Newspaper Page Text
SMW EXPOSE
COST HIM POSITION.
GEORGIM TESTIFIES
. H. S. Scaife, Former Daugh
erty Agent, Says 'Missing’
Liquor "Went to Speaker
Gillette’s Office’’
WASHINGTON, April 18.—Minute
details of the Savannah liquor con
spiracy case, in which 78 persons
have been sentenced to the peniten
tiary, were recited before the Daugh
erty investigation committee today
by Clark Grier, who described him
self as a prominent Georgia Repub
lican and former “informant” of the
department of justice.
The witness declared there had
been long delay in prosecuting the
cases after he laid all the facts be
fore the department, and that his
report was followed by his “dis
charge” by W. J. Burns at the in
stance of John L. Philips, the Re
publican state chairman, who, he
charged, was involved in the liquor
cases. An indictment against Philips
• in a lumber fraud case is pending
in the District of Columbia.
H. L. Scaife, also a former depart
ment of justice investigator, cor
roborated Grier's testimony as to his
from the department after
the Savannah report'was submitted.
Gillette Under Fire
Scaife also charged that liquor
seized some years ago in. Washing
/ ton, but whicii disappeared from
storage, resulting tn a grand jury
inquiry, went to the “office of Speak
er Gillett.”
Committee members then discussed
whether they should not let this
statement stand in the record, and
the witness named Gaston B. Means
as one of his informants, and de
clared six department of justice wit
nesses could confirm his statement.
He denied any personal knowledge of
the transaction.
The liquor referred to, Scaife said,
was seized at the Union Station here
in 1918, 1919 or 1920. and the entire
consignment, valued at $50,000. dis
appeared. A grand jury investigated
It, he said, but founa no ground for
Indictments.
“According to reports, some of this
liquor went to the office of Speaker
Gillett,” Scaife said.
"Do you know that?” demanded
Senator Wheeler, the committee
prosecutor.
Scaife said he did not. and Senator
Wheeler instructed him to “confine
yourself to what you know.”
“We don’t want this evidence if it
is 100 per cent gossip,” Senator
Wheeler said.
“You’ll find it is 100 per cent true,”
said Scaife.
The witness insisted that some
statement from Gillett on the sub
ject was printed in the newspapers
at the time.
Senator Wheeler switched the In-,
quiry to the impeachment proceed
ings against Attorney Genera!
Daugherty in 1922.
Charges Prosecution Blocked
Scaife said he assisted Represen
tative Woodruff. Republican, Michi
gan, in support of the impeachment
charges, and that. Means, then a de
partment of justic eagent, “was or
dered to shadow us.” He Identified
a. paper which Senator Wheeler
showed him, and said that Means
“told me he took this paper from
Representative Woodruff's office.’
Taking up the Wright-Martin air
craft case, Scaife said the papers
had ■ been alternately sent to the
New York district attorney, called
back by Guy D. Goff, former as
sistant attorney general-, and turned
over to special counsel.
“We found in Ohio, that Attorney
General Daugherty had 500 shares of
stock in this company in 1920,” in
terposed Chairman Brookhart, “and
1,500 shares in 1921.”
Scaife declared the prosecution
for recovery of “over payment” had
been "blocked” in the department
of justice during 1921 and 1922
“surreptitiously.” f
George H. Maxwell, director of the
National Reclamation association,
was called to explain statements
‘ made by him in a letter to Senator
Ashurst, Democrat, Arizona, charg-
• ing a “Fall-Davis scheme to steal
the Colorado river.”
The wdtness was heard at a
hastily assembled meeting of the
committee, which previously had
announced it would stand in recess
until next week. His letter to Sen
ator Ashurst had said the commit
tee was “on the trail of the ser
pent” and that a similar opportuni
ty to get at the facts as to who was
trying to steal the Colorado river
from Arizona “migh not come again
in a thousand years.”
’ Senator Jones, Republican, Wash
ington, objected to taking up the
Colorado river controversy as ir
relevant. and Chairman Brookhart
agreed “unless he connects it with
the department of justice in some
way.”
Maxwell then said the letter was
sent under a "misapprehension” as
• the committee he had in mind was
“the reclamation committee.” He ad-
- mitted that he had no “personal in
formation as to the department of
justice.” He was excused.
Kerns Is Recalled
Cecil H. Kerns, an Ohio drug
Children Cry for
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THE ATLANTA TRLWEEKLY JOURNAL
SAND SCULPTOR CEASELESSLY MODELS
WIFE AND BABE AS HE FOUND THEM DEAD
The mother and babe in the sands, as modelled so many times by the husband and father who
found them after the Pueblo flood.
company operator, now out on pa
role from Atlanta penitentiary after
conviction of bootlegging charges
was recalled to the stand. He said
department of justice, officials told
him yesterday that Federal Judge
Killlts, in Ohio, had “reported un
favorably” upon his parole, and had
started a move to have him return
ed for confinement.
George H. Chamberlain, attorney
for H. M. Daugherty, got the wit
ness to agree that Judge Killits’
“hostility was no different than
when I was on trial, but only
stronger.”
For the fourth time. H. L. Scaife,
former investigator of war frauds
for the department of justice, was
recalled.
A grand jury in the District of
Columbia on November 17. . 5922,
Scaife said, reported that evidence
of conspiracy to violate law had
been found in the sale of the Bosch
Magneto company by the alien
property custodian, but that the
“overt act” was committed outside
the jury’s jurisdiction.
Ari audit of the Magneto com
pany’s affairs, made by W. H. Bar
ry, accountant for the air service,
was read by Scaife, who then
switched to an account of “rum
running on the Atlantic coast. He
said his information was based on
a report by Clark Grier, special
agent of the department of justice,
regarding the Savannah whisky
case,” filed February 26, 1922.
“The men concerned were the
same bunch that defrauded the air
service,” said the witness.
“Grier was fired for making the
report and he gave it to me because
he knew I was trying to get the de
partment to function down there.
“Fired” For Report
“They fired these fellows—both in
the prohibition unit and the depart
ment of justice —as soon as they got
after this crowd,” Scaife went on.
“They didn’t do anything about it all
until here recently when some of
these fellows came into court and
pleaded guilty.”
“They were all convicted?” asked
Mr. Chamberlain.
“I don’t know —I saw some of
them going to court. But these men
were fired for bringing in that re
port.”
“So that’s really the point—that
these men were fired?” Senator
Jones put in.
“Yes.” Scaife said. “I’m just
showing the existence of a con
spiracy to obstruct justice.”
Grier, himself, was called and re
cited the evidence he had collected
and reported to the department. He
said it showed “graft” payments to
federal prohibition agents in Sa
vannah. He was ordered back to
Savannah by Gaston B. Means to
“get more facts”, he said, then was
recalled to be told by William J.
Burns that he was “no longer
wanted.”
Grier said other agents of the de
partment were sent, to Savannah “to
get this evidence” after his dis
charge, but that the Bootleggers re
fused to talk to them.
“Nothing else was done on the
case until President Coolidge came
into office,” Grier said, adding that
ultimately there were 76 convic
tions.
Accuses J. I*. Philips
Grier said Burns had told him he
was discharged because he was
“too old” but that as a matter of
fact “Philips, of Savannah, who has
been mixed up in lumber fraud cases
as well as liquor cases,” had him
fired. Philips is a Republican lead
er in Georgia and Grier said that he,
himself, had been a member of the
Georgia state Republican commit
tee and “quite prominent in Geor
gia politics.” 1 He was a department
of justice "informant” rather than
a regular investigator.
He declared none of the prohibi
tion agents there “who got the
graft” were federal employes.
Grier said be served the depart
ment of justice three months, from
December, 1921, on, to look up law
violators in the Atlanta, Birming
ham and Atlantic railroad strike.
“I found some of the strikers were
in the liquor business,” Grier went
on. “and this led me to Savannah.
I found a lot of liquor came in from
the Bahamas there.
I “I reported this, and brought
Charles Nesle, of Savannah, and
I Florida, back to to the department.
;We got the names of boats, the
I amount of whisky per trip, and the
j number of trips.
“I stated there was graft being
■ paid to prohibition agents, and gave
the names of men who collected
Grief Stricken, He Wanders
Beside the Waters That
Snatched His Loved Ones
From His Home
DODGE CITY, Kan., April 19.—A
lonely, nameless sculptor wanders
up and down the banks of midwest
ern rivers carving in wet sand
figures of a mother and her babe.
A melancholy task is bls. But it
brings him the only comfort his
great grief will permit him to enjoy.
The figure of the woman repre
sents his wife; the babe, his child.
They died in the Pueblo floods two
years ago.
Recently the stranger appeared
here. Few paid heed to him until
they saw him molding his figures in
the sand.
Gradually crowds gathered and
watched. But hour after hour went
by without the stranger apparently
noticing them, so absorbed was he
in his work.
Slowly the sand assumed the
shape of a young mother, washed
upon the shore, with her child
clasped to her breast.
Onlookers pressed the stranger for
an explanation. And here is the
tale he told:
“I went to Pueblo, Col., with my
wife and baby, for my health, just
a few months before the floods of
1922. We were hardly there, it
seemed, when the flood came.
“My wife and baby were swept
away by the rushing waters. I was,
too, but the rescuers succeeded in
dragging me out. But they missed
my wife and baby.
“Knowing they had been carried
downstream, I began my search. I
scoured river banks and islands day
and night.
“I found them on a sandbar in
just the position I have carved them
here.
"I often go to the little country
churchyard, where they’re buried
now. But my grief does not find
the comfort there that it does when
I am molding these figures in the
sands.”
The stranger, though, refuses to
reveal his name or tell from whence
he came. /
“I have no desire,” he says, “to
go back to my former home or my
old position. I don’t want to be
bothered with expressions of sym
pathy from my old friends and as
sociates.
“I just want to be left alone near
the waters that stole my wife and
baby away from me.”
New Greek Republic
Recognized in Athens
By U. S. and Belgium
ATHENS, April 19.—The American
charge d’affaires today recognized
in writing the new republic of
Greece.
The Belgian fninister took •similar
action.
the graft. After I got through, the
report was not full and Gaston B.
Means ordered me back for more
facts. Then he ordered me to re
turn here and handed me a letter
from W. J. Burns telling me that
I wasn’t wanted any more.”
Atlanta newspapers printed a
statement from local Republic, n
politicians at the time, Grier said,
that they obtained his discharge.
Dr. Wilfred Kirkland, a prohibi
tion agent, who had helped him, he
added, was also discharged.
Names Alleged Grafter
“But I was only an informant,
not an experienced man.” Grier
went on. “and other people were
sent down. But these bootleggers
asked these other people how they
expected to get evidence when I
had been discharged for trying.
"Everything quieted down until
after President Coolidge took office
and then Mrs. Mabel Walker Wille
brandt (assistant attorney general)
sent down a very efficient corps of
investigators, and sent 78 people to
the penitentiary.
“But they didn’t get any of the
people who were collecting the
graft.”
“Ludlow Gurgen” was a man who
collected SIO,OOO per month for
graft to federal agents." Grier went
on. and “he went to Europe."
“I tried to be reinstated," he went
on. “and told Burns that there was
nothing against me. except that I
was too old. My friends began to
look around and found that this
man Phillips was the one who got
me discharged, the man who was
indicted in the lumber fraud ease.”
Philips was identified as Repub
lican state chairman in Georgia.
On cross-examination Grier agreed
with Mr. Chamberlain that the gov
ernment had men working on ' ?
Savannah cases all the time.
§3(1,000 Paid for Evidence
“Didn't you know the government
paid as much as $30,000 to buy
whisky «.« evidence there?” Mr.
Chamberlain asked.
"No, I don't.” Grier said.
“You couldn't have worked up a
case like that in three months,
could you?" Mr. Chamberlain went
on.
Grier agreed that the department
of justice “sent down a fine lot of
men" and asserted that three pro
hibition directors in Georgia “were
all right." He said the graft charges
were the only ones not prosecuted.
“I think the business is still going
on, but not on so large a scale,”
Grier observed.
“Don't you know that some of
these people are going right on. tak
ing a chance, and pleading guilty?"
Mr. Chamberlain asked.
Grier was not informed. His own
“turning off through Mr. Kush T.
Holland, was a most unjust thing,"
he concluded.
VIRGINIA SCINDIL
INVOLVING THE LEES
IS AIRED BV PROBERS
BY ARTHUR C. JENNINGS
(Copyright. 1924, by the Consolidated Press
Association —Special Leased Wire
to The Atlanta Journal.)
RICHMOND, Va„ April 19.— The
national capitol is not the only city
that has its scandals in high place,
i Virginia, still firm in her belief in
i states’ rights, is conducting her own
| scandal hearing and it is the illus
! trious name of Dee th\t is being
[ dragged through the mire.
! Colonel MacDonald Lee, president
§ of the Sons of Confederate Veterans
. and at present state commissioner of
| game and inland fisheries, is the
, storm center. The charge is im
morality rather than criminality.
As commissioner of game and
fisheries, Colonel Lee has at his
disposal a splendid swift boat, the
Maury. Today a legislative commit
tee, sitting in the historic senate
chamber of the capitol of the Con
federacy, is bringing to a close an
investigation into allegations of
high wassail aboard the Maury.
The star witness in the case has
been R. M. Tomlinson, a discharged
deck hand. Tomlinso nswore on the
stand that he had observed various
instances of misconduct aboard the
Maury. One of his stories linked
Colonel Lee’s name with that of
Miss Eva Harrell, an employ in the
colonel’s department. Another dealt
with a Norfolk hotel man named
Barrow, and Miss Ruth Ruth De
i ford, a pretty Norfolk telephone
i girl.
Miss Harrell took the stand and
denied the story, and without the
fljcker of an eyelash. Miss Deford
! ' sobbed out her denial. Colonel Lee
I repudiated the charges with ve
j hemenance.
The commissioner admitted, how
lever, that he and his male secretary,
I both married men, had spent more
than one night aboard the Maury
when unmarried, unchaperoned girls
were aboard. He referred to the girls
as “children” and declared he could
see nothing improper in taking them
on little excursions.
The mest dramatic moment of the
hearing came while Miss Deford
was on the stand.
“Old War Horse” Lindsay Gor
i don, attorney for the prosecution,
I asked Miss Deford whether she was
employed by the telephone company.
I “I. don’t know,” she sobbed. “I
I was until this investigation started.
I I don't think I'll go back.”
“What-not go back?” growled
| the attorney.
“Do you think any lady would
II go back and face this?” she asked,
' and then broke down completely.
As several men rushed to give her
i water and smelling salts, Colonel
| Lee rose to his full height and in
j a voice quivering with anger, cried:
“’rhe dirty scoundrel”’
The senate chamber buzzed with
j excitement for a moment, but no-
I body took the insult to himself. Col-
I onel Lee strode to a window and
| opened a newspaper which he held
| up before his face until the com-
I motion subsided.
Attorney Gordon admits he is not
hopeful of the outcome of the hear
ing. He has contended that the
mere fact that Colonel Lee permit
ted mixed overnight parties on the
YJaury is sufficient cause for his
femoval. He has further stated
that he, at least, believes every word
of the discharged deck hand’s story.
“But 1 am inclined.” he said with
a shrug, “I am inclined to think
that I have a different idea of this
matter from the majority of com
i mitt eeV .
JOURNAL RADIO
CALENDAR
Tuesday
12:00 to 1:00 p. m.—Junior Music
chili, of Cedartown. Gs„ Miss Mary
Jarman. director.
* 3:30 p. in. —Detail of Cracker base-
. | ball same.
5:00 to 6:00 p. m.—Miss Bonnie Rain-
I hardt's songs and Burgess bedtiin® story:
'Hone Gardening" talk by William
B. Deekner; news, markets.
8:00 to 9:00 p. m.—Meintzer De
luxe orchestra
10:45 p. m.-—The Biltmore Hot**
, Rainbow orchestra, Calvin Rolfe di
recting: Wendall Hall, Kveready en
tertainer.
GL
Wednesday
12:00 to 1:00 p. m. Entertainment
featuring Lester O. White and other
attractions.
3:20 p m.—Detail of the Cracker
i I baseball game.
1:<>0 to 6:00 p. m.—Vick Myers'
j Melody orchestra: Miss Bonnie Barn
ard! s songs and Burgess bedtime
s news, markets.
I '•(‘0 to 9:00 p. m.—Silent.
I'Lt." p. m. —The Biltmore Rainbow
i o. liestra. Calvin Rolfe directing.
. : Thursday
12:00 to 1:00 p. ni. Organ concert
by Dr. Charles a. Sheldon.
3:20 p. ni—Detail of the Cracker
ba-ehal! game.
a.'M) to 6:00 p. m.—Miss Bonnie
Rarnhardts song’ and Burgess bed
-1 time story: news, markets.
s:"O to 9:00 p. ni. -Entertslnment:
’•les'.nge by Robert F. Maddox on ‘ Tbs
Bankers' Obligation."
10:45 p. m.—Organ concert by Dr.
, Ci arles A. Sheldon.
Friday
12:00 to 1:00 p. tn. —Operatic pro
. gram featuring Adamhoff, pianist; Ber-
:-a Lewis. coloratura soprano, and
’ ' Dawn A. Thomson, baritone.
3:30 p. m.—Detail of the Cracker
. I baseball game.
, : S:CO to 6:00 p. rr. —Virk Myers'
Melody orchestra. Miss Bonnie Barn
hardt's songs and Burgess bedtime
• story: news, markets.
I 8:00 to 9:00 p. m. —Entertainment.
10:45 p. in.—The Biltmore Hotel
1 Rainbow orchestra. Calvin Rolfe di
j rooting.
Saturday
12 ’> to 1 00 p. m.—Noon entertain*
ment
S 10 p. m —Detail of the Cracker
b’seiiall game.
5:00 to r <o p. pi.—The Winona Park
CALIFORNIA SEES
POLITICS IN MOVE
I- TO BAR JAPANESE
BY I,EE OVERMAN
(Copyright, 1924, by the Consolidated Press
Association —Special Leased Wire
to The Atlanta Journal.)
SAN FRANCISCO, April'l9.—Cali
: fornia which really stands In the
i background as the pivotal figure of
! congressional legislation against Jap
janes® Immigration, today is seem
i i’tgly less concerned over the out.
I come of that legislation than is
i Washington.
I If there is any public feeling here
| regarding the note of Ambassador
| Hanihara, speaking of “grave conse
quences” or regarding the congress
ional action, it succeeded, in evoking
such feeling is not largely in evi
derce.
Prevailing opinion seems to be
that California settled her own Jap
anese problem when she enacted
anti-alien legislation and had it up
held by the United States supreme
court. Having banned the Nipponese
from agricultural activities —the one
field in which the white Californian
could not compete with them eco
nomically—and having achieved that
end without congressional aid, the
golden state isn’t interested any
further.
The fact of the matter is, as has
been shown by developments of the
past past six months, and as is ex
pected to be further proved by devel
opments of the next six, California,
together with Oregon and Washing
ton, which have similar anti-alien
land acts, have a Japanese immigra
tion problem
Japs Like (’oast
The barfing of the Japanese from
agricultural activities in these three
states, has taken care of that. The
three Pacific coast commonwealths,
' particularly California, have long
been the dreamed-of goal, the Japa
nese do not want to go elsewhere in
the United States.
This is proved by the efforts of
twenty-four other states during th
last six months to induce ousted Jap
anese farmers from the Pacific coast
to take up farming within their con
fines. Practically every offer of this
kind was investigated. Several thou
sand Japanese farmers made the trip
eastward in person to look over the
opportunities offered but seemingly
the outlook did not appeal to them,
for all but a few have returned.
They would rather be day wage
earners on farms in California, ad
mits Japanese Consul General Oya
ma, of San Francisco, than be farm
owners free of racial restrictions in
states further eastward, that boast
less favorable climates.
It. is probable that recent offers
of the Mexican government to estab
lish Pacific coast Orientals on farms
south of the Rio Grande will meet
with refusal. The obstacle to the
Mexican plan, states the Japanese as
sociation of America, is a financial
one. The land offered is rich in ag
ricultural possibilities but it lacks
warehouse facilities and, equally im
portant, a. place to market crops. To
provide these facilities and to estab
lish markets would cost an immense,
sum of money. The Mexican govern
ment is willin gto provide only the
land.
As for the Japanese already here
remaining and working as farm
hands, that is something that will be
highly agreeable to California’s
white farmers. There always has
been a dearth of farm labor in Cali
fornia and the ousted Oriental agri
culturists, denied the right to farm
on their own hook, would fill a long
felt want.
Politics Seen
So far as can be learned, Califor
nians do not consider that they have
a serious problem in assimilating the
Japanese already in Califronia. Tak
ing the Japanese consulate's own
statements, there are approximately
90,000 Nipponese now here. Os these,
approximately one-fourth are women,
one-fourth children, one-fourth mar
ried men and one-fourth single males.
The problem of assimilation is car
ing for itself in so far as the children
are concerned. The single males are
footloose and able to shift for them
selves. Many of them already are
planning to return to Japan, or to
take up farming activities elsewhere.
This leaves approximately 22,500
married women to be assimilated into
California’s economic structure. If
they are willing to stay as farm wage
earners they probably will be readily
absorbed.
In some quarters here there is a
tendency to believe that the belated
action of congress on anti-Japanese
legislation is largely for political con
sumption. It is pointed out that
when California, Oregon and Wash
ington were supplicating for federal
assistance in combating the influx
of “little brown” farmers, Washing
ton always turned a, deaf ear. Now
that three states, without any con
gressional assistance, have estab
lished their own effective barriers,
through anti-alien land acts, there is
a tendency to think that the long de
layed legislation will serve no useful
ipurpose.
Peach Growers Are
Warned That Freezes
Didn’t Kill Curculios
FORT 'VALLEY, Ga„ April 19.
It is the general consensus of opin
ion among peach growers that the
unusually low temperatures during
the last winter have killed a high
percentage of the adult peach curcu
lios in hibernation. Some have form
ed the opinion that the cold weather
had practically eradicated the pest.
These are, indeed, very erroneous
opinions, and broadcasting them
throughout the peach belt is serious
ly endangering the 1924 crop, accord
ing to the government laboratory
here.
Judging from jarring records, the
curculio is more numerous in peach
orchards at present than they were
a year ago, irrespective of the abnor
mal weather conditions during the
last winter. Jarring yielded 175 cur
culios from 107 trees. On the same
date last year these same trees gave
only 74 beetles. The largest num
■ her collected from these trees on
I any morning last year was only 1
! A grower caught 700 beetles on 440
trees by jarring a few mornings
ago. The«e figures clearly show that
the weather conditions during the
winter have not killed out the cur
j culio.
There has been a tendency' for
growers to let up with the spray
ing program. Some have omitted
the first application. A word of
warning is sounded. All late varie
ties of peaches are ready’ for the
second application.
School orchestra. Mrs. Reynold’ Clark,
director: Miss Bonnie Barnharrtt's sones
•nd Burgess bedtime story: news.
I markets.
8 90 to 9:00 p. m.—Enteris nment.
10-45 p. m. The Biltmore Hotel
Rainbow orchestra, Calvin Rolfe, di
recting.
n i
WILSON WAITED FOR PEOPLE
TO DEMAND DECLARATION
OF WAR AGAINST GERMANY
Watchful Waiting Policy Is
Explained by Historian.
Neutralty Proved Big Help
to Allied Powers
RY DAVID LAWRENCE
(Copyright, 1924, by the George H. Duran
company jn the United States, Canada, South
America. World publication rights reserved
by Current News Features, Incorporated.)
CHAPTER XXIII
THE general public did not know
that Mr. Wilson was so set
upon making a move for
peace during the summer of 1916
that he actually framed peace pro
posals. He was dissuaded from mak
ing a peace offer, however, because
of the belief that such a step -might
be considered as political—it might
be interpreted, it seemed, as a ges
ture intended to improve his own
chances for re-election and it might
be construed abroad as without se
rious purpose because of the criti
cism certain to issue from political
opponents.
So Mr. Wilson delayed his peace
move until after the campaign and
sent the note after he had been
elected, November, 1916, In the hope
that his position would carry even
greater weight because of a triumph
at the polls.
But it was peace Mr. Wilson was
thinking about in December, 1916,
and January, 1917. When it became
evident, however, that the fortunes
of war were turning against the al
lies, that the Germans were plan
ning a big' drive, that the extremists
in Germany were gaining the upper
hand and that submarine warfare
without restraint was to be sanc
tioned —then did Mr. Wilson begin' to
resign himself tP the inevitable.
There was a time in the early days
of 1917 when he thought that the
dismissal of the German ambassa
dor would be sufficient warning to
Germany that the United States
must not be offended by further dep
redations on the high seas and he
called in the author one day to ask
him if the activities of the German
ambassador as noted by the newspa.
pe.rmen had reached the point where
they were compromising America’s
neutrality. It was true that the
German ambassador conducted a
propaganda, did all he could to in
fluence American opinion in favor
of Germany, but the author told the
president that he did not believe the
German ambassador was doing any
more than some of the other ambas
sadors of the allied world in their
efforts to influence American opin
ion during the presidential cam
paign.
Hoped for Early Peace
The German proclamation of un
restricted submarine warfare gave
the United States ample justifica
tion not only for the dismissal of
Count von Bernstorff, the German
ambassador, but the forthcoming
declaration of war against the Im
perial German government. The tide
of battle wa ; going against the al
lies and again Mr. Wilson hoped that
America might be able by the very
fact of her entering the war to force
peace at an early date. It was for
this reason that the president gave
himself over utterly to the persecu
tion of the war recommending at the
very outset universal conscription
and the extension of large loans, ma
terials and supplies to the allies. By
this he hoped to break down the
German morale.
Critics have risen to say that the
United States should have gone to
war when the Lusitania was sunk—
all Europe still thinks, no doubt, that
the two years of neutrality were due
to vacillation, indecision or even
timidity. But Mr. Wilson’s reason
for hesitation, was due entirely to
his belief that the United States
must enter the. war, if at all, with
a united public opinion. So far as
politics were concerned, he knew
that the American people would
surely re-elect him in 1916 if he were
commander-in-chief of their forces
during the war. He knew he would
gain politically if America entered
the war during 1916 —for it had been
an old political saying that “the
American people never swap horses
in midstream.”
The evidence is all against the Eu
ropean Idea that the United States
withheld its forces from use because
of an indifference to the issues and
fundamentals of the conflict abroad.
American public opinion alone was
Mr. Wilson’vs guide and he recom
mended a declaration of war only
when he was convinced that the ver
dict was unanimous. From an alto
gether different viewpoint, however,
it is possible to prove that the neu
trality of the United States, far from
being a disadvantage to the allies,
was an asset of immeasurable value.
The German historians who know
the truth about Von Tirpitz’s plans
for unrestricted submarine warfare
as outlined in the latter part of 1914
are convinced that only the influ
ence of the conservative element in
the German foreign office, namely,
the diplomats instead of the mili
tarists, prevented the earlier adop
tion of unrestrained warfare.
Checked Germans Two Years
Mr. Wilson’s note-writing held the
Germans at bay in the sense that
they did not proclaim unrestricted
warfare for at least two years. And
the losses in tonnage which the al
lies suffered during the first few
years was so serious and alarming
that it doesn't require much stretch!
of the imagination to understand'
how distressing might have been the 1
turn of affairs for the allies if the
United States had been eliminated j
from Germany’s thoughts sb far asi
submarine operations were concerned '
and if the German navy had been I
turned loose to sink without trace
everything in sight.
Could the United States have
transported an army of 2,000,000 men
to Europe if the British navy had
not secured command of the seas?
And would the British navy have i
achieved such mastery of the sub
marines if those two years had not'
been vouchsafed them In which to!
develop means of defense against the I
submarine? The military tactician !
and the naval strategist will have
to answer those questions dispas-!
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sionately, but anyone who knew the
truth about submarine warfare dur
ing 1916 must admit that the allied:
losses were terrific and that had the I
Germans started a year earlier on (
unrestricted submarine warfare the
whole course of events might have
been changed or at least the war
itself prolonged because the United
States would not have been able so
quickly to transport its forces to
Europe. So the Wilson policy did
have the effect of postponing the
Germans’ submarine warfare cam
paign until past the time when it
could win he war.
Looking back over the neutrality
period which preceded the entry of
the United States into the war, the
whole may be divided into three dis
tinct epochs:
First, there was the time when Mr.
Wilson believed the war would come
to an early conclusion and that by a
carefully balancing of diplomatic
notes against Germany on the one
hand and the allies on the other hand
the legal record of neutrality might
be scrupulously kept.
None Anticipated Need
The second stage dates from.' the
■ sinking of the Lusitania and con
i tinues through several months dur
-1 ing which sharp-toned notes were ex
! changed with Germany with refer
ence to submarine warfare.
The third, the last period, was
I that in which the United States
j hoped against hope that America’s
! entry into war would be unnecessary,
but preparations were made by both
the army and navy for the inevi
table.
It was early in 1916 when Mr. Wil
' son realized that if he were to con
j tinue to threaten Germany effective
! Iy he must make some signs of war
preparation. He called upon the
i secretary of the navy and the secre-
I tary of war to take inventory of the
! state of the American fighitng re
-1 sources and congress passed a law
j creating a council of national de
i Cense. To Colonel Roosevelt’s way
i of thinking, not enough preparation
I had been made, but when war did
I break it was apparent that all the
' suggestions made, including those of
; Mr. Roosevelt for an army twice or
three times the size of the then ex
isting force was only a drop in the
bucket compared to the huge forces
needed to wage the battle in Europe.
Among the opponents of Mr. Wilson
who were far sighted and wanted
him to prepare for war, not a single
plan suggested provided for an army
of even one-twentieth the size of
that which was finally mobilized by
the United States.
The first epoch in the neutrality
ended with the resignation of Sec
retary Bryan. Up to that time Mr.
Wilson had given the impression
that preparations for war on the part
of the United States would be mis
construed aboard as an intention on
the part of the United States to en
gage in the conflict, whereas the best
assurance of continued neutrality
was the introduction of no unusual
items in the military or naval budget.
The so-called pacifist element was
pleased with Mr. Wilson’s state
ments made in December, 1914. The
commitments made by the president
in that direction kept William Jen
nings Bryan in the cabinet as a
warm supporter of Mr. Wilson’s
foreign polciy.
Moral Force Fails
The sinking of the Lusitania in
May, 1915, began to work a. change
in the president’s mind. He knew
that the war spirit had not yet been
kindled in the United States and he
was confirmed in that feeling by
careful analysis of the editorials of
newspapers large and small from
coast to coast. It is a singular thing
that while a few people on the east
ern seaboard were clamoring for
war, a careful examination of the
editorials showed that out of 1,000
compiled by telegraph in three days
| after the Lusitania was sunk less
than one-half dozen indicated a be
lief that war should be declared.
Opinion was almost unanimous that
the situation called for diplomacy
and an effective expression of Amer
ican feeling, with the hint, of course,
that if satisfaction could not be se
cured the American people would be
behind the president in whatever
course he should formulate.
Reading the letters of Ambassador
Page in London on the reaction of
European opinion to President Wil
son s note writing one is convinced
that the true state of mind on this
side of the Atlantic was not accu
rately portrayed to those on the othen
side of the vast ocean—for America
was not yet ready to go to war in
May, 1915.
During that month of May, how
ever, there developed in Woodrow
Wilson a feeling that moral force up
on which be had been relying might
some day be exhausted and that In
its place there might have to be sub
stituted the use of physical force.
(Thursday’s chapter will tell why
Rryan resigned as secretary of
state.)
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Globe-Girdling Planes
Hop Off From Alaska
On Next Leg of Flight
CORDOVA, Alaska. April 19—(By
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States army planes attempting tn
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off from Chignik for Dutch Harbor
at 51. a. m.. local time.
BRITISH PLANE REACHES
ZIZA, EGYPT, ON FLIGHT
LONDON, April 5 9.—The British
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