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th ■ public service, anil the country has al
eadv felt the ii jurious effects of their coin- !
bineil influence. They succeeded in obtain
in rat irisf o duties bearing most op, re sive
jy on th_-agricaltunng and laboring clas*es
of society, ard pro lacing a revenue that could
not be usefully employed within the range of
the powers conferred upon Congre-s; and, in
order to as ten upon the people tills unjust
and unequal system of taxation, extravagant
sebenes of internal improvement were got
up, in various quarters, to squander the mon
ey, and to purchase support. Thus, one un
constitutional measure was intended to be 1
uphold by another, an 1 the abuse of the pow
er of taxation was to be maintained by usurp
ing the power of expending th; money m in
ternal improvements. You cannot have for
gotten the severe an 1 doubtful struggle
through which we passe;!, when the Execu
tive Department ot the Government, oy its
veto, endeavored to arrest this prodigal scheme j
of injustice, and to bring back the legislation
•f Congress to the boundaries prescribed by
the Constitution. The good sense and prac
tical judgment of the people, when the sub
ject was brought before them, sustained the
course of the Executive; and this plan of un
constitutional expenditure for the purposes of
corrupt influence is, I trust, finally over- ;
thrown.
The result of this decision has beers felt in
the rapid extinguishment of the public debfi
and the large accumulation of a surplus in
the Treasury, notwithstanding the tariff was ;
reduced, and is now very far below the amount
originally contemplated by its advocates. But,,
rely upon it, the design to collect an extrava
gant revenue, and to burden you with taxes
beyond the economical wants of the Govern
ment, is not yet abandoned. The various in
terests which have combined together to im
pose a heavy taritf, and to produce an over
flowing Treasury, are too strong, and have
too much at stake, to surrender the contest
The corporations and wealthy individuals who
are engaged in large manufacturing estab
lishments, desire a high tariff to increase ,
their gains. Designing politicians will sup
port it, to conciliate their favor, and to obtain
the means of profuse expenditure, for the
purpose of purchasing influence in other
quarters; and since the people have decided j
that the Federal Government cannot be per-j
mitted to employ its income in internal im- j
provernents, efforts will be made to seduce i
and mislead the citizens of the several Stater,:
by holding out to them the deceitful prospect
of benefits to be derived from a surplus reve
nue collected by the General Government,
and annually divided among the States, And ]
if, encouraged by these fallacious hopes, the 1
States should disregard the principles of econ
omy which ought to characterize every Re
publican Government, and should indulge in
lavish expenditures exceeding their resources,
they will, before long, find themselves oppres
sed with debts which they are unable to pay,
and the temptation will become irresistible to
support a high tariff in order to obtain a sur
plus for distribution. Do not allow’ yourselves,
my fellow citizens, to be misled on this sub
ject The Federal Government cannot col
lect a surplus for such purposes, without vio
lai .i g ihe principles of the Constitution, and
assuming j owers which have not been grant
ed. It is moreover, a system of injustice, and
it’ persisted in, will inevitably lead to corrup
tion, and must end in ruin. Tha surplus rev
enue will be drawn from the pockets of the
p.• >ple, from ihe farmer, ihe mechanic, and
the tailoring classes of society; but who will
receive it when distributed among the States,
where it is to be disposed of by leading State
politicians who have friends to favor and politi
cal p:> ri is,ms to gratify? It will certainly not be
returned to those who paid it, and who have
most need of it, and are honestly entitled to
it. There is but one safe rule, and that is, to
confine the General Government rigidly
w - bin the sphere of its appropriate duties. It
has no power to raise a revenue, or impose
taxes, except for the purposes enumesated in
the Constitution; ami if its income is found
tv) exceed these wants, it should be forthwith
reduced, and the burdens of the people so far
lightened.
lii reviewing the conflicts which have ta- j
ken place between different interests in the 1
United States, and the policy pursued since
the adoption of our present form of Govern- 1
meat, we find nothing that has produced such
deep-seated evil as the course of legislation
in relation to the currency. The Constitution
of the United States unquestionably intended
to secure to the people a circulating medium
of gold and silver. But the establishment of
a National Bank by Congress, with ihe privi- ■
lege of issuing paper money receivable in the !
payment of the public dues, and the unfortu- j
nate course of legislation in the several States |
upon the same subject, drove from general
circulation the constitu'ional currency, and
substituted one of paper in its place.
It was not easy lor men engaged in the
ordinary pursuits of business, whose attention
had not been particularly drawn to the sub
ject, to foresee all the consequences of a cur
rency exclusively of paper, and w j ought no',
on that account, to be surprised at the facility
with which laws were obtained to carry into
effect a paper system. Honest, and even en
lightened men, are sometimes misled by the
specious and plausible statements of the de
signing. But experience has now proved the
mischiefs and dangers of a paper currency;
and it rests with you to determine whether
the proper remedy shall be applied.
The paper system being louuded on public
confidence, and having of itself no intrinsic
value, it is liable to gre.at and sudden fluctua
tions; thereby rendering property insecure,
and the wages of labor unsteady and uncer
tain. The corporations which create the pa
per money cannot be relied upon to keep the
circulating medium uniform in amount. In
times of prosperity, when confidence is high,
they are tempted, by the prospect of gain, or
by the influence of those who hope to profit
by it, to extend their issues of paper beyond
the bounds of .discretion, and the reasonable
demands of'business. And when these is
sues have been pushed on, from day to day,
until public confidence is at length shaken,
Jthen a reaction takes place, and they immedi
ately withdraw the credits they have given;
suddenly curtail their issues; and produce an
unexpected and ruinous contraction of the
circulating medium, which is fell by the whole
community. The banks, by this means, save
themselves, and the mischievous consequen
ces of their imprudence or cupidity are visit
ed upon the public- Nor does the evil stop
here. These ebbs and flows in the currency,
and these indiscreet extensions of credit,
naturally engender a spirit of speculation in
jurious.to the habits and character of the peo
ple. We have already seen its effects in the
•wild spirit of speculation in the public lands,
and various kinds of stock, which, within the
last year or two,seized upon such a multitude
of our citizens, and threatening to pervade all
•classes of society, and to withdraw their at
tention from the sober pursuits-of honest in
dustry. It is not by encouraging this spirit
that we shall best preserve public virtue and
.promote the true interests of our country.
Blit il your currency continues as exclusive
ly paper as it now is, it will foster ibis eager
desire to amass wealth whhout labor; it will
multiply the number of dependents cn bank
accomm dalions and bank favors; the tempta
tion too n money at any sacrifice will be
come sir ger acd stronger, and inevitably
lend to . option, which will find its way in
to your j ib!.o councils, and destroy, at *m dis
tant (1 V, the purity of our Government Some
of the •• - is which arise frem th s system ot
piper, oress, with peculiar hardship, upon the
class „f- -c.:et/ least abb to bear it. A por
tion c th- ■ currency frequently becomes de
provia oh • -.vor.li' cs?, and all ot -it is easily
~ - a * inner as to require
,-Ai experience tedFtin
guish tha counterfeit from the genuine note.
These frauds are most g j?en”y perpe'rato !
in the smaller notes, which are used ci s-.e
daVy transactions ox onto; :> basins “, and
he losses oc asioee i ! y V; .re -■ ■ : y
thrown upon ti e n, r,. ; las. .-Ay,
whose si.uat.on arsl purs i.ts pu-.. <-• dth r
power to guard themselves from hose nape* - •
lions, and whose daily wages are a a.usury
for the.r subs.s'.a: ce. It. is • e duty ‘ every
Government so to regui. ers currency as so
protect this numerous cl. • as ■ ■ x:a
----i bit from the imp s. ioi.s ■ -t .•••! fraud.
■lt is more c?p:?ab/ dot? * tbe i : -*nci
States, whes ■:■-
ly the Gover ic..- .f it; -.>.••> ■. ‘• a'‘re
this respect.) i k* m -.r •.*].* • $-•.
proudly uis ingu : i r: ■• .*# - ~s- <
ses oi all other a s, ct i r ; . L
spirit, their love of liberty, their intelligence, !
and their high tone of moral character. Their I
• industry, in peace, is the source of our wealth; j
and their bravery, in war, has covered us’
j with glory; and the Government of ’he Uni
ted fJa.es will but ill discharge its duties if
it leaves them a prey tc such dishonest impo
sitions. Yet it is evident ‘hat their internals
|cannot bo effectually p-we tel, unless silver
and gold are res 4 ore J to c re*, i ition.
These views •dene, t : *e ;:.per r.•• .y,
j are sufficient ■■■ n ; Z-r ironm-La e *;
; out them io .■ iier ct. . ; - .’V.ict*
should more •fir ,-.; n: ■ •, ,r
I at'ention.
Recent eveivs : ? prove! rim ■,■■■■ . .per
■ money system >. : b itr; ■*, n*(A as
jan engine to .nik ir,.;, -
1 and that those wi, ; ■ *nvrt • all pow
er in the hands of vm ‘* w, md t= * g.-verv by
corruption or force, arc aw. ; ; < ‘ -- r.
I and prep - red tc employ it, . • i a. : - ■
‘furnish your only circulating medim--, ?* ?
i money in plenty or scarce, accord.<v -ho
(quantity of notes issued by them. ■ A
| they have capitals not greatly dispivi ■ -si
to each other, they are compel! ors in
j ness, and no one of them can oxciv se ir.nniu
j ion oyer the rest; and alihough, in the pre
sent state of tha currency, these banks may
and do operate injuriously upon tho habits of
business, tha pecuniary concerns, and the
! moral tone of society; yet, from their num
j her and dispersed situat on, they cannot cona
| bine for the purposes of political influence;
and whatever may be the dispositions of some
of them, their power of mischief must neces
sarily be confined to a narrow space, and felt
only in their irnmedia'e neighborhood.
But when the charter for the Bank (f the
United Elates was obtained from Congress,
j it perfected the schemes of the paper system,
and gave to its advocates the position they
| have struggled to obtain, from the commence
ment of the Federal Government down to the
present hour. The immense capita!, and
peculiar privileges bestowed upon if, enabled
it to exercise despotic sway over the other
banks in every part of tho country. From its
superior strength, it could seriously injure, if
not destroy, the business of any one of them
which might incur its resentment; and if
openly claimed for itself the power of regula
ting the currency ihroughout the Uni'ed
States. In other words, it asserted (and it
undoubtedly possessed) the power to make
money plenty or scarce, at its pleasure, at
any time, and in any quarter of the Union, by
controlling the issues of other banks, and
permitting an expansion, or compelling a gen
eral contradiction, of the circulating medium,
according to its own will. The other bank
ing institutions were sensible of its strength,
and they soon generally became its obedient
instruments, ready at all times, to execute its
mandates; and with the banks necessarily
went, also, that numerous class of persons in
our commercial cities, who depend altogether
on bank credits for their solvency and means
of business; and who are, therefore, obliged,
for their own safe!}', to propitiate the favor of
the money power by distinguished zeal and
devotion in service. The result of the ill
advised legislation which established this
great monopoly was,to concentrate the whole
moneyed power of the Union, with its bound
less means of corruption, and its numerous
dependants, under the direction and command
| of one acknowledged head; thus organiz ng
• this particular interest as one body, and se
curing to it unity aud concert of action
: throughout tho United States, and enabling
it to bring forward, upon any occasion,
its entire and undivided s reng h to sup
port or defeat any measure of the Govern
ment. In the hands of th : s formidable
power, thus perfectly organized, was aso
: placed unlimited dominion over the amount of
! the circulating medium, giving it the power
|to regulate the value of property and the
j fruits of labor in every quarter of she Union;
! and to bestow prosperity, or bring ruin, upon
I any city or section of the country, as might
i best comport with its own imeresi. or policy.
! We are not left to conjecture how the mo
-1 nied power, thus organized, and with such a
weapon in hs hands, would be likely to use it.
j The distress and alarm which pervaded and
agitated the who ; e country, when the Bank
ot the United 8 ates waged war upon the
i people, in order to compel them ,o submit to
is demands, cannot yet be mr gotten. The
I ruthless and unsparing temper with < h.vh
| whole cities and communities were oppressed,
! individuals impoverished and ru :ij<j, and a
’ scene of cheerful prosperity suddenly chaug
; ed into one ot gloom and ies.*o*i*!er; ,- } ought
to be indelibly impressed on ’ ; memory of
the people of the United States. If such
was Its power in time of peace, nh v voul-i
lit not have been .i a -easou of ;v , .%• th ::t
enemy at your door:- < Ton-even but the free
j men of tho United S. vrs < • •nU he ■ come
! out victorious ;rom na c- ot c s'.; <t } f < ,$j
j had not conquered, the Gm ■rnrm: t •. >;. ]
j h ive passed fro- \ :h> h • i v
! the hands of the ;■ n ; VS vv ■ - ;
i ney power, from - 1 cn .i- . .
; have dictated the rh .• : o >. •. ••. ...
leers, and compel- • • • •
| war, as best sum : id - ■> u v
i forms of your G or ;
i have remained; .
1 have departed ‘r :
! The distress
peopie by the Bat • •
i that system and
s’ riving to enia ‘
! al Goverume: •
j Constitution.
instrument do ; i
! right to esf.abi.sii ; i- ••••; •• An •• -
Bank of the Uni o i ’ i o-■
sequences which foil wed, .
(the danger of departing front th:
j construction, and of perm! ■ ■ v .
cumstances, or the hope n.-
| the public welfare, to inti save, n; a
j our decisions upon the extent of ho Ary
of the General Government. L A i-y
! the Constitution as it is writ .en, i .ml ir,
! in the unconstitutional mode, if it is defecitve.
The severe lessons of experience ..'ill, 1
i doubt no 4 , be sufficient to prevent Congress
i from again chartering such a monopoly, even
h the Constitution d.d not present, sin insuper
able objection to it. But you must remember,
Imy fellow-citizens, that eternal vigilance bv
the people is the price of liberty; and that
you must pay the price if you wish to secure
ihe blessing. It behooves you therefore, to
Le watchlul in your Stales, as well as in the
Federal Government. The power which the
moneyed in-erest can exercise, when concen
trate! under a single head, and with our pre
system to currency, was sufficiently de
monstrated in the struggle made by the Bank
of the United States. Defeated in the Gen
|-eral Governmea f , the same class of intriguers |
an i politicians will now resort to the States., ‘
and endeavor to obtain there the same organi
zation .which they failed to perpetuate in the ‘
Union; and with specious and deceitful plans
of public advantages, and State interests, and
State prid?, they \vi!l endeavor to establish,
in the di.varenl S.atcs, one monied institu ion ‘
with overgrown cap.ta), ani exclusive privi-j
leg ‘s sufficient to enable it to control the ope- j
rations o; rhe oJier banks. Such an institu
tion will be pregnant with the same evils pro
dace-1 by tiie Bank ot the Uni'ed States, al
though its sphere of action is more confined,
anti j.i ihe B..ate in which it s ( bartered, the
money power will be able to embody its whole
strength, nod to move together with undivid
ed force, to accomplish any object it may wish
to att-.in. You have already had abundant
ec deuce of i‘s power to inflict injury upon the
agricuitnra ! , mechanical, and laboring classes
or society;; id over those whose engagements
i. ‘ raJe <;r spa-; ulatibn reader them dependent
■*i *: k -icilifes, -be dominm-i cf the State
• . ; . i: alsoiate, and their obedience
.. .::.mied. v, it.ii such a Bank .nd a paper
j currency, the money power would, in a few
1 years, govern the State and control its meas
| ure.; and if a sufficient number of States can
be induced to create such establishments, the
rima will soon cento when it will again take
,lne field against the Um'cJ States, and suc
’ ceed in peri eofiret and perpetuating its organi
! nat.cn by a char er from Congress
I. s one m i * serious e\ i‘g o* our i.resent;
’ sys'em ot Lankin;--, tha; ••.uiabk-s one class :
;>. - --I’ ie-y —: (id ti) at by no means a numerous .
(one —by its coiiti-.'l over the currency, to act |
injuriously upon the inleroste of all the nth- i
j ers, md to o ver.; hc more ilctn ins just propor
fi: nos ivriucuf e.n political aiuirs. The ag
: ricuifura 1 , the mechanical, and the laboriiig
| classes, have- iivt’.s or no share in the direction
;; f die preat mtneyed corj.~*:&s uns; and from
t isii habits, aafi the naluie oi their pursuit-,
... a* • icapabls of forming ixtensivecom
; i nit: tii-", .u-; toge..her with united force.
. 5..; h V'C •: of action may sometimes be
-i : sinu-Ja city, rin a small dis-
I r.ct •• ti’ r>., , : y rr.aaus of personal commu
; lucaflccs • each other; but they have no
regular x a- ,ve ci rrespor ejence with those
| who are engaged with similar pursuits in dis
j ta;* places; hey have but little patronage to
ve o the press, and ex? rcise but a sms 1 share
of influence'over ifi they ha e no crowd of
dependants about them, who hope to grow
rich without labor, by their countenance and
Laver, and who are, ii.ere'ore, always ready to
execute their wishe-5. The planter, the farm
er, the mechanic, and: he laborer, all know that
their success depends upon their own industry
and economy, and that they must not expect to
become suddenly rich by the fruits cf their
toil. Yet these classes of soc efy form the
great body of the pao; le of the United States;
they are the bone and sinew of the country;
men who love liberty, and desire nothing but
equal rigidb and equal laws, and who, more
over, hold l lie great mass of our national wealth,
although it is distributed in moderate amounts
among the millions qf freemen whe possess it.
But with overwhelming numbers and wealth
on their side, they are in constant danger of lo
sing their la ; r influence in the Government,
and with difficulty maintain their just rights
against the incessant efforts daily made to en
croach upon them. The mischief springs
from the power which the moneyed interest
derives from a p aper currency, which they are
able to control; from the multitude of corpora
tions, with exclusive privileges, which they
have succeeded in obtaining in the different
Slates, and which are employed altogether for
then- benefit; and unless you become more
watchful in your States, and check this spirit
of monopoly, and th rst for exclusive privile
ges, you wiß, i n the end, find that the most
important powers of Government have been
given or bartered away, and the control over
your dearest interests lias passed into the hands
of these corporations.
The pap er money system, and its natural
associates, monopoly and exclusive privileges,
have already struck their roots deep in the
soil; and it will require all your efforts to
check its further growth, and to eradicate the
evil. The men who profit by the abuse?, and
desire to perpetuate them, will continue to
besiege tiie halls of legislation in the Gener
al Government as well as in the States, and
will seek, by every artifice, to mislead and de
cei-e the public servants. It is to yourselves
that you must look for safety, and the means
of guarding and perpetuating your free institu
tions. In your hands is rightfully placed the
sovereignty of the country, and to you every
one p;aced in authority is ultimately responsi
ble. It is always in your power to see tint
the wishes of the pe- pie are carried into faith
ful execution, and their will, when once made
known, must sooner or later be obeyed. And
while the people remain, as I trust they ever
w ill, uncorrupied and incorruptible, and con
tinue watchful and jealous of their rights, the
Government is safe, and the cause of freedom
will continue to triumph over all its enemies.
But it wiil require steady and persevering
exertions on your part to rid yourselves of the
: iniquities and mischiefs of the paper system,
| an-! to check the spirit of monopo y and other
j abuses which have sprung up with it, and of
j which it is the main support. So many intcr
-1 ests are united to resist ail reform on this sub
ject, that you must not hope die conflict will
;e a short one, nor success easy. My humble
ebons have not been spared, during my ad
n nisi ration or the Government, to restore the
coustitu ioual currency of gold and silver; and
, something, I trust, has been done towards the
accomplishment or this most desirable object.
But enough yet remains to require all your
; energy and perseverance. The power, how
| ever, is in your hands, and the remedy must
am! wilt be applied, if you determine up.
. on i-1.
V-. !. (amth is midsHvoi n; ; to press upon
y't'-’.ii ... ■ r. a a ■ e r.'v? •. .? vauii i ueem oi.
ic concerns of
’ ■ ••l■ r : ■ to j ver, without
? • \ ? npai'aff •, which
yore ‘ • :,y <<v. ards foreign
vers It a-ttnqu mr true i l er
rata .■ ■ . under i kl
- u ni ! ion, ana lo avo.d, t.-y every
S -the calamities of v. ai; and
1 ? ; s • Nicer by frankness
■ our ei|. utt rcourse, j -
■ .non of treaties, and
aru !it y m our conduct t o ail.
■ ■ a-?■ ?la •a i desirous ol peace, can
or i. a • .-)••,.•! collisions with of her
“ii san fidsdictates ol policy
: ‘ ■ -■■■ ‘ ‘ ■ e ■■urselves in a
■ ■ ■ r . ~ ; a. e tto
• - Oar lo
- : s-3 -cost, indent
•y>'. ••.?!• doep tavers opening
e? ; s o r extended and
• “ :.n-ee, point, to the navy as
’ ‘ - 1 i-eience. It wii l , in the
and, U ‘ ■ ? ■ tiie l aa.ape.-; and most ef
•v*???; and ; • \ the tune, in a season of
peace, an i wail: n overflowing revenue, that
vv-j car;, year -o',?: year, .add to its strength,
without iiacre: sail the burdens of the people,
it is your true q><Tic y. For your navy will not
only protect your rich and flourishing com
[merce in distant seas, but will enable you to
reach and annoy the enemy, and will give tc
defence its groates* efficiency, by meeting dan
ger at a distance from home. It is impossible,
by any line of fortifications, to guard every
point from attack against a hostile force ad
vancing from the ocean and selecting- its ob
ject; but they are indispensable to protect ci- 1
ties from bombardment: dock yards aud naval
arsenals from destruction; to give shelter to
merchant vessels i.i time of war, and to single
ships of weaker squadrons when pressed by .
superior force. Fortifications cf this descrip
tion cannot be too soon completed and armed,
and placed in a condition of the most perfect
preparation. The abundant means we now
possess cannot be applied in any manner more
useful to the country; and when this is done,
and cup naval force sufficiently strengthened,
and oyr militia armed, we need not fear that i
any nation will wantonly insult us; or need
lessly provoke hostilities. -We shall mere
! certainly preserve peace, when it is well an- j
derstood thnt we are prepared ior war.
i In presenting to you, my fellow-citizens,
these parting counsels, I have brought before
you the leading principles upon which I en
deavored to administer the Government in the
high office with which you twice honored me.
Knowing that the path of freedom is contin
ually beset by enemies, who often assume the
disguise of friends. I have devoted the last
hours of my public- life to warn you of the
dangers. The progress of the United States,
under our free and happy institutions, has
surpassed the most sanguine hopes of the
founders of tiie Republic. Our growth has
been rapid beyond a 1 former example, in num
bers, in wealth, in knowledge, and ail the use
ful ar‘s which contribute to r e comforts and
I convenience of man; and from the earliest
j ages of history to the present day, there ne
j ver have been thirteen millions of people as
sociated together in one political body who
enjoyed so much freedom and happiness as
I the people of tiie United States. You have
no longer any cause to fear danger from
i abroad ; your strength and power are well
| known throughout the civilised world, as well
I s the high and gallant bearing of your sons.
’ it is from within, amodg yourselves, from cu
! pldity, from corruption, from disappointed am
| bitioa aud inordina'e thirst for power, that fac
tions will be formed and liberty endangered.
( 1” is agam3tbiich design?, whatever disguise
I tire decors may assume, that youliavo espe
cially lo guard themselves. You have the
highest oi human trusts committed to yotti
i car3.. Providence has showered on this fa
’ vore-d land blessings without number, and has
j chosen you as the guardians cf freedom, to
( preserve it lor rhe benefit of the human race.
May He who holds in his hands the destinies
of mi ions make you worthy of the. favors He
las bestowed, and enable v u, with pure
hears and pur? hands, and sleepless vigilance,
to guard aud defend to the end of time the
great charge He lias committed to your keep-
ng.
My Own race is nearly run ; advanced ago !
and failing health warn me that be lore long
I must pass beyond the reach of human even; s,
and cease to feel the vicissitudes of human
affairs. I thank God that iny life has been
spent in a land of liberty, and that He lias
given me a heart to love my country with the
affection of a son. And, filled with gratitude
for your constant and unwavering kindness, 1
bid you a last aud affectionate farewell.
AN DRAW JACKSON.
THE OUTFIT OF A WHALER.
The outfit required lor a whaling ship con
st!'utes no inconsiderable item of the expense,
amounting in a vessel which is fitted out for
a three years voyage, to no less a sum than
SIB,OOO, while tiie hull not unfrequently costs
$22,000 more, while many have sailed whose
total cost does not vary far from $60,000.
Tiie principal kind of provisions required for
the crew upon their voyage, consists of beet
and pork, bread,molasses, peas, beans,coin,
potatoes, dried apples, coffee, tea, chocolate,
butler, besides from three to lour thousand
casks, made from white oak, and a quantity
of spare duck, cordage, and other articles
which may be required in the course of the
voyage. In a ship which mans four boats,
from thirty to thirty two men are employed.
The contract entered into between the crew
and the owners of the ship, and contained in
the sh pp ng articles that are required to I e
sgued by each sailor, makes it binding on the
owners to provide the ship and ali ihe neces
sary outlays of the voyage; a;.d upon the crew
to perform their duty on board the ship, obey
ing all proper orders to the end of the voyage,
Asa compensation, they are entitled to such
part of the oil, or whatever else may he ob
tained, as shall be agret ti upon lor their ser
vice-; and if in case of death or accident,
any portion of the creiv is unable !o perform
b s part of the voyage, they or their !e<ial
representatives are empowered to draw in
their own rigid, whatever of compensation
would i ave fallen to their shate had the voy
age been completed, this compensation being
proportioned to the time they sl all have ser
ved. The “lays,” or shares of the cnpiain,
officers and crew, are measured by ihe amount
e.f tht ir experience and value in the v.wage.
When wages, however, are high in N York
or Boston, seamen are difficult to le procu
red. These lavs are ol course depending
upon various circumstances; but generally
the ca tain’s lay h one seventeenth part
of ail which is obtained; the first officer’s one
twenty eighth par'; the second officer’s one
forty-fifth; the third, one sixtieth; the boat
steerer draws from an eightieth to a hundred
and twentieth, and the common sailor before
the mast, from a hundred and twentieth to a
hundred and fiftieth, according to his experi
ence and activity and strength. On the out
ward passage, the crew are divided into two
watches, similar to those which exist in the
merchant service.
Our American whaling ships generally pass
to the Par, lie by way of Cape Hive; others
go by the eastern route, south of New Hol
land; others pursue tiieir game in the Indian
Ocean, the vicinity of Madagascar and the
Red Sen, reach the Pacific lluough the straits
of Timor, between New Gu nea and ihe Pe
!ew Islands, and a Ivance onward to the coast
of Japan. By these adventurous mariners,
every part of the Pacific is explored, and ma
ny nriv discoveries are made, which are of
great service t>> the cause of naviguiion.
Hunt's Merchant's Magazine.
From the New York Sun.
TIIE NEW WAR, STEAMER.
Deeming that a few additional particulars
respecting the war steamer now building a;
tiie Navy Yard may he interesting, 1 enclose
(you i Uriel account of her internal arrange-
I merits, without being particular as to dinjen
Miens. Commencing then below the orfip
| deck, forward, first of all is the light room,
i for the forward magazine, extending from
‘side to side, and next tiie fore magazine.
Next to the magazine, and separated bv a
■ solid bulkhead, is a shell room about five feet
oi width, for containing die hollow shot for
Paixlia id’s guns, of which ,t is intended, pro-
I babiy, that the vessel is to cany ten ; and, en
; passant, it may he well to remaik, that these
gnus properly managed hid fair ! ■ be one of
| the most destructive implements of modern
I warfare.
Next to the shell room are the pump we! s.
ami next to the first water-tight non
j bulkhead, extending from the ket-l of the vc?
sel to the berth deck. Adjoining this is a large
| apartment, nearly twenty let t in width, for
[water, provisions and coal; anil again ano
ther bulkhead, extending as before from th?
( bulkhead to the berth deck. Alt of this ;
another large apartment tor contaiuining co,fl.
extending back lo the third non bulkhead,
‘and occupying, with the engines, boilers, and
| their dependencies, a space in tiie body of the
| vessel ot'about 93 (eet. Unmedi-.wlv abaft
| the third iron hu khead is slid another space
! for coal, and adjoining this is a large apurt
( meat lor containing dry provisions, See.
Next to this is an apartment for water and
I provisions, and adjoining tjiis again is another
I shell room.
Proceeding aft is the spirit room, where are
; kept tlie ship's spirits, purser’s sun | stores,
Slc. Sic. Adjoining this, and separated bv
another solid bulkhead, is the at’er maga
zine ; anil abaft of all,extending to lliestern
ot tiie vessel, the light room to this maga
zine.
Beginning forward again, on the nrlo;
deck, first are the store rooms for the ddi’-r
eut warrant officers, sailmakers, boatswain
Stc. extending to the first iron
bulkhead.
PI ten the coal hunks, engines, boilers, &,o.
occupying, as before stated, a space of 03
feet out of the bo ty of’he vessel.
Next to these !s a iaige space for iby” pro
visions and coal; and at j. imcg this, on hot!
are state rooms tor the various depart
ments, as may be required.
Proceeding s : id at , ate the sail rooms, nexi
a tailing on t i.e orlop deck, anil adjoining
ih.s, and extending to the sh in of the vessel,
is the bread room, about 1-25 leet in leng h.
Going lorward agaui on tlie beith-dcek,
theie is a clear space of about 90 feet in
length, for working the chain cables, capstan,
Sic. and tor the crew io sleep in. This por
tion ot the vessel is pernaps mine coml’ta-
ble for the crew titan that <>( any other vessel
iii the set vice, being tiiglt, light, airy and con-
venient.
Abe smoke pipe (for there is to be but
one) is forward of the mainmast, and just
abalt the wheel house. The galley for cook
ing is near this.
Next, :n going aft, are the pursers store
rooms and armory, on the larboard side ; and
on the starboard side, store rooms for the
master and marines, each ten feet wide.
Adjoining these are the engineer’s rooms,
on the starboard sidt; and opp rite these the
apartments lor forward officers, and ten feet
and two inches wide.
Next to these, on each side, are the apart
monts for the midshipmen, each 11 feet wide;
■nj next to these the W3td room for the
iteutena pti r. &c. containing eight state
room h six let t three inches wide.
Vh-.o’t <*i all is the cabin for the command
er, utm-iy twenty livt in length,and extending
to the stern of the vessel.
On the spar deck, with the exception of the
capstan and armament, there wif he a e'ear
deck of upwards of two hundred arid fifty
feet in length. She will be rigged as a
ship, and it is intended that in ease of any
acchlent to the machinery when at sea, she
will he able to compete in sailing with any
regular ship rig. ed vessel.
The expense of building this vessel will ex
ceed half a million of dollars, hut this enor
mous outlay has been made up not 1 om what
such a vi ssel actually would cost, hut Irom
the tact of the ship's being as it were an ex
periment.
Although the model of this ship is allowed
on all hands to he perfect, still it is to the en
gines that most is looked for, they being pure
ly of American invention, and should they
surceed, as these can scarce he a doubt, it
will be a great trium, h for American genius
and enterprise.
The pumps for this vessel also are of a
new description, there being six of Ma ’
patent reciprocating pumps, of nine and
twelve inch chandler, calculated to throw an
immense body of water at each stroke.
As to the armament, as far as ascertaine
it is probable that she will carry ten of Paix
harnV* celeb, a ted guns for giving hollow shot,
two of ten inches, and eight inch calibre.
The remainder of the batttry wdl be com
pored of heavy metal.
Her crew and officers, when manned for
sea, will b.° two bundled in all, and if nothing
unusual occurs, the English and other naval
forces in (he i'Hedllerranian, may one of
these days have the pleasure of seeing
among them an American armed steamer
that will putin the stride their uncouth, un
gainly vessels.
There are at present nearly two hundred
men at wink on her caulkers carpenters,
j liners, machinists, 3vc. and if it should he so
determined by the authorities at head quar
ters, she can be launched at a week’s not Inc,
and indeed it is more than Mispected that
this month will see her floating on the element
fir which she is destined, at and to which she is
an ornament.
CROSSING THE DELAWARE.
BY ELY MOORE.
In no instance, perhaps, was Washington’s
iiifluei.ee wth the army so strikingly mm
phfied, as in Ins attack on thet nemv at Tren
ton. O'er and o’er have I listened with in
tense anxiety, in the days of my boyhood
whilst mv now depa.t and sire, who li ught and
j bled on that proud field, recited, with thriving
interest, all that rel ied to the enterptis". It
was on a Decembei’s night (wou’d he say)
when our little lien it broktn a* my halted on
die hanks of the D, laware. That night was
dark, cheerless, tempestuous, and bore a strong
rest mhiar.ee to our country’s fortunes. It
seemed as if Heaven and earth had conspired
for our destruction. The clouds lowered
darkness and the storm came on apace. The
snow and the Ami! descended, heating with
unmitigated violence upon the supperless,
half Had, shiveringsoldier; and in the roar
ings of the flood, and the wailings of the
storm, were heard by fancy’s ear ti e knell of
our hopes, and the dirge ol"liberty. The im
petuous river was filled with floating ice: an
attempt to cross it at that time, and under
such circumstances, seemed a desperate en
terprise; yet it. was undei taken, and thanks
be to God and Washington it was accom
plished.
From where welanded on the Jersey shore
to Tien on was about nine miles, and on the
whole line of march there was scarcely a
word uttered, save by the officers, when giv
: ing some order. We were well nigh exhaust
; eif said lie, and many of us frost bitten, and
; the majority of us so had'y shod, that the
blood gushed from our frozen and lacerated
feet at every tread; yet we upbraided not,
complained not, hut matched steadily and
firmly, though mournfully onward, resolved
to perse -ere to the uttermost, not for our
country —01 r country, alas! we had given up j
for lost. Not for ourselves —ITe for us no
Inger wore a charm—but hi cause such was!
| the w ill ol'our beloved chief—’twas for Wash-!
i ington alone we were will ng to make t be sa- j
| crifice. When we arrived within sight of the |
I enemy’s encampments, we* were ordered to
form a line, when WashHgtoti reviewed us. j
Pale and emaciated,dispirited and exhausted,
we presented a most unwarlike and nn-lan-i
efioly aspect. The paternal eye of our chief
was qu ok to disco.er the ex ent of our suf
ferings, am! acknowledge them with his tears,
nut sudd, tijy checking his emotions, he ;e
----mir ded us that our country and ail that ive
j held dear, waostaked upon the comingbat
; de. As he spoke, we began to gather our
| selves up, and rally our energies; everv man
I grasped ins a ms more firmly—and the clench
ed hand, and the compressed lip, and the
steadfast look, and the knit brow, told the
soul’s resolve. Washington observed us well;
then did he exhort us withal the fervor of
t soni. ‘vii yonder field ‘<> conquer, or to
and e the death of the brave.” At that instant
the glorious sun, as if in prophetic token of
our success, hurst forth in all its spendor,
bathing in liquid light the blue hills of Jersey.
Our chief with exultation hailed the scene;
then casting ! isdoubts to the winds, and rail
ing on the 4 God of battles” and his faithful
soldiers, led oto the charge. The confl'ct
wns fierce and bloody. For more than twen
ty minutes not a gun was fired —the sabre
and the bayonet did the work of destruction;
‘twas a hurricane of fire, aid steel, and death.
T here did we stand; (w old he say.) there
did we stand ‘loot to foot, and hilt to hilt,’ with
the serried foe! and where we srood wedied
or conquered.
* Vo show the power of the Paixham guns,
a citcuntstance which occurred at Saruly
Hook, a few weeks ago, while experimenting
with these guns, may be worth mentioning.—
Com. Wadsworth and Capt. Perry, tinder
whose supervision the experiments were car
ried on, essayed to hurst one of these guns,
an-!, after repeated efforts, they only succeed
ed after loading the gun nearly to the tnuz
z'e, with thirty-five pounds of powder and
upward® of three hundred ar.d eight pounds
of iron !
1 iiN to to 0C Hto it Alii).
COiiUMBUS, DEC. 23, 1840.
“ T is Institution is one of the most deadly hostility
existing against the principles and form of our Cor.fti
iu.ion. The nation is, at this time.so strung and united
in its sentiment*, that it cannot beshuktn at this mo
meat. Hal suppose a series of uiitvwurd events should
occur, sufficient io brine into doubt the competency of u
Republican Government to meet a crisis of great dan
ger, or to unhinge the confidence of the people in the
pub ic functionaries ; an institution like tins penetrating
by its oranches every part of tlie union, acting by com
otaid and in phalanx, may in a critical moment. upset
the government. I deem no government safe, which is
undei the t assatage of any self constituted authorities,
or any other authority than that of the nation, or its reg
ular functionaries. IVhat an obstruction could n t this
Bank of the United Slal.s, with all its branch banks,
be in time of war ? It might dictate to us the peace we
should accept, or withdraw its aid. Ought u-e then to
give further growth to an institution so powerful, so
hostile, ? Tho Mas Jefferson.
FOR CONGRESS:
JOHN 11. WATSON.
COTTON.
Supply for the last week light—buyers
readily found at from 7 I-'-2 to 7 5-8.
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
We cannot insert the communication of
“Citizen” this week. Tlie subject, “Modeen
Banking,” or “A peep behind tlie curtain,”
is an important one to the country generally,
and we hope our correspondent will not drop
it until the evils complained of are remedied.
We copy the following front .he N. O.
Commercial Bulletin of the Ix2th inst. The
editor has lest the “hang” of “on di/s in sport
ing circles,” and, like our friend Webb, is as
much at fault as when that worthy wrote a
theatrical critique in advance, and owing
to indisposition of Charley Young (reqit ‘ iscat,
etc.) tlie play was changed.
The Great Race between Ganq and
Boston -— Gann the Victor.— This great mi ch
race, fer SIO,OOO a side, 4 mile heats, came
off at Augusta on the sth instant. Gaao
proved the conqueror, winning the first and
third heats.
The time was r.s follows: Ist heat, 7 min.
41 seconds—2d, 7, 40—3d, 7, 51.
Immense amounts have been st deed upon
this match throughout the Union. We are
informed that Boston bid fa:r ov. ih the last,
heat, till within a short d>ta ice of the stand, on
the last round, I e was seized with cramp,and
could not get through.
The title of tlie “Commercial Advertiser,”
published at Apalachicola,, has been changed
to “The Apalaehicolian.” James 11.. Camp
bell, Esq. Editor and Proprietor.
PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE.
We received this document early, but re
gret to say, that from various causes, we arc
unable to publish in entire. We append the
following extract; it breathes the pure spirit
of Democracy:
“That emoarrassmenfs in the pecuniary
concerns of individuals, of unexampled ex
tent and duration, have recently existed in this
j as in other commercial natrons, is undoubted
ly true. To suppose it necessaiy now to trace
reverses to their sources wou.d be a re-
Heciion on the initlligei ci of my lellow citi
zens. Whatever tiny have been the übscti
ri'y in which the 3’jhject was involved during
tlie earlier ttages of the revuls.on, there can
not now he many by whom the whole ques
tion is not fully nndeistood.
Not deeming h within the constitutional
powers of the GeiteiH Govenment to repair
privatelotsessustained hy reverses n business
Having no connexion with the public service,
e ther by direct appropriations from the Tre
asury, or by special legislation assigned to se
cure exclusive privileges and immunities to
individuals or classes in prefeience to. and at
the expet se of, the great majority necessarily
debarrtd from any paitieipaiion 111 them, no
attempt to do so has been till er made, rei o ri
mended, or encouraged, by the present Ex
ecutive.
It is believed, however, that the great pur
poses for the attainment of which the Fede
ral Government was instituted, have not been
lost sigiit of. Intri sted only with certain lim
ited powers, eautii yslv enumerated, distinct
ly specified and defined wit hi a precision and
clearness which would seem to defy miscon
struction, it has been my constant aim to con
fine myself within the limits so clearly mark
ed out, and so carefully guarded. Having
always been of opinion that the best preser
vative of tlie union of the States is to he
found in a total abs iner.ee from tlie exercise
of all doubtful powers on the pari of the Fed
eral Government, rather than in attempts to
assume them bv a loose construction of the
constitution, or any ingenious perversion of its
words, I have endeavored to avoid recom
mending any measure which I have teat on
to app-ehend woukl, in the opinion even of a i
considerable minority of my fellow citizens,
be regarded as trenching on the rights of tlie
States, or the provisions of the hallowed in
strument of our Union. Viewing the aggre
gate powers of the Federal Gov. rnment as
a voluntary concession of the Slates, it seems
to me that such only should he exercised as
were at the time intended to be giver,
I have been strengthened too, in thepro
| prietv of this course, by the conviction that
| all efforts to go beyond this, tend only to pro
duce dissatisfaction and distrmt, to excite
jealousies, and to provoke resistance. Instead
|of adding strength to the Federal Govern
ment, even when successful, they must ever
prove a source of incut able weakness by ali
i enating a portion of those whose adhesion is
indispensable to the great aggregate of united
strength and whose voluntary attachment is.
in my estimation, far more essential to the ef
ficiency ol a government strong in the lest
ol’ all possible strengtl ; the confidence and
•attachment of all those who make up its con
stituent fitments.
Thus believing, k has been mv purpose to
secure to ibe whole people,and toeveiy mem
ber ol the .confederacy, bv general, salutary, j
and equal laws atone the benefit of those re
publican institutions which it was ;he end and
aim of the constitution to establish, and the
impartial influence ol which is, in mv judg
ment indispensable to tl eir preservation. I
cannot bring myself to believe that the lasting
happiness of the people, the pros- eriiy of the
States, or the petmnnenev of their Union,
can he maintained bv giving preference or
priority to any class of citizens in the distri
bution of benefits or privileges, < :r bv the ad< p
t:on of measures which enrich on- portion of
■le Union at tlv expense of another, eor can
I see in the interference of the Federal Gov
ernment with tlie local legislation and reser
ved rights f the States arc medv for present
or a security against future dangers.'”
[communicated.]
Mr. Editor: We teg leave to announce
through your paper the name of Mr. JOHN
QUIN, as a candidate for Alderman of the 4th
Ward. Mr. Quin lias been identified with I
the interests of the city for the last ten years;,
has stood up to her through good and through
evil report; hasjshouidered his musket for her
defence, and has watched her rapid growth
and improvements with pride and pleasure. If
elected, he will discharge his duties with en
ergy and patriotism, and will prove a compe
tent and faithful Hiker. many voters.
A MEM’IED REBtffcft.
‘I he New Yoik Sun, a neutral paper, no
tices the elloits ol Gen. Dull Green, of the
Baltimore Pilot, and his coadjutors in this
State, to get up a political crusade against
the Cathelic religion and its professors in
this country, in the billowing just and strong
terms:
“The time has gone by when there is anv
thing to tear, in enlightened countries at ail
events, from the c.vil power ol the priesthood
eithei of the Romish or Protestant churches.
And if there was any cause tor fear, it would
be from the latter, rather than from the lorm
er, because they are imnu asurablv the most
numerous and powerful. But tlie pretence Is
too ridiculous to talk about. The opposition
o any union of ti e civil and ecclesiastical
I ower was planted at the very birth of this
nation. It lias grown with our growth and
strengiheied with our strength until it has
become a constituent part ol’our institutions,
and can never he separated till the whole fa
bric tails. Let ti e Pope or any other eccle
s.asttc summorf all the power he can mtisler,
and attempt to make the so much talked of
attack upon our freedom; we venture to as
s rt that wo need not go out of the pale ol
the Roman Catholic church itself to find suffi
cient fo.ee to protect us from all harm. We
have never been able todiscover but that the
members of that church were as fo.id of lib
erty as those of any other.
“We make these remarks solely to show
the ridiculous absurdity of holding up this
bugbear before the American people, and
not with any disposition to enter into religious
controversies. We meddle not with theolo
gical creeds or mailers of faith. Such sub
jects vve are contei l to leave to the Rev. John
Quincy A lams, the Rev. Dull Green, and
other < lerical gentlemen.”
From the Savannah Georgian.
FROM FLORIDA.
Capi. Smith of the steamer Cincinnati,
which boat arrived yesteid. y IVem Black
Cre k, reports that thirteen Indians, emom.
whom wete nine wart in rs, came into For
King three or lour days since, and dei.veicd
their rifles to Col. Riley.
Shipwreck. —We also learn from Capt. 8.
that the schr. Globe, from Baltimore, wit
Government Stores, was totally lost on St.
Johns Bar, on or about the Bth inst. Crew
saved.
OCS” Since the above was in type, we have
received the foU.ving letters, which confirm
the statement 1 f Capt. Smith:
J’r in our Correspondent.
FLORIDA, D.c. 9:
Sir:.—Three warriors came in at FOll
King a few days since, and agreeably to the
General’s orders have been put under guard.
They say that Haileck-tus-ta-nug-gce will
return in a few days, but are unable to as
sign any reason for his abrupt departure du
ring the progress of his recent pretended trea
ty. Tlie interpreters are till absent from
Fort King, which may,in a manner, account
for the meagre nev\3 they have communica
ted. An express-lias bieu despatched to the
General, who is now at Tampa.
Sri o’clock, P. M. Dec. 9.
Sir:—The express just arrived from Foil
King says that IS-Inihans came in this morn
ing and delivered up their aims to Col. Rilcv.
They state there are many more to come in
a lew days, f will- give you particulars by
next express..
The following is the most correct definition
of a “loafer ’ vve have si et :
“A person who begs till the tobacco he
uses; knows more people than are aequaint
ed wnli him, when he meets them—often
looking at a borrowed watch to see ti e tiim ~
anil lakes the jaj ©rs six mouths and —
lea v<’S.”
We find in D eke ns bed wmk, fl ?• ‘Old-
Curii ally Shop,” the following.slv hit at the
1 1 tV.verf:
“As doctms seldom taste dierr own preserip
fons, Mint divines do not always practice
what they preach, so lawyers are shy of Hieil
d'ing with the law on their own account,-
knowing it to be an etlg< and tool of uncertain
appi. cation, very expensive in the working
and rather remarkable for its properties of*
close shaving, than for its always shay ag tho
light j ersoii.”
From the Fedt i \ Union.
Wo have been deeply interested in the ar
gument in the House of Representatives oit
the great question, What shall be done witlV
the Central Hank! The ablest talents of
both parties are arrayed against the Bank.
The bar naturally tuin adves the speaking ta
lent of our legislative bodies, and the bar na
turally belongs to tks opponents of this
Bank.
This we soy in all charity to members of
tlie legal profession. They are, like other
men, apt to believe that which ministers to
their gain i amiot be vvrot g- They are ixt
so blind as not to see that while the Central
Bank can go on with its l ei eiu er.t operations,,
suing anl being sued, wi 1 be greatly abridg
ed in Georgia. They cannot give a cordial
support to an nstituticn founded an sucln
principles.
This may, in fac*j explain the character i ■
the disc ttssion we have witnessed. No “Seed
combination”—no hired 1 ounse!—no array < ’
salesmen or counsellors could have inoreaYy
depicted ihe evils which have resulted ire?.;
she Centra] Bank,or with more imposing tw !i
and in onation, have magnified the evils it ne
ver caused, and the mischiefs it never will
produce.
To a’l this, it may be answered, that the-
Control Bank has brought into tlie Treasury,
more than half a million of dollars of profits.
That during tlie past year, its profits have ex
ceeded ore Inn dred thous; nd dollars—tha f , at
its organization, the assets of the Treasury
were tlie most disorganized and unmanageable
in the world —that the assets have been brought
! into order or to cash, by the Central Bank—
that no public Treasury in the world has its
j accounts so correctly* kept as those of this
Slate, through its connexion with the Bank—
I that its loans to our c tizens have been the
most impartial, equal and beneficial, which
; were ever made in the world—than in its prim
j ciples and operation it is the most beneficent
j institution w hit h ever existed—that it is foun
, ded on the broad basis of identity with the in
| teres's of the middling and lower order of ci
tizens, compering a vast majority of die whole;
j and that the extension of its powers and in
| crease of its capital would opera e decidedly
I in favor of this vast and overwhelming m jo
r.ty: at and that i .sexistence c an pr ce the in
terests of hut a very small class, composed of
lawyers; money lei drr , ! am.civ, &c.
j This Institution has jneiid-j on both side.;
iin politico. The force or p- .rty did, vve have,
no doub', stifl§ tLeao fee.lags w ith many or
she Harrison lies of the House H Representa
! fives. Several, however, maintained their in
dependence, and one, in particular, dared to
say, that the Central Bank has served the
fhwe and its people, We trust that the Sen
ate will take up tins question, and decide it
iar the good of the country without regard to
party.
“I say, look keea, Sam Johnsing, vat kind
o’ wedder you call d!.-!” said Pete Gumbo
yesterday morning, hb body curled up with
the cold and his hands sunk deep in his pock
ets.
“You mean de wedder dis mornin’, does
you Atete?”
“EzaclcJy.”
“Wy’ 1 should cal! him Suddem wedder
wid Nordom j rinciples!” Sam was more
than half right.— Picayune.