Atlanta Georgian and news. (Atlanta, Ga.) 1907-1912, May 31, 1907, Image 1

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The Weather: -The weather forecait for Atlanta and vicin ity follows: Rain to- ltv follow night: Sat er», followed l»y clear ing: ullRlitly cooler Sat ing; «*1! urdajr \ Atlanta Georgian (and news) Spot Cotton; Atlanta, steady: 1JS- VOL. V. NO. 284. Atlanta.ga.,Friday,.itaym. wot.- PRICE: TWO CENTS. FATE OF FRED BUSH NOW IN HANDS OF JURY Masterly Arguments For Prosecution and Defense. JUDGE ROAN GIVES CHARGE TO JURY The Sensational Trial Draws Near to Close in Su perior Court. The argument In the caee of Fred Bush, charged with assault with Intent to murder, was concluded at 12:45 o’clock, Attorney Luther Z. Rosser for the defense malting the closing speech. At 2 o’clock Friday afternoon Judge Roan began his charge and at 3 o'clock the case whs In the hands of the Jury. Couniel for both the state and the defense made unusually strong speeches for and against the prisoner, and the Intellectual battle betwein Solicitor Mill snd Attorney Luther Rosser was an almost unprecedented display of logic, eloquence and wit. In one of the most Impassioned speeches ever delivered In the Fylton criminal court. Solicitor IIIII presented to the.Jury the care for the state. For one hour and a quarter Solicitor Hill held the spellbound attention of Che great audience which packed the court room, and. the tension was only broken at times when with ridicule and sar- ■rasm he attacked the position of the defense and referred to the "rotten crutches on which they were trying to hobble 1 to ; a verdict of acquittal." The speech of Mr. H(I1 was frequently- interrupted by Attorney Rosser, who declared that the prosecuting attorney, was not holding to the evidence In the, case,’and-many spirited-tilts between .the two attorneys followed. "Has no Counterpart." In opening the argument, Mr. Hill said: "Gentlemen of the Jury, this case hai no counterpart in all the past, and trust. tQ- QixMC WlU have no parallel It all the f ' MAN’S BODY IMPALED ON PICKET FENCE BY FALLFROM HIGH PORCH Cold Rain Keeps the Ex-Confederates Under Shelter. GEORGIANSATTEND OVER 600 STRONG Heroes of the Lost Cause Be ing Royally Entertained in Historic Richmond. I.... future. "The youngest child.living today will not outlive the evil effects of a wrong verdict In this case. “This was ,a most diabolical crlms. It was a horrible crime, and thi man who ‘committed It.' w hoever he was. was a diabolical and it cunnlnfc ' Bend. Oh. depths of Infamy, open deeper still to receive tilts'cunning monster, that tie may not shnme the faces of the damned who now Inhabit your labyrinths." At grent length 1 Solicitor! Hill re viewed (he evidence In the case and all the circumstances : connected with' It, and after he Mad summed up the evi dence, he said: ' "Not a Missing Link." "There Is not'd missing'link In this rase. Every Unger points directly at this defendant. It Is in'evidence that he had the motive, that he - had the ability, that he had the opportunity, and that he had made the threats." Solicitor Hill concluded his argument by a brief resume of the evidence. Mr. Rosser’s Speech. Attorney Luther Z. Roigr r followed Mr. Hill with the concluding argument for the dpfenee, ’’Gentlemen of the Jury.’ said Mr. Rosser, "my friend, Mr. Hill, has made this same speech to a thousand Juries. I have heard the same thing before. "But coming -to -this cnee, there Is not a particle of . evidence to connect this defendant with thla crime. "The only 'threat' that he le shown to have made Is that he ’would not be re sponsible for’what happened unlees Boollttle stopped going with this young woman.' and that Is as far as they have gone. He has In no way been connect ed with this crime.” Scoffed at Theory. Mr. Rosaer scoffed at the Idea that Bush Is a moral pervert and that he exercised n baneful Influence over Charlie Doolittle. , , Mr. Rosser referred to the stress laid by Mr. Util upon the evidence that Bush "had mechanical knowledge', and that he was an “expert on dynamite. "The testimony that Bush knew, all about dynamite was ruled out, Charlie, said Mr. Rosser as he turned to Mr. Hill, "but you didn’t know It and you "ent on arguing It to the Jury.. The fact that Bush knew something about dynamite In now way connects him with this case.” Attorney Rosser reviewed all the ev idence at length, taking It all up as It "as delivered and applied It to Bushs case. In the effort to show the Impos sibility of fastening the crime upon his client. He made a powerful plea In behalf of the prisoner and made a most forcible presentation of his case. An adjournment was then taken until 2 o'clock. , The Morning Session. At 10 o’clock Friday morning both the prosecution and the defense an nounced that all the evidence In the case of Fred Bush, charged with aa- Miss KAitHRVri tfCAfiTHY. Temperance People in Bartow Organize For ,* t » . i ■ « t , Campaign.. TO BE CM Railroad Commission to Pass on Passen- : g*er Rates. ■i i,‘ Special to The fieorslaW.’ nitersvllle. Us. May i$.— D-spIte a heavy downpour of rnln. which looked as though It’Would defeat the plans or the prohibitionists, there was a large and enthusiastic audience gathered at the First Baptist church of this city last night, In attendance upon the first; public meeting that has been held byj the temperance people In the present’ campaign In Bartow county. The meeting, which wae called for the purpose of effecting an organiza tion, waa presided over by Rev. Walt Holcomb. * L The tpectlng was'very enthusiastic, and It Was apparent that the friends of prohibition have entered the contest with the determination to fight to the bitter 1 end. The of the Richmond, Vs., May 11 Rain, cold, drizzly rain, began falling thlz morning as.the men in attendance on the Con federate veterans’ reunion began to ap pear on the streets. The" rain has. been steady and the veterans have been forced to keep under shelter most of the day. ,, Less than a score of the old men have fallen out of the ranks and been taken to the hospitals. None of the cases le serious. The veterans were addressed today by Senator John W. Daniel, who was given a rousing welcome, and by Cap tain Robert E. Lee, Jr.,-of Fairfax, a grandson .of General Lee. When the veterans heard the name of the man Who was to make an address they rose as one man and made the Immense building shake with cheers. The program mapped out la being fol lowed closely and there will be n grand ball this evening, followed by-flrawoiks. Two among the mnny Women hM attracting the grearest attention und the mbst profound testimonial* of dr- rAti/>n*'wpo Ulru SiAnwHoll .Tar lr Ann Sperist to The (ieorghm. Cartersvllle, Oa„ May 11.—While talking with seme friends, B. C. Pe- ; ters. an employee of the Southern Bell I Telephone Company, pitched, over the ; baluster of the second story porch at I the Bell Hotel at 9:30 o'clock last night. I and as Me dropped toward the ground | his body became entangled In a clothes I line, was swung outward and . Impaled on a picket fence. Two of the pickets passed through the .body. .The man was qulck'y lifted from the fence and he died an hour later, without regain ing consclouaneas. The body was removed to an under taker's establishment and'an effort Is being made to locate the relatives of the deceased. Peters, who , was about 16 years of age. cAme here from Atlanta with force of men three weeks ago and had been boarding at the Bell Hotel. It Is stated that he has relatives at the Rand Hotel. West Forty-ninth street.’ New York, but so far they have not been located. A letter found In his pocket from B. D. Kerns Indlcatss that his parents reside somewhere In Virginia. B. ,C. Peter* came to Atlanta In No vember from Ills home In New York. He had been In the employ of the Southern Bell since hie arrival, travel ing with a force qf men over the state. His headquarters were In Atlanta, but he had no relatives, here. Officials of the Southern are trying to communicate with relatives of the dead man. FREELY FOR REGEMEIT Fund to Take Soldiers to Expo. Swelled t>y Gifts. 00000000000000000000000000 a o O CONTRIBUTIONS $480: O O TOTAL FUND NEEDED, $1,500 O 0 .O NEO FLAMES Both a Mass of Fire When She Re turned. EIGHT OTHERS BADLY BURNED Father Rushes Into Burning Home to Awaken Oc cupants. \ ai One Fatally Hurt and “ Seven in Danger ous Condition. 0 R. M. Rose Company 3100 O O Atlanta Brewing and Ice Co.. 100 O 0 Chnmberlln-Johnann-DuBose Co... ■uthern Bell Telephone Com- pun-. 60 0 0 George Muhh Co O Craig Cdfleld O W. if. Kiser O Frank Hawkins O Julius I,. Brown 0 Judge John Ft. Wilkinson 0 A Friend to COlonel A 0 Miss Daisy Matthews.. Total... rotlon "are Map. Slone-all Jack son. Widow of the famous lighter, and MIsh Mary Cuatls Lee, daughter of General Robert E. Lee. ”' There are fully 10,000 ex-Coiifeder- ute veterans In the city. The enmp Is nn the site of Ihe great camp estnb- ___ ll.ihed In 1861, when troops were being r, Th . ( | cora i an hurried to the front from all the South- ^ ern states. Two Heroos Meet. Many curious reunions already have taken place. Thomas Egerton, of the Twelfth North Carolina, and Edward C. Draper, of Florida, are the heroes of one of the most curious. They got to swapping war history and as they told of their experiences It developed that both were wounded In the famous 12th of May fight In the Spottsylvanla court house. They were shot down few feet of each other, at 50 O 16 O 26 0 25 O 26 O io o 10 o within work Of organization rnn.lst.1l about the same time of day. uotn w0 . , P V or *»ntzatlon conslsteu i r# (aken t0 (he , ame ho , p nal at the appointment of a number of aame time, possibly In the same am- Continued on Page 8ix. It maybe!’, stated-.'*authorlt*tiveiy: barring'amy, hitch ndf now foreseen, that the railroad commission will ran der a dtclklhn- Saturday on the pas senger reducfIon -case. ’ • Chairman Worn* HIH’W attending the Gedrgla baf itteOtlng at Tybee, but la expected In the city Saturday thorn Ing. Commissioner! Brown and 8te-. vons stated Friday that If Chairman Hill arrived and that no hitch occurred,| the decision would M handed 'downj Saturday. ' J The corfimlssloflera themselves ,ara stIU preserving absolute aliened:^ta Ihe decision now, practically 'agreed upon, but It le lenrned from a’ reliable, source that there will be no 2-central*! But there will be a reduction toroct- lng the trunk lines, the maximum bglng 2 1-2 cents per mile, with a minimum of 2 cents, perhaps, under certain condl tlons. It developed from the Investlga tlon that only two roads In the stole could stand a flat reduction to 2 cento— the Atlanta and West Point and the! Western and Atlantic. One of the commissioners, so It goes, favored placing the rate for those two lines on a 2-cent basis, but it met wltlij the opposition of the other tV'n, and thq rate on these lln*s will probably be 2 1-2 cents, as upon.the other pig trunk lines. ' , Makes CerefpJ 8tudy. It Is understood, also, that the de cision will be Very comprehensive In Its scope, and will go Into the question fully. For almost -two month* Commissioner Brown has .devoted hjjn- commlttees, composed of some of the most, prominent men In the county, which committee*’are* tb act In con Junction with those appointed,Wednes day afternoon by the Woman's Chris tian Temperance Upton. Mr. Holcomb stated last night that the county, waa belng'flooded with the literature.of the liquor people, and that this literature - contained arguments from several prominent • divines over the country who had declared adverse ly to ths prohibition cause. It was also stated by Dr. Holcomb that some of the circulars contained an article point ing out the reason* (hat Governor Pat terson, of Tennessee, gave In his veto message when he refused to'sign the famous anti-jug Igw that was passed by the legislature of that state. With the women thoroughly organ ised and the men determined upon their course, the temperance'people are highly optimistic ns to the result of the comlnff election. * - Legislator Talks. Hnn.‘ W. J. Neel, a member of the' coming' Georgia legislature, In speak ing of the present campaign In Bartow county said the following: "Bartow was one of the first counties In Georgia to drive whisky out. That was nearly a qunrter of a century ag- Rev. .Sam Japes slid Dr. Hendden ted that fight. It waa a battle royal and victory came by the narrow mn.eln of two majority. Since -the’•courts have decided our local law to be void, It ne- comee neoess^-y tb .tight J*l* battle over again. ' une would suppose the whisky gang -to be dead nr die irgan-i Ized by .this time and that victory would _ J .. ...nil# ’ I a IIia SotitAee ft. ■ a t.wn. COM MU TEE IS NA MED 70 ENTERTAIN GEORGIANS 8 n^rVV 0 Wfc.-Th. following comm.,,., President Anderion, of the Board of Trade, to entertain visiting Georgians on Georgia Day, June 10: . William T. Anderson. J. W. McC'airlck 8. S-No“ ,n « h0 '"'^^’ ^ h j[' n. William E. Cameron. W. H. ".■II*. S- u- ti.B N. M. £ton. william E. Cameron, w. n. «■•■»- **•>«• Galt N M. Gobi#, George Pilcher. R. D. Parrott H- B. Nlchola W. " - "V Moss, E. C. Hatch.way, J.W. Brown W ".8Me Abbot, it r Woodard, II. S. Herman and D. 8. BurwelL come In a walk to the flghttra for pro hibition." It Is expected that a large gathering of people will be present a, the Taber nacle next 'Sunday, when the iemper- ence people will hold an all-day tally. Rev. George R. Stuart will preside at the afternoon meeting, and will at ' hat time deliver his famous address cn temperance. There will be a number of E romlnent speakers present, und a bas- et dinner will be served on the Tubvr- nacle grounds. self almost night and day to a study of the question. He has compiled a mass of figures and data. Jji gll this he ha* received the ffrtlve co-operation of hla co-worker* on the commission. Th* sliding scale of rates has been considered, but will not be applied In any extensive way. The small Inde pendent lints wilt, probably be undis turbed, though a few now allowed to charge a 6-cent rat* may be cut down slightly. The final decision will be awaited with the keenest Interest by both the general public and the railroad peo- ' pie* *' bulance: both were attended by the sume surgeon: both recovered < from their wounds about the same time, and bo|h resumed buelness at the front about the same day and- fought the balance of ,h* war out very near to each other, and yet this was the first time, so far as either of the men knew, they had ever met. To use their own language, both were “high-heeled pri vates In the rear rank." Missouri headquarters are at Mur phys Hotel. Major General John B. rttoqe, who commands the Missouri di vision of Confederate Veterans, I* at the head of the delegation. Among the officers on hand were Captain John Shaull, of Vernon county: Colonel W. C. Bronaugh and Captain H. C. Gregg, of Kansas City. North Carolina headquarters at Ban ger hall Is a scans of constant liveli ness. The old boys were Ih from all parts of the old Tar Heel Stale. Georgia Delegation. Tonight the North Carolina contin gent will be tendered a reception by the North Carolina Society of Rich mond. Alabama la at Ht. Marys School, on Marshall street. “Two trains, loaded down, came In from Montgomery," said Captain C. C. Crow, "and I reckon be fore the boy* get through arriving we will have as many a* 600 Alabamans at this reunion." Captain Crow is the commander of Gordon Memorial camp at Anniston. , Georgia headquarters are at the Me chanics institute, and a large number from that state have registered, possi bly 700. Special trains from Atlanta. Savannah and Macon reached here yes- terday. Among the Georgian* registered le .. 10 O .. 25 D . 26 O — 5 ..14800 0 00000000000000000000000000 Atlanta Is responding nobly to Th# Georgian's call for funda to*send the Fifth regiment to Jamestown on Geor gia day. ... Hardly had The Georgian's message reached the street Thursday afternoon until the first response cams. Judge TRACTION CAR RAN OVER CUR Moioraan Rubbered to See Dog and Failed to Sec* Car Ahead. Elyria. Ohio, May* 31.-~Seven per sons dead, another fatally Injured and seven in a dangerous condition Is the result of a rear-end collision last night between two Cleveland. Southwestern and Columbus traction cars. b. N. Piierndflner, a motorman. Is today held on a charge of manslaugh ter. All of the dead, lived here. Several had one or both feet ampu tated. others had the|f. legs crushed. The dead and Injured were caught on the reaf plat form of the forward car. The motdrtnan. who escaped, was John R. Wilkinson', voice c.me over I thr, * ,fn " 1 wlt h mob Moicncu after tho the 'phone, contributing 110 to the fund, crash; and was located at his home to ting Branch, N. J., May 31.—Fire destroyed the costly cottage of Jacob Rothschild, In Ocean avenue today, causing four deaths, Injuries to eight other persons, some of whom will die, and Tor a lime threatening to wipe out large part of the settlement. The Rothschild cottage ha* been oc cupied by the family of Walter Schlf- fer, secretary of the United Cigar Man ufacturers' Company of New York. The dead: 1 Marlon'Schlffer.' 10 yeara old. died from Inhaling flames. Ruth Srhlffer, 14 yeans old, body found in ruins. > Tlllle Notson. servant, body found In ruins. Mary Bllger, servant, body found In ruins. , i Burned: Walter Schlffer,; bends and body badly burned In’making rescues. Mrs. Walter Sehlffer, hair burned off: face and body scorched; will prob ably die He waa followed by several others. On Friday morning Colonel Clifford An derson, commander of the regiment, re ceived a number of subscriptions from well-known business men, swelling the fund by several hundred dollars. The subscriptions obtained by him are In- Continued on Pag* Three. 000000O00000000O O00000000O o o O UNSETTLED WEATHER 0 O 8TILL PREVAILING. O 0 O 0 Unsettled weather remains vlsl- O 0 ble until Haturday afternoon, when 0 O clearing Is to be followed by cool- O 0 *r. It Is safe to predict that sum- O O mer wffl be along tom* old time. O O Forecast: O 0 "Rain Friday night, Saturday 0 O showers followed by clearing; O O slightly cooler Saturday after- 0 O noon." f O Friday temperatures: 0 7 o'clock a. m It Is no call for charity the Fifth reg iment Is making. Georgia should bo represented at the Jameatoivn Exposi tion on the stale's own day and the soldier boys who. go to add to the glory of Georgia and Atlanta should not be forced to bear thrlr own expenses. But the- fund Is. yet far from the amount needed to pay tor the trip. Col. onel Anderson places ths total amount needed, exclusive of the 11.006 given by the city,.at,11,600, and believes that there will be no difficulty In securing the sum. Certainly there should be no trouble, if other Atlantans respond as generously as those whosse names are given above. Mr. Brown’s Letter. Julius L. Brown has struck the key note In a letter to The Georgian, In closing a check for his contribution to the fund. Here Is his latter, a clarion call to Atlantans to give freely to their own regiment: To the Editor of The Georgian: You are right. The soldier boys ought by all means to go to Jamestow n. But you don't put the case strong enough. Atlanta would be disgraced If we felled to send them. They go not for a junket but to represent Atlanta and Geor gia. Let the Atlanta people remember what.these soldier bdys did last winter and not prove ungrateful. It affords me pleasure' on this, my 6»th birthday, to contribute my mite to aid them. 1 herewith Inclose my check for 110. Yours truly, JULIUS L. BROWN. day. A special grand Jury will Investigate the wreck. Motorman Fuerndelner de- dares he had run over' a dog and In looking to see how badly It was In jured he’failed to notice that the cay ahead had’stopped. Fuerndelner Jump ed before the crash and ran. Ths Dead. HENRY M. HILLINGS, aged 60. W. C,. ALLEN, Lake Shore claim agent. DONALD 8ALA, EDWARD O'DONNELL. CHARLES B. HORTON. HOMER ALLEN. EUNICE W. WURBT. Th# Injured. Marguerite Butler, aged 16, Elyria, one foot amputated, other heel crushed. Mabel Dean, aged 16. 8outh Amherst, both feet amputated. Arthur Cattlett. noth feet amputated. Jack Leslie, Carlisle, left foot am putated. •Mr*. J. ff Bala, Elyria, one leg crushed and severe Internal Injuries; will die. Will Savoy, conductor of the first car, both feat amputated. George W. C. Chamberlain, aged 30. Madlion, compound rrseture of both leg*. > r>. Cliorr-n, II. Jlrlccer. guests, and Ivan Retton, Katie Murray, Miss Srltlark, Josephine Hottman. servants, minor Injuries. Wsr* Playing Whist. Mr. and Mrs. Schlffer and their two guests were playing whljt when they smelled smoke. An Mr. Schlffer passed Into :li- kit"lien In Investigate th# stnnke the room burst out In flames. Mrs. Schlffer tried to find her way through (he dense smoke to their rooms occupied by her 'children nnd Mias Sohlark, tho governess. She was overcome by the smoke and fell heav ily against the door of the governess’ room. Miss Sehlsrk opened the door, her own room wan then being filled with smoke, and tried to lift Mrs. Schlffer. Falling, she passed a roped sheet about her body, nnd dragged her tp a window. The fresh air revived Mr*. Schlffer and she darted back to save her children. Mother's Heroic Act Ths mother love which prompted that act of heroism may coat her her lire. The flames were then bursting through the floor and as she passed them, her garments caught fire. Dashing Into the room occupied by little Marlon, she grabbed her up from the bed which was then burning and ran down the stairs and out onto the lawn. The night gown .'of the child was then burned off and Mr*. Bchlff- er's clothes were nflro from her feet to her neck. A dozen men relieved . the frantic woman of the child nnd rolled her In the damp grass smothering the flames. Father Falls Exhausted. Mr. Schlffer fought the flames and rushed through the house getting out the occupanta until he fell from ex haustion, hla rlothes ablaze, and was carried to the Helmendlnger cottage. When the flames were at their height th* wind spread them to the handsome residences adjoining, one owned by the Simon Stemberger es tate, nnd the other by Jarob Cohn. Both the Wolfe and Cohn families got out safely though they had narrow es capes. It was estimated that the dam- age to them was almost equal to the loss of the Rothschild villa. The loss will reach 1260,000 on the three build ing*. . ' 0000000000000000000000000O o o a ROOSEVELT TALK8 O O ABOUT THE BABY CROP. 0 0 President Roosevelt, in his 0 0 speech at Lansing, Mich., today O 0 tells tbs farmers of the United O 0 States that the "baby crop Is the- 0 O best crop of air to raise on the O O farnt. His talk Is about "The O O Man Who Work* With His O O Hands." O 0 For story, tee page 2 O 00OO0C«0000000uOO0000000O0 0 1 o'clock a. m.. O 9 o'clock a. m.. C 10 o’clock a. m. . O il o’clock a. m.. O 12 o'clock noon.. O l o'clock p. m.: t o'clock p. jni.., O RACE RESULTS. , TORONTO. , First Race—Elllcotl. 10 to 0. won; 0 1 Walton, 4 to 1, second; Zellna, 1 to 2, „ . 01 third. ..01 degrees, o Second Race—Canobla Lake, 7 to ..00 degrees. O io. won; Sir Balln. 7 to 6, second; -.70 degrees. 0 Mollere. 4 to L third. ..71 degrees. O BELMONT. O First Race—Grimaldi. 16 to 10. wop;, O! Ktamesha, 2 to 6. seond; Marster. l O lob third. Tim# 1:28. 0 1 Second Race -Marbles. 4 to I. won: 0 i Glorious Uetsy, 1 to |, second; Fondello, ..74 degrees. . .76 degrees. ..77 degrees. ...71 degrees. V00P000OO0O00O00O0000000OO 4 to 1. third. Time, :Wl-6- Growth and Progress of the, New South The Georgian records her# etch ilsjr suns BY JOSEPH B. LIVELY. J. E. Linder antl.W. T. Johnson are very busy making their prepa rations lo Install one of the nicest and mpst up-to-date Ice plants and steam, laundries.In (his section of,the state. They.think that they will be .ready to have the machinery In operation by June It. This is - ,me- thlng (not Hartwell has long needed. ther The-Fitzgerald, Oellla and Broxton Railroad Company-was a charter by Hecretary of Btat* Philip Cook yesterday. This Is of the small railroad lines which are springing up In abundance in south Georgia, end rapidly developing that section of the state. This new line Is about 10 mils* long, passing through the counties of Ben Hill, Irwin, Coffee and Turner, and connecting the cities of Ash- burn. Fltsgerald, Oellla and Brpxton. Its principal office Is at Fltzsemld. The capital itock of tho company is 3100.600, with the usual privi- lece of Increase, snd among the Incorporators appear many known In the southern section of the state. Including J. A. and H. J. Gulncy, of Oellla; H. C. McFadden and J. G. Knapp, geraltl; J. J. Dormlny and others, of Broxton. Henders of Fltz- 8ome ld*a of the rapid development of Mansfield, Ga. and immedi ate section may be gained by reference to a real estate deal re. ent!v con summated by E. I,. Almand. Fer a 100-acre tract of Und belonging to Hon. G. C. Adams and Professor J. H. Adams, situated a few miles north of-Mansfield. Mr. Almand paid the fancy price of 330 an acre, the pur chase representing an Investment of 19,000. Nearly half the lumber of the country Is now cut In t!.« Houtb. The Manufacturers Record, the annual output of this section being ued at about 3300,000,000. aye -■ I, 1.—-