to Rut
land became a procession of automobiles. Within a few hours
the lonely farmhouse had become a mecca for hundreds.
Father Administers Oath ' '
Less than an hour after Mr. Cool- i
idge had Earned of the death of
Mr. Harding, a telephone was in
stalled in the house, and the presi
dent had learned direct from Wash
ington the form of the oath of office
and the fact that his father might
have the honor of administering it.
In the meantime Congressman Dale
* had arrived from Springfield with
«• wo federal employes.
As soon as the brief swearing-in
•oremony was over, the President
nd Mrs. Coolidge retired to gain a,
dtle rest before the trip to Wash-
' .ngton.
» Tnc swearing-in formality was
4 hort and simple. In the little sit
ng room of the farmhouse, fur
fished in’homely style like any oth
_-r Vermont country home, the presi
le’nt stood with right hand upraised
, lt -id* of a little table, with
Mrs. voofidge beside him. Across
the table his .father, his face beam
ing, read the few words of the oath
“to preserve, protect and defend the
constitution of the United States.’
The father’s voice trembled as he
read. Mr. Coolidge repeated the
words distinctly and calmly, and at
the end added the solemn affirmation
“So help me, God.” „ „ ■
Congressman Dale, Erwin C- Geis
ser, Mr. Coolidge’s assistant secre-
H tary; a Vermont editor and the two
secret service men were the sole
witnesses other than Mrs. Coolidge.
• President Coolidge will pass
through New York at 5 o’clock this
afternoon, eastern standard time, it
was announced, by the New Tork
Central railroad.
Upon arrival there he will imme
diately be taken by automobile to
the Pennsylvania terminal to catch
a special train for Washington. He
is expected to arrive at the capital
at 10:55 o'clock, eastern standard
time. „ ,
Coolidge’s First Statement
Mr. Coolidge dictated the follow
ing statement as soon as he learned
of the president’s death:
s “Reports have reached me that
President Harding has gone.. The
r, world has lost a great and good man.
I mourn his death. He was my chief
and my friend.
“It will be my purpose to carry
out the policies which he had be- j
' -un, for the service of the Ameri
can people and for the meeting of
their responsibilities wherever they
may arise.
* “For this purpose, I shall seek the
co-operation of all those who have
• been associated with the president
during his term of office. As for
those who have given their efforts
to assist him, I wish them to remain
in office, that they may assist me.
“1 have faith that God will direct
the destinies of our nation.’’
When Mr. Coolidge came down
stairs to welcome the newspaper
men, he held a telegram from Sec
retary Christian, notifying him of
the president’s death. He was calm, ■
but Mrs. Coolidge, who stood beside
aim, appeared to he on the verge
of iMura.
M?. Coolidge stopped to say ..eno
boys,” to the newspapermen. Then
he dictated the following telegram
to Mrs. Harding:
"We offer you our deepest sym
pathy. May God bless you and keep
nSri'ned) "CALVIN COOLIDGE.
"GRACE COOLIDGE.”
* House Without Telephone
♦ Mr. Coolidge, who had come here
for a complete rest, had welcomed
ihe absence of a telephone from his
father’s home and during the presi
dent’s illness had walked several
rimes a day to the village store to
receive over the telephone there the
• iatest word from San Francisco. But
with the news of the president’s
death, telephone company officials
immediately set to work to give Mr.
Coolidge every possible facility for
communicating with Washington
and elsewhere and within an hour
a telephone had been installed in the
farm house.
It was through a telephone com
munication with Washington that
the vice president obtained the exact
form of oath which the constitution
requires the president to take upon
assuming office. Then in the pres
ence of Mrs. Coolidge, Congressman
C Porter H. Dale and a little party of
- friends and acquaintances. Mr. Cool
t idge- quietly went through the sim
ple ceremony which made him presi
dent. His father read by the light of
qfl ojj lamp QB ttie table the im-
Published Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday
pressive, words of the oath of office.
The ceremony ended, the president
turned at once to preparation for his
journey to Washington.
Mrs. Coolidge Weeping
Mrs. Coolidge still was weepings
the new president still was impas
sive, solemn and quiet as the news
paper men rushed away to awaken
the owner’s of Plymouth’s three
telephones and the lone railroad
telegraph operator so that they
might flash to the world the presi
dent’s first words.
News of President Harding’s
death came as a complete surprise
to the Coolidge family, who had re
tired shortly after 10 o’clock, as had
been their custom during the three
weeks they had spent here, think
ing the president was well on the
road to recovery.
The elder Coolidge received the
messenger who brought' Secretary
Christian’s telegram, hurried up
stairs with it, and read it to Mr.
Coolidge in bed. The new president .
rose immediately, attired himself in
a black suit to meet the reporters !
he knew were coming.
The honking of horns of automo
mobiles arriving with the news gath
erers roused most of the population
of Plymouth Notch and some of
these clustered on the porch of the
Coolidge home.
The elder Coolidge, plainly dis
tressed at news of President Har
ding’s death, but as plainly proud
of his son, went out and apprised
them of what had happened. He
declined to talk to the r-ewspaper
men, referring them to his son.
The elder Coolidge, who adminis
tered the oath to his son 6y virtue
of his office of notary public, is a
retired farmer. He lives alone in
the house in which his son became
president, ministered to only by a
housekeeper.
Woodrow Wilson
Sends Condolences
To Harding’s Widow
WASHINGTON, Aug. 3.—Wood
row Wilson today dispatched a mes
sage of sympathy to the widow of
President Harding.
An army of reporters besieged
the Wilson home in S street in an
effort to secure a public statement
on the death of President Harding
but Mr. Wilson chose to send his
word of condolence direct to Mrs.
Harding. His message was not
made public here.
Word of the passing of President
Harding was given to Mr. Wilson
early today. •
An effort made by Mrs. Wilson
to keep the news from him until
he arose this morning was unsuc
cessful.
Death of President
New Trouble for World,
Lloyd George States
LONDON, Aug. 3.—“ The death of
President Harding adds one more
complication to a world already
tangled with trouble,” Former Pre
mier Lloyd George said today. “The
news of the president’s death came
as a shock to this country as we
had been led to believe the crisis
was past. It is regarded by every
one as a great loss for his genial,
simple, straightforwardness had w'on
for him a genuine respect and liking
in this country.
“There is everywhere a deep feel
ing of sympathy for Mrs. Harding
and sincere good wishes for the new
president in the task he is suddenly
called upon to discharge in such
tragic circumstances.”
Crepe Dealer Opens
Store at Midnight to
Drape Harding Hotel
SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 3.—To
obtain black crepe to drape the Pal
ace hotel in mourning, it was neces
sary to have the proprietor of a
leading San Francisco store order
the opening of the establishment at
1 midnight. Virtually all the crepe in
* stack jvas required* . -
THE LATE PRESIDENT AND HIS SUCCESSOR
■F € jh
Y ■ i . : I W
■ i A /
wHfaMbA ■ t /
■ w '—/
WARREN GAMALIEL HARDING ’ CALVIN COOLIDGE
DEMOCRATS MAY |
CONTROL CONGRESS
IS COOLIDGE GOES
I ' —■
WASHINGTON. Aug. 3.—(By the
Associated Press.) —The Republican
organization in the senate will lose
a vote during the next congress
through the death of President
Harding—a vote which many of the
party leaders thought might be
necessary to save the control of
that party over matters of legis
latipn. '
Now that the office of vice presi
dent is no longer filled, it will be
necessary for the senate to select
from its own membership a pre
siding officer who as a senator
would cast his vote on roll calls.
While the vice president as presid
ing officer never participated in de
bate he was required by the consti
tution to break any tie votes which
might develop.. With the Repub
lican majority in the senate reduced
almost to the vanishing . point and
with threatened new alignments of
Republican senators, the importance
of the vice president’s vote took on
new proportions - .
Who* will be chosen as presiding
officer of the senate can net be fore
cast. Senator Cummins, of lowa
was selected by his coleagues during
the last session to preside in the
absence of Vice President Coolidge,
but he has indicated a desire to be
relieved of the duties to enable him
to give more time to his duties as
chairman of the Interstate Com
merce Committee, which it is
thought, w>H be one of the most ac
tive committees during the next
session in framing railroad legis
lation.
No Vice President
With Calvin Coolidge president,
the nation finds itself without a
vice president, but the law makes
provision for the secretary of state
to take over the duties of president
in the event of the death of the
executive. The vice presidency, it
self, however, remains vacant.
After the secretary of state other
cabinet members would succeed to
the office in the order in\which their
departments were originally created.
Thus the heads of the treasury, war,
justice, postcffice, navy, interior,
agriculture, commerce and labor de
partments would be in line in the
order named.
The -secretaries of agriculture,
commerce and labor would not be
eligible, those departments having
been created after the law hovering
the subject was adopted. It is pro
vided in the statutes that a cabinet
officer shall serve until a new presi
dent is elected by the house of repre
sentatives.
No cabinet member has ever been
called upon to assume the duties of
chief executive because of the death
of a president.
The suddenness of President Har
ding’s removal from executive au
thority left federal officials more or
less at a loss today in their plans
for the actual carrying on of rou
tine government business during the
emergency.
Government Bureaus Close
Shortly before 11 o’clock, Secre
tary Hughes, as the ranking official
present in Washington, issued an
order directing that all government
departments and bureaus be closed,
Xgr tfee rejjaaincter of- the AiOok-*
NEWS OF THE WORLD
TOLD IN BRIEF
DENVER. —Mrs. Katherine O’Con-,
nor, Denver society woman, is fined
S4OO for illegal possession and
transportation of liquor.
ANN ARBOR, Mich.—Alex Y.
Malcolmson, 59, who loaned Henry
Ford SLOOO in 1902 ta back Ford’a
idea of a “horseless carriage,” dies
here.
PHILADELPHIA’— Pennsylvania
railroad tests automatic train con
trol device and . says that it justifies
hope that it will prevent collisions
despite human failures.
WILLIAMSTON; Mass.—Canon
Ernest Dimnet, of France, asserts
in address before institute of politics
that France will commit suicide if
she yields on reparation issue.
LONDON.—Sir Robert S. Horne
warns British government that Ger
many must not escape paying her
obligations and that it is unwise to
give her too long a moratorium.
WASHINGTON.—New super
dreadnought, Colorado, will be
placed in commission. August 30,
and with sister ship, the West Vir
ginia, now nearing completion, will
be last battleships constructed in
this country in ten years ’under na
val limitation treaty.
en of mourning for President Har
ding. Action was taken on the
precedent established by Secretary
Hay at the time of the death of
President McKinley.
Later an order will be issued clos
ing the government departments in
Washington probably for thnee days
during the period of the funeral next
week.
Although work in al! government
departments practically is at a
standstill today the death of Presi
dent Harding is expected to bring
about few immediate changes in the
administration organization. Presi
dent Coolidge has expressed a wish
that all those who served under Mr.
Harding remain in office, and his de
sire probably will be fulfilled.
As was the case, however, when
Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the
presidency after the death of Wil
liam McKinley, gradual changes in
the cabinet, the president’s immedi
ate and official family, are expected
as a matter of course.
Daugherty May Resign
It would cause no surprise if the
first to sever his relations were
Harry M. Daugherty, the attorney
general. Mr, Daugherty has been
in all health for a number of
months and some of his friends say
that only loyalty to his chief has
caused him to remain at his post.
Mr. Daugherty, perhaps to a
greater degree than any of the
other men Mr. Harding called to ad
vise him. was a personal appointee
of the late president. There long
had been a close and intimate
friendship between the two men,
and it was Mr. Daugherty who man
aged Mr. Harding’s campaign for
the presidential nomination.
While the present members of the
cabinet remain in office without fur
ther action by the new president,
such is not the case with the diplo
matic missions abroad. They stand
without legal authority to conclude
( in the name of tho president nego
HU U&W . -
DUBLIN. —Dail Eireann passes
public safety bill under which gov
ernment may continue to hold pris
oners charged with having been
actively opposed to Free State
government.
CHICAGO. —Campaign of educa
tion to acquaint citizens of stata
with “menace of government by in
junction,” will be undertaken by
Illinois Federation of Labor, it is
announced.
OTTAWA. —Canadian authorities
are to make rigid inquiry Into ad
mission that Governor Donahey, of
Ohio, brought into Canada two con
victs as servants for governor s
fishing party.
LOS ANGELES—Marian Lillian
St. John is granted interlocutory de
cree of divorce from Al St. John,
motion picture comedian, whom she
charged with cruelty, and is award
ed custodj' of five-year-old daughter.
MILWAUKEE, Wis.—Three men
are burned to death and three re
ported missing in fire which sweeps
benzol plant of Milwaukee Coke and
Gas company, burning so fiercely
firemen are unable to approach
within block of plant until fire is
partly burned out.
Shorter Steel Day
To Mark Fruition
Os Plan of Harding
NEW YORK, Aug. 3.—Elbert H.
Gary, chairman of the board of the
United States Steel corporation, who
announced last night that elimina
tion of the twelve-hour day from the
steel industry soon would mark the
fruition of President Harding's ef
fort, said when he learned of the
president’s death:
“I am terribly disturbed. Presi
dent Harding’s removal at this time
is a ca)am't>. He had the confi
dence and the affection of the w'hole
people. The business world will suf
fer. temporarily.”
The news was similarly grievous
to Governor Silzer, of New Jersey,
who said:
“This is probably more of a shock
to the people of the United Slates
than has even the death in any oth
er president in office because of the
whole country's personal love for
the man.”
“I take this as a calamity, a ter
rib e thing.” was how Senator Ed
wards, of New Jersey, received the
news. “The world has lost a Chris
tian gentleman, a good man and a
great executive.”
“He was a great commander-in
chief and the army’s best friend.”
sail Major General Robert Lee Bul
lard.
The Weather
Virginia and North Carolina: Sat
urday generally fair.
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
extreme northwest Florida, Ala
bama and Mississippi: Partly cloudy
Saturday, probably scattered thun
der showers.
Tennessee and Kentucky: Saturday
generally fair, little change in tem
perature.
Louisiana: Saturday, partly
cloudy, local thundershowers in
east portion.
Arkansas: Saturday partly cloudy.
Oklahoma: East and west Texas:
Saturday, partly cloudy, continued
-warm,
Atlanta, Ga., Saturday, August 4,1923
AFFAIRS OF HUY
LEFT IN TURMOIL
BY HARDING DEATH
' _____i
WASHINGTON, Aug. 3.—(By the
Associated Press.) —President Har
ding’s death throws new complica
tions in the political situation with’
in the Republican party, which un
doubtedly will have far-reaching re
flections in the national convention
of nexl; year.
It probably will turn what many
expected to be merely a ratification
meeting into a contest for the Re
publican presidential nomination
with the stalwart conservative Re
publican forces aligned on the or.e
side and the forces represented by
such leaders as Senators Johnson,
of California; Borah, of Idaho, and
La Follette, of Wisconsin, on the
other.
Six months ago the renomination
of President Harding without any
substantial contest seemed assured.
One of the men who was regarded
as bis likely principal opponent for
the nomination had confessed to a
colleague and friend that he found
himself without an issue.
Stormy Convents n Seen
The president’s .pronouncement
fcr entry or the United States into
the world court, however, altered
the situai’Oii materially, and during
the last few weeks there has come
definite information through the
mysterious channels by which politi
cal captains maintain their intelli
gence systems that all was not go
ing to be as clear sailing as had been
expected in the Republican national
convention of 1524, and that there
might be a contest after all.
There were days of discourage
ment in the first eighteen months
of President Harding’s occupancy
of the presidential chair, and on
many occasions he expressed to close
friends his wonderment why any
body wanted to be president with
its trials and tribulations and “the
thanklessness of the job.”
Disgusted By Trials
In one moment of disgust and dis
couragement Mr. Harding had said
to a close political friend and asso
ciate who had been held in reserve
in the dark horse list during the con
vention of 1920:
“Do you want this job next time?
If you do, it’s yours as far as I
am concerned; I’ll be for you.”
But his friends urged him to put
discouragements aside and carry on.
Mrs. Harding also always urged him
to put away thoughts of stepping
down and net being a candidate for
renomination.
Brother of Man Charged
With Double Murder Held
LITTLE ROCK, Ark., Aug. 2.
Max J. Connell, 27, Chicago dentist
and brother of Emery Connell,
awaiting trial for first degree mur
der here for the killing a week ago
of two local detectives, was ar
rested here todav to await instruc
tions from officers at New Orleans
and Summit, Miss., who had re
quested that Connell be held. ■ . __
FUNERAL TM
FOR CAPITAL
BODY ID LIE
SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 3. (By the Associated Press.)
A nation today mourns the passing of its leader.
The American people from coast to coast and from lakes
to gulf and in the territories beyond the seas bowed their heads
in grief, for their president was dead. In the early hours of
last evening, after a day which had brought renewed hope of
recovery, death came suddenly and struck down Warren G._
Harding with a stroke of cerebral apoplexy.
. The end came instantaneously and without even a second
of warning at 7:30 o’clock. There was no time to summon
additional physicians, no time to call the members of his of
ficial family, and no time for medical skill to exercise its
knowledge. It was all over in the twinkling of an eye, and
it left a nation and the world shocked and in grief.
Mrs. Harding, the constant companion of her distinguished
husband, was faithful until the end. She was reading to him
a few minutes before 7:30 o’clock when she noticed a shud
der run through the frame of the man she had loved, encour
aged in adversity and praised in success. Before she could
arise from her chair, Mr. Harding collapsed in his bed, and she
rushed to the door calling for the physicians to come quickly.
Physicians’ Effiorts Vain —— ————
Brigadier General Sawyer, chief of
the s'aff of phyiscians, who had
been attending the chief executive,
who also -was in the room, and the
two nurses present, Miss Ruth
Powderly and Miss Sue Dasser, did
all they could, but it availed noth
ing.
The president had fought and won
one victory against disease, but it
appeared in a more insidious form
and he lost the battle.
Great as was the shock to all who
dwell under the American flag and
to peoples in many lands, for Mr.
Harding, by virtue of his office and
his kindly and lovable personality
had become a world figure, the great
shock came to his wife, reading by
his side.
But she did not collapse.
“She was, of course, at first un
able to realize that she had lost the
husband who had made up all the
interest in her life for so many
proud and happy years,” said Gen
eral Sawyer later. “But there was
no collap 2, no hysteria. Just a
brave rally to face her sorrows and
du-ies de riving upon her at
' ' i hour.”
Mi:. Harding was standing the
shock well early today but’whether
she could stand up under the grief
that bore down upon her as the sad.
journey back to Washington is
made was another question. Those
who know her best, say that she
will.
The body of President Harding
will start on its journey across the
continent to the national capital at
G:3O o’clock this evening, according
to the latest official announcement
made today.
The train will arrive in Washing
ton at 1:30 p'. m. next Wednesday.
From that point the arrange
ments have not been definitely
made but it is expected that
the body will lie in state in the
rotunda of the capitol where a sor
rowing people have often times be
fore paid their last respects to their
leaders and the heroes they have
loved.
The burial will be made at Marion,
Ohio, the sipall city which Warden
G. Harding made known around the
world because there, from poor and
humble surroundings, he struggled
upward until the American people
awarded him the highest gift and
paid him the greatest honor within
their power to bestow. President
Harding was a man who “loved the
home folks” and if he had had time
to .’.eave a parting word last night it
undoubtedly would ha,ve contained
instructions that he be buried in the
town that knew him as “Warren”
and where he called most every one
by their first names.
Naval and Military Honors
The trip across the continent will
be made on the same train that car
ried the chief executive, a well, hap
py and hopeful man, to the Pacific
coast. Its route will take it through
Reno, Ogden, Omaha, Chicago and
thence to Washington. It will make
no stops except to change engines
and for other operating purposes.
The body of the president will
be borne in the same car as car
ried him to the west. It will be ac
companied by the same party that
accompanied the executive when he
left Washington June 20, with the
addition of Attorney General Daugh
erty, General Pershing and Mr. and
Mrs. E. E. Remsberg and family, of
Santa Ana, Cal., Mrs. Remsberg bb
ing a sister of Mr. Harding.
Naval and military honors will be
paid the dead commander by the
army and navy throughout the
whole trip. Two soldiers and two
sailors, members of the guard of
honor of sixteen enlisted men and
two officers, will stand at attention
beside the casket. The car bearing
the body will be lighted at night
and the whole train probably will be
draped in black.
The body lies today in the room in
which he suffered and died. It will
remain there before being taken to
the train, and just before that is-
6 CENTS A CtfFT,
$1 A YEAR.
STARTS
FRIDAY;
N STATE
done the very simplest private serv
ice will be held.
Spent Comfortable, Day
The five physicians who attended
the president were united in their
decisions as to the cause of death.
In a statement issued last night and
signed by all of them they declared
it was due to "apoplexy or a rup
ture of a blood vessel in the axis
of the brain near the respiratory
center.” The statement emphasized
that death from such a cause might
have occurred at any time, and
came after recovery from the acute
illness he had suffered for a week
was in progress..
The statement showed conclusive
ly that the physicians as well as
every one else believed up to the
minute the executive was subjected
to the apoplectic attack that he was
on the road to recovery. Three
hours before the end came the most
optimistic bulletin issued since the
president was taken ill. It said that
he had spent the "most comfortable
day since his illness began.” The
bulletin was timed 4:30 p. m.
“The evidences of infection are
subsiding, but he has been left in
a very weakened condition by the
hard battle he has made,” the bulle
tin added. "This afternoon the tem
peratux e is remaining normal with
the pulse rate around 100 and tl\S
respirations averaging about 30. Oth
er factors remain the same.”
The bulletin was so optimistic
that tliere was a general letting
down xn the watchfulness that has
attended the president’s illness.
Members of the cabinet and their
wives, the personnel of the executive
staff and many of the newspaper
men went out to dinner, where most
of the talk was when the trip back
to Washington would be started. At
no time since the president waai
brought to San Francisco Sunday
morning was the vicinity of the
president’s suite as deserted as it
was about 7 o’clock last night.
Outside the suite the usual secret
service men stood guard—they also
discussing when they would get
back to Washington—and down the
corridor a little handful of newspa
permen were gathered.
President’s Last Words
Mrs. Harding, General Sawyer and
the two nurses, however, had not
relinquished their watchfulness, and
it is truthfully typical of Mrs. Har
ding that she should have been
there, for no first lady of the land
was more devoted and faithful te
her husband than was Mrs. Har
ding.
Mrs. Harding was reading to Ihe
president an article entitled, “A Re
view of a Calm Man,” written by
Samuel G. Blythe, a noted political
writer and published in a current
magazine. It described the man to
whom she was reading, ana was
interested in it. She paused in her
reading and glanced up, he raised
his hand and said:
“That’s good. Go on. Read some
more.”
Those were the last words the
president spoke. In an instant a
shudder shook his frame, his hand
dropped °nd he collapsed.
Mrs. Harding x..— at F e door in
stantly, and called: :“Find Boone
and the others quick!” One of the
secret service men rushed down the
corridor searching for Dr. Boone,
while General Sawyer worked des
perately within the r-om, applying
restoratives. Dr. Boone could. 1.-<t
be found on the eighth floor, and
messengers were sent out. He was
found and came in almost running
at 7:37 o’clock. Several others had
gone into the room in the meantime,
and those that came out were plain
ly greatly distressed.
One of the;? was Secretary Hoov
er, whose face was blanched and his
eyes dim. All he could tay to news
paper men was that there would be
a statement soon. At 7:45 o’clock it
was announced that there would be
a formal statement within a few
minutes. At 7:51 o'clock it was is
sued. It said:
"The president died instantaneous
ly and without warning and while
conversing with members of his
(Continued on Page Coluqan 5)