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[COS AM KM IA BARTLETT -EDITOR] THE DEMOCRAT, will be published every „- .ck in Columbus. .Muscogee County, (ieorgia, Three Dollars per annum it paid in advance, O' Four Dnllvra al the end of the year. It is especiwTithat all application for subscription from a dlsTanco will be accompanied with the money, Advertisements will be inserted at reasonable rates Sales of land and negroes, by adminis trators, executors or guardians, are requited by law to be held on the first Tuesday in the month, between the hours of ten o'clock in the forenoou i, three in the afternoon, at the court house of I lie county in which the properly is situated. Notice of these sales must be given in a public Guzotlo biity days previous to the day of sale. Notice of the sale of personal property must be giver in a like manner forty days previous to the dav of sale Notice to debtors and creditors of an estate, must bo published forty days. Notice that all application will be made to the court of ordinary for leave to sell land must be published lour months. IMiOst’ EC I’Ui, l'vr publishing ut Columbus, Ga. a Political and .Vised a nevus JVV wspaj er, l" be entitled th e 1)E »1 OCIUl 1 . Jo picseming to lire puolic ns Pros pectus I'r anew paper at Columbus, the subscriber does not deem it necossaiy or fspeiiient to go inio a minute detail of his political docilities, or of ids patiicular views in regard to tiro various topics winch now engage public attention. He pre sumes that his character us an editor is too util known in Georgia to allow him to gain credit among any paity, with mere and empty promises. The public will be apt to look to the past in for tiling their estimate of the futuie, and fry that otdeal is lie willing to bellied. In thu mimeroui political discussions, which the events of t.ie day have called lorth, his opinions ol men and things have been fine ly expressed, and are doubtless familiar to many of those to whom he now looks lor patronage and soppoi t. Those who have Litlioiio uppioved of his sentiments and been satisfied witn tile manner in which he !i t., utged them, will, hu ti lists, still con tinue titeir confidence, without the lenow ill of pledges, or a lotOiui confession of faith. in reference however to the present state of parties, lie begs leave to teniain, that he trusts the absence of all political ixriiemeot, will prove propitious to the cause of trutlt; and tltat now all parties, by whatever names they tuny have been dis tinguished, will be permitted to labor for the general welfare, unobstructed by the jealousy, or the rancor of by-gone feuds. The unbeisigned will endeavor to extend Mill futtiier this cordiality of feeling, and to allay the occasional symptoms ol ex cerb bl.’oti so which a wat inly contested election may give rise; and in this, mid whatever else lie may undertake for the purpose of advancing the prospetity of the state, he v ill count on the coidial Co-operation of every good citizen, however they may Have previously diffuied on points ofpoftt toil faith. Attached to the doctrines of the Revolu tion, and holding in veneration tho memory of those lietoes and sages by whom our liberties vveio achieved, and our present admirable form of government es tablished, tho subscriber will endeavor to manifest the sincerity of his professions, by (Xciltng a feeling of tifltu bment to the Union, aud encouraging an entire cottfi deuce hi the institutions of our country, lie will inculcate thu doctrins that it is latter to bear a slight and temporary evil, against which we have a constitutional remedy, than to hazard all for which our lathers fought and so many martyrs, labor ed and bled He will not in any respect, overlook or disregard the tights or the in terests of his own state; yet lie must always viotv particular tights and interests, as re latively connected with others, attd he will never consent to tie sacrifice of a greater lur a lesser good. The subscriber will endeavor to make The Demount a vehicle of general intelli gence, and an interesting periodical to the gentleman of btet ature, tlio agriculturalist, tim merchant and the mechanic. C. E. Bartlett. To the Pui.iic. 'PHE FACULTY of llto College would ro A respectfully n,,ti:y the Parent!* ami Guardians •I ill« Students, that the conllagialien of the new < ; ultii'ig, however serious, will not interfere in the smallest degree \\ itit tin* regular duties of the College. '1 he course of instruct mu will not T)a alluded, as every aecoinn.odalioii will he ready •Or the studo, ts by the first of January. 'l he Library it j s true has l.eeu destroyed, hut we feel «juil'id, n! from the munificence of the Legislature hat the Lost* will be so far repaiied by the opening <1 die next term, as to prevent any injury atising trom its destruction. The Mathematical instru ments ran be easily replaced. The fine Fhiloao- Ij 11 . Aparatus and Chemical liislrumeuts ice jut jtj'ired, and consequently full instruction in the 1 !>u. r classes can be given. ns to tin* personal accommodation of the young r ion, difficulty will exist, us the old buiiding iort*o devoted in the residence of the two low -1 "> s es, is uninjured, and will consequently cou -1111 ad who now compose these clasos, or who lu y eoyie by the conuuenccmtnt of the next •• Iha two upper classes will bo aceomuio ‘-ucd with lodging and study to nus in private • mini s or the boarding houses in town, and that , 'on any additional chaigo, until tiio College “/‘tig shall he repaired. I no 1’ acuity thoicioro trust, and with full con | Face, th.it iho ciedit of lhe Institution with t ho llJ hc, will nn bo dii;i:,islicd. The Faculty "<i Ol’orc caiilidu in thu return of oil the Stuilvtils ' ‘ fitst oi Jauary next to rtsuinu their regu - dalles . liy order of tho Faculty. V. ILUAAI Mll’i II EL, ~ fc.eorcUuy. G t. 30 4 j, * ' * rinlcrs ih oughout the slate, friendly t" "'■'crest oi Li oral mo and tiio Institution, will l ‘so insert the a >uve. „ r a a ji’rJiJJx'Ticr., lEL hu loann hi tins ulli. t*. A ■ » tta. t ;i< live l 1(1 «,{ gniulii Oi ui < ' * hold i>! ; . GARDEN SEEDS® Vf/ARRANTED FltESH—Just received, * v iiiiu lor gale, by O, - B TARVER 4. Cos. rov. 27. c 7 law office, i< dIK undersigned continues to practice law in Columbus and the adj lining counties. He has also opened an office in Washington Autauga county, Alabama, in connexion w th David Goli<rhlly esq who resides in that place, i I tey wnl practice in the several courts of law and equity of that state, also in the circuit couit of the United States. „ , , _ . J. T. CAMP. Columbus Georgia, N0v.27. T iWir N «/ T,CK ~ JoI,v M, r.Tosi .V William 11 ‘ J " Welbors, have associated themselves in the practice of Law, under tho firm of Milton and Welborn—and . nc or both of them will re gularly attend the Superior Tourtsof Muscogee, Randolph, Lee, Marion, Talbot, Harris, Merri uother, and Troup counties. Their office is ip Columbus, where they may be consulted at all times, when not on ihe cireuit JOHN MILTON, „ „ „„„ WM. J. W. WELBORN. Nov. 6, 1830. 4—3 w ITT The .Macon Telegraph. Augusta Chronicle and Alabama Journal, will give tl.e above three insertions, and forward their accounts to us for payment M. V W. POWERS &. NAFEW, |1 AVE just received a large assortment of I F DRY-GOODS, FANCY A STAPLE Pv EAD Y- VIA I) E C LOATH l NO, HA ; DWARF, Carpi liter s Tools, Shoes, a Complete ASSORTMENT OF HATS, CROCKER Y < 111N A TEA-SETS, CUT GLASS, Ate. &c. which in addition to their former stock, makes tneir a-s utmonl very complete—which they oiler on favorable terms. Dec. 4 c and TEW IS C. ALLEN IP now opening at. his storo, West side of Broad slroet, an extensive a sortmeut of STABLE AND FAN* Y GOODS among which are Super Blue, Biack and dive Cloths, do do dark mixed and Gray Sallinetts, do while and red Flannels, London Dutilo and Point Blankets, LinJsey Woolsev and Kersey, Bleached and Brown Sheetings »td Shirtings, Flints and Ginghams of ov. ry description, Sarsnetts and Sinchaws, Soper black Lutestring Silks, do ehaug tiros D Nap. do. do black Mandarine, do chang do Printed Circassians, Bombazines and Boinbazettes, Black Fr neli and Italian Crapes, Swiss, Cambric and Book Muslins, Jaconet and Foundation do Linen and ottun Cambrics, Robbinet Laces, Thread, Edging, Footing, &e. Lace Collars and Veils, fancy Gauze Handkerchiefs, Linen Cambric and Merino, do Flag and Bandanna do Belt and Bonnet Ribbons ol the latest style, Dunstable and Leghorn Bonnets, Misses Gimp, Tuck, Curl, and Shell side Combs, Bleached and Brown Linons, Linen Diaper, Silesia Sheeting, White Cotton and Silk Hose, Black do do do do Brown andßundoin mixed half hose, La .ibs Wool do do Buck and Beaver Gloves, Black and white Silk do do and Coloured Morse skin do \ alencia, Swansdown and Marseilles Vestings, Furniture and Apron Chocks, Domestic Plaids, Union St ipes, Ac, Superm. Bed Tick, Padding, Buckram, A c Ac, Superior Gilt Coat, and Vest Buttons, do Beaver I lats, latest fashion, Roraut mid Wool do HOOTS & fj SHOES; Superior Mens Fine Calf-skin Brogans, do Coarse do Morocco and Kid Pumps, Prunella Slippers and Boots, Misses colored and Black lasting Slippers, Childrens Leather Shoes and Boots— ALSO, A OEM KAL ASSORTMENT OF READY MADE CLOTHING, HARD WARE, Ac. &c. October, t!3 —‘J—if WHOLESALE i)S£F* f) STORK » SL SAVA\NAIf. itllE subaerbers have just received a complete assort incut of MAT' I! OTS & SHOES, selected principally for the country trade, and of fer them low fer Money or good Paper. CKO. NEW HALL & Cos. young's Buildings Oct 2, 1830 2h OA A Til \ A. HUI)-ON, HAS removed from his former stand on Craw ford. to Hioud Stmt, tie ;t door above messrs Stowurt and Fontaine, w here ho is i ow receiving dncct from New York general Assortment of I>RY GOODS HARD WARE CUTLERY Ac. &. *-c. Which he will sell low for cash, or approved paper lie has also on hand, and will continue to keep A GENERAL AS NOR I’.ME.M OI GROCERIES. Columbus, Nov. 20. D REES ; ER TniSor, 51> ESPECTFUELY Informs the citizens of j k Coluiubw and its vicinity, and hi- former rtisminei s from Milledgovillo particularly, tlnn liv has located liiinwilfin tliis pin xv His arrangv incids are such thin he will always ho in po „s --nJi, of the latest fashm s, and those who nuv ftvorhiui wi h men orders will liuve tin i. w > k dr) with the utmost neatness and dispal. o. 11 in ,h ~t is on Cra.vlbrd sUoot two doors below Itn (•us'Office Columbus, Nov EJ c o COLUMBUS, GEORGIA, SATURDAY MORNING, DECEMBER 18, 1830. T O LITI CAL. TO THE “TRIO.” [CONTINUED] Unfortunately for u«, we are not left to meie theoretical reosoning upon this sub ject. We have seen embodied in the living current of events tlie very dangers if which I have been speaking. Who can forget bow all the energies which state organiza tion could confer, were certain states 10 im pair onr national energies, i:i the late war and prostrate onr country, degraded, dis graced and discomfited, at the feet of a prom! and imperious foe j* Who can for e»‘t that the prayers of “stab s,” almost in the very forms of constitutional proceeding, 'vere, from the very temples of state sov * teiguty, sent up to the throno of heaven, breathing maledictions on the armies of the republic 1 Who, that feel. any interest in the true glory of his country, does not wise tho story of the Hartford Convention blot ted forever from her annuls ; and wllo that regards her pi r tianntt happiness would not deprecate the recurrence of sue h i.nother intuitions association, as the greatest calam ity that could befall-her? And do we not see almost passing be fore us, in this tranquil period of peace, an example ofstate insubordination less glaring, but » von more alarming than that to which I hive just alluded? The laws of the U* "mri, clothed with the most solemn sanctions ol the constitution, have been, under the extreme pressure of local embnrrasment, absolutely resisted by the stale After the supreme tribunal of the country pronounced an act of Congress consti'u i"n ul, and consequently the supreme law of the land, a stale goveruntnem has openly <-pp->st'd its execution. Ii w ill be readily understood that I allude to the embarrassing conflict of authority between the general government and state of Ohio, in telation to the National Bank. A td I hesUate not to pronounce it one of the most portentous e vents that has occurred since the adoption of the federal constitution For if, after the national judiciary have solemnly af fiimed the constitutionality of a law, it gtj|| be resisted by the state rulers, the Consti tution is literally at attend; a revolution of the government is already accomplished, and anarchy waves his horrid sceptte over the btoken altars of this happy union. In ill* <-x ininles to which l have alluded thus briefly, of insubordination in s”oe vu leis, we distinctly perceive the eflects of that unavoidable want of responsibly to the Union, winch I consider the weakest part of out federative system. And wh o is still more alarming, every member that shall be admitted into the Union, will in crease the danger to be apprehended from this source. It requires but little skill in tinging the changes of pulitical permutation, to enable us to perceive that in proportion as we inciease the number of states that compose the Union, we multiply 'he chan ces of local combinations unfriendly to it. And although by enlarging tlie confederacy, ue shail diminish the relative strength <tf any such probable combination, and of course the ptobability of a forcible disrup ioi ; yet the iui reused frequency of colli sions between the g-moral and state gov s iiniems, will bes- arcelv less to be depre cated. For it ought uever to be forgotten that tins union is not to be sustained by physical force, but by kindred sympathies aud mutuil good will. Let us now consider the principles ol construction w hicn 'Ught to prevail in ascer taining the exteut of powers delegated by (lie constitution to the national govetninent; ami of the means provided for the applica tion of those pitDciples. As far as i can collect any distinct ptopositions fioin tiie mi illey of unconnected quotations yoa have m ide on these* very nnporlant subjects I understand you to affirm, that in expound ing the* federal constitution we should be “tied down to the sinct letter ’ of that in strument ; and that the general government “ iv as not iiiudf the exclusive or final judge of the extent of die powers uelegateu to itself, but lti.it, as in all other cases of coin put among parte s having m> ruiuimm jo *>, each partij has a right t a judge for itself ' A'; iln st may b cotisiceted Ide im,t e tian and essence ol all the wild and in .st, ucnve pitticq les that h,.ve ever bet u advanced ii tel.ilion to toe subjects udder consideration, and as tney constitute the basis of a contemplated i evolution in the i.fiiiin stiatiou of the general goveromein; 1 have been par icular in using yout vety language, les, 1 sit, old he suspected ol giv ing my own 1.!,p essliillS of Ine ttsult ol y. ui argil I ,in n*, ■>, mate conecily speak t, g ol yout quota- ions - , In asserting list we ought never to tra vel out el int “strict Ii iter” ol me constitu te n, 1 am Him si disposed to believe, to chat tty, that you wm* igooiant *d the ni tuce ol you, own proposition. tot it, with its obvious and necessaiy const q iwticts be fore yt u, I coni Ib' I.eve you would still ito.inl on it, i should be romp* lieu to think u, fvc .hi) id your chaiacims ;as liminug ii mme cleat!) oeuttuisirable thin tha'ycCn t ole (ft const, uclion would paialyz* iveiy living em rgy of the constitution, and sbso lt< tly .intnhil tu the government. Without implied Hint incident il poweis, almost the tijiir* muss of means by yvhich the machine if g- v. foment i- kept in motiort, Co-it 111 not t»*• it lilt'd a si. gie momeii', but woo and l-tll i ~m the hands of life < inui.i>,i atioii, ( n :> ss have powei, (or “tin stii.t It tie,” nl tile coiistiluti-.ii, “uecliiit •a ,i,' and “r *tse an' sityip 11 ai lilies;’ but ■•■ lto i reci M.,0, 'I in I,t i ifit , I toils, lid ■ ' 'or the put chase r me utuu’ war. They have pow- r “to lay an-- coll* rt taxes and imports,” out the “stn.t 1 tin' "f thu consii uti.hi gives tiit-ni nV» atithoiFy to create ntficeis aim custom houses, any nioto than «> locorpoiete banks, for liac-ir collection They have power in “uorrow money,” anj to pay ilia do ts of tin- union;” but line “in,i st aut I, tier” duos not colder any authority to citrate comnii>»ioiiers in apply die sinking fjinl, or any means of “borrowing,” m me one case, “paying”m the other They have power to “coin ■nonev ” ‘hut regarding merely the “snicl lelte ” the < t dil.-thtneiit of a ni'iit would be an iliiconsiuuilonal extension of the “pat ronage* of tire government.* Nmv, if you will hut imagine to your selves a war without permanent structures fur national defence; an army without arse nals, magazines or munitions of war; a sy s tem . f revenue without odiceis or custom Kuus ■; funding system with- ut comiins sintieis to cmry it into effect; and a s heme of conn g money without a mint eslabltxh- ment you mt v Dun a conception of the results of your rule of constitutional inter pretatious. I will now shew that you h ive not the semblance ol authority to sustain that rule. It is l-.id down by an elemental y writer, deemed tho first authority in evoiy state of the union, that “tho most univer sal and i ff'dual way of discovering the due meaning of a law, wuen thu words are dubious, is by considering tho reason and lire spirit of it. '* This rule prevails through out the civilized world, both in the consti uc tion of municipal laws and of treaties and confederacies between nations. It results from the essential imperfections of die bu rn m mind and of human language. Witn out it the affa'is of nations would he ar rested in tluir progress. And yet you ut terly deny that we have any wairnni for construing tlio constitution with refiV-renco to its spirit. -Even in die construction of pt ivate instruments, where the subjects to which they relate are within the actual presence of the contracting parties, the same liberal regard to the spoil and inteo- * 't is thus, in the poe.nnd number, that llils writer illustrates some of the implied or incidental powers under the constitution* The first measure which vou touch upon, not in the body of your essay, but in your notes, by which you certainly intend to produce your ffiea test effect, is internal improvement; over which you say Patrick Henry never supposed the gene ral government would usurp any power. Tlmro is no ioc.iitontal powor more clearly given by die constitution, (and even you admit incidental pow cr,) and certainly there is none more harmless -V salutary, than that of making internal improve ments Congress lias the power to ‘ declare war,’’ and “regulate commerce between the several slates.” tfliiere is any such thing as incidental power, that in question must be incidental to these two grants The power to declare ar necessa rily involves the power to make war; and tho power to mako war necets.irily involves tho right to use at least tho ordinary means of making that war efficient. Now. are not the roads and canais to facilita e the transportation of the troops and all tlio apparatus of war—means indispensable to the prosecution of a war ? If it should become necessary to marcli troops aftd transport arms, through an imp -ssabie wilderness in a state, would not u«y General be authorised to cut Ins way, and make the marshes and swamps through whicii he would pass, sufficiently firm to convey his carria ges and troops ? And would lie not have aright to appropriate the public money for this purpose ? j Most surely And yet the whole legislative pow- ' or of the general government cannot do what a General in the field, the mere creature of the F.x- 1 ecutive, could certainly accomplish, and that most rightfully If Congress have not a right to make a military road, they have no right to march ineu through a- tate, without its consent; for the one is as much a violation of sovereignty as the other. But you w ilt sav that military roads are not indis pensably necessary, for wars might be conducted without them, and have been I confess 1 was surprised to see, even sue.* politicians as you are, fall into an argument so perfectly Mieriio Do you not see that it would destroy all the powers of the genoral government, and leave it disArmod and at tne mercy of a foreign foe ? Lot us apply our argument. It is proposed in the cabinet to use cannon and cavalry, and Congress are solici ted to make an appropriation for the putchase.— Yoa would of course say no—Congress bus no powor to make the appropriation, tor wars have been conducted without cann n or cavalry; they are, therefore not indispensably necessary It is proposed to buy muskets, you say no, wars have been carried on by bows and arrows, and muskets cannot, consequently, ho of indispensable necessi ty In short, the very fact that there ate more ways than one to carry on war, by mode of argument, would deprive the general government of using either. For while there are two ways of doing a thing, neither of them, according to your refined logic, are necessary, and, therefore, neither can be used. Tiio power of rogulating internal commerce, equally involves the power to make roids and canals, necessary and proper lor the transportation of merchandize. It it is a pow*er, too, that iutho very nature of things ought to be lomr to iho general government; for as it extends over the whole and our national territory, it is the only power competent to make improvements that will poi vade the whole extent of our country. Now, 1 a»k you, gcntlonien, in the name of com ■non sense, where is (tie danger of trusting the general government, elected by, and liequently re« > instblc t" the whole people, with the powei of making a road, or opening a canal; a power that exists in tin* litlhr-crrpoialien of almost every countv and district in the United States? What IS there ill the tiling itself, that is calculated to alarm you ? Is it the means of enslaving the coun try ? Is there any thing in making a r.,ad, or dig trt'ng a canal, that is cal, u'ated in rou-e the ambi tion of our federal rulers ? Making a load is not in itself a very captivating work, nor can I very w ell sec what ambitious purpose the general gov ernment c,*uld answer, merely by making a road Your objection, it would seem to me, ought rajher to he ag iiiisi the use of it by the general govern ment, u/tcr it is made New every Lody will ad mit hut good road are desirable in every point of view For n sketch of their tt.il ty. I w ill only refer to the masteily speech of M/ <'adiourt on that subject, deli* cu and shortly bef.ro he left < lon gi ess, and his aide re *nrt on that subject since he has boon Societal) 1 of War Then if roads are dos’uable, and ought to he used by the general government, if the, It id ;m existence, your objee turn resolves itsolt entile yin.o UiL: —1 hut ' "ti gress ought to make tho roads ” How the slu es can be inj ired by iinpro emont unit.) by Hits ge oral govern, net it, 1 cannot perceive The p«w to tnako a i „ad is not a distinct,substantive p cal power at nil It is simply and essential! means, as much so as the pow.tr to ui.iiiufa t - ,il i.* rv oit»d-.'' us. YOLUM . FIR i’- NU BEH I*l lion nf In p 'l'lt-s l»eii<'r*!ly | r«-v -its. Is there, then, any reason why the C<>iuiiiu lion ul the Uuited St lies should receive a more strict and technical construction thin a municipal law or a private contiact? \V is •t niittnded meiely to tuiuish themes for the disputations of professional met 1 ? Far front it It was formed by the people, and for toe people Popular in its c.ieaiion and its objects, it was intended that it should be construed by the plain and obvious dictates ofcoiumi ti sense, and withs liberal regard to the great national ends it was and« s< tied to accomplish Any man who will consid er for a moment the vast ti dd -of human us. fair, embraced within the scope of the con stitution, aud that in its very nature it must •>e applied to all those vicissitudes which, in the succession of ages, shall mark our progress as a nation, cannot but preceive thesb.sindiiy of construi g this great na tional charter as a lawyer would construe an indictment. The officer who draws an i idictment, aud the scrivmer who draws u private conveyance, have the whole matter immediately before them, to which these documents respectively refer; and there is, of course, no difficulty in making n specific enumeration of particulars. But the Ira* iners of a constitution have to provide fur all those modifications and combinations of human events, and all thoso varying inter ests o/jsociety, for which human wisdom cannot make any specific provision. To enumerate tlie various aud detailed opera of a government for centuries to come, and the infinite variety of means that shall bo employed, is not therefore the object of u constitution. Its true object is to distrib ute the great political powers among the several departments of the giving a liberal discretion to public agents, in selecting the means try which those pow« ers shall be carried into tff ci, but provirk ing at the'same time, by their responsibil ity to the peopie. the only aih q" *ie securi ty against the abuse of that discretion. You seem quite alarmed at tho idea of dis% cretionary pow- rs; when in fact a govern ment never did exist, nor never can exist a single year, 'without such power. Such u govern nent would be a political phenome na. Us first act would be an act of usurpa tion, fouuded upon necessity. Au eniite ■msconsception of the uue theory of polili* cal freedom seems to pervade all your rea sonings. Frail indeed, would be the ten ure by which we hold that great national blessing, if it solely depended upon the -mailer or the larger portions of political Dower, committed to this cr that < I iss of functionaries. I have already shewn, that otr true security was to be found in ihe constant control, which, by means of tho ■lective franchise, we can exercise over >ur political agents. All the classes and fepartments of out government have ample nnwers for all the purposes of despotism, and they were independent of the people;, hut as long as their constitutional depend ence continues we have nothing to fear. If 1 hey abuse their discretion, we have noth ing to do but to discard them from office. Having thus shetvn the true principles by which the federal constitution ougfit u> be construed, I shall proceed to inquire, what tire the means provided to apply and enforce those rules. You assert that when any conflict shall occur between the genera! and state governments, as to the extent of their respective powers, “each party has a rignt to judgo for itself ” I confess I ana at a loss to know how such a proposition ought to be treated.—No climax of politi cal heresies can be imagined, in which this might not fairly claim the most prominent place. If resolves the government, at once into the elements of physical force; and iu- troduees us directly into u seetie of anarchy and blood. Tliere is not a single power delegated to the general government, which it would not be in the power of evt ty state government to destroy, under the authority of this licencioiis principle. It would bu only necessary for a State Legislature to piss a law forbidding that which the feder-. al legislature enjoins, or enjoining what tho federal legisl itnro forbids, Jand the work is accomplished. Perh ips{wonld you require the State Judiciary to pronounce (lie Siuio |,w constitutional I will illustrate your tiriociple by a few example'. Suppose Congress should pass a law to “lay und collect taxes, duties, impost exercises ” and that a State legislature should pass another, declaring the objects for which the revenue was intended, unemi* slitutional, and therefore prohibiting trie Hirers oij the general government, by •.evert) penalties, from collecting the‘taxes, duties, imposts and exercises.” Suppose congress should pass a law to “raisi an ar my” for a national war, and a State I attire pass another, declaring the wo ‘wic ked, unrighteous and unconstitutional,* and therefore prohibiting the officers of tho gen eral government, under heavy penaliies. font recruling soldiers within the limits of the state. Suppose congress should pass t. law for the pumshhmenl of counteif’eidng the securities and current coin of the UTnt nited Slates,” and a State Government prnnouuce ii unconstiiuuonal. an I provide heavy penalties against all i j tdiciu) or ministerial, who should ,(tempt to en force it. I need not multiply cu-es; for it y„u will tiul v consider tlttse you will find enough to satiate your keenest relisit tor nucliv anil disorder. In all the above ,ses. you would sav, “tuc.lt p*rty Itad ( • ! >i to pidge f*>r itiell,” and of totitse it so re its judgement. Y“U might then, told a revenue officer of the United es confined 111 a state dungeon loi o mg the roveuue I >w» of congress. Y( U ,i see a gallant officer of the army, c* v» i 1 •• uli the uloriuu* KCtira of many a hard