Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page.

[COSAM EMIR BARTLETT— EDITOR] THE nEMOCR.IT, wiH be published everv week in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia , at Three Dollars per annum if paid in advance or Four Dollars at the end of the year It is expected that all application for subscription from a distance will be accompanied .vith the money, Advertisements will bo inserted at reasonable rates. Sales of land and negroes, by adminis trators. executors or guardians are required by law to be he'd on the first Tuesday in the month, be ween the hours of ten o’clock in the forenoon 4 three in the afternoon, at the court house of the county in which the property is situated. Notice of these sales must be given in a public Gazette sixty days previous to the dav of sale. Notice of the sale of personal property must be givei in a like manner forty days previous t* the day of sale N t ice to debtors and creditors of an estate must be published forty days Notice that all application wilt lie made to the court of ordinary for leave to sell land must be pub lished four months. ate authorised to announce G W . DILLIARD as a candidate for Clerk of the Sup erior Court of Muscogee county, at the next Jan uary election. Feb. jj. tde. MONEY!! TO LOAN. W. WIL ON& CO. Columbus, Feb. 12. 18—3 t IAW NOTICK.—J. T. Camp and John J Schley—have associated themselves together in the p-actico of law, in Columbus—One of thorn will attend all the Courts in the t hatalio- clio circuit Getters upon business will lie addressed to ’amp & Schley—J l\ • amp will continue to practice law in the Courts of Alabama in con nect on with David Golightly Ksq. Feb’y 12/A J f CAMP No.lß—t—f—o. JOHN SCHLEY. JOHN TAYLOR, ATTORNEY AT LAIV. "\\T ,tL practice in the si venl Counties of Mas vv cogee, Randolph, Stewart, Lee Marion, Talbot, Harris, Meriwoather. and Troup, in lie Chatahooehoe Circ it: and in tho Counties of Thomas, Decatur, Early, Baker, and Dooly, in the Southern Circuit Ho may be found, when not in attendance on the circuit, at his room at Mr. Dillard s Tavern in Columbus. -Feb’y 12th No Id t-f-o JOHN TAYLOR A LEMUEL MF.RREL, ATTORNE\ s AT I.AW, U/'ill practice in partnership, at iho AppaJach acola Bay. Mr Honel will attend regularly to the hu mess of their otlice, at the Bay, when not necessarily absent Feb’y 12th. No 18—f.-o. GEORGE I V. /) //. IJNG/IAM~ OFFERS FOB SALE, i*C jl >1 k LBS CASTI.YGSi —comprising a " * " large assortment of patterns, 25 Boxes Collins. & Cos. Cast Steel Axes, 12 Dozen Axe Hatchets— a new article , 10 ('ask3 Goshen Cheese, 100 Kcules, 10 Casks Nails, 12 Dozen Shaker Brooms, 50 Ream Wrapping Paper, 50 Do Fools ’ap, and * 100 Boxes Segars, various qualities, 50 Bags Shot, 500 Lb 9. <snr Lead, lOUO Pairs Mens, Womens and Boys Shoes, j 100 Pair Pantaloons 200 Round Jackets and Vests, 50 Frock and Dress (’oats and Coatees, 50 Camlet and Plaid Cloaks, 2000 Pieces Homespuns. Jan. 8, 1831—13 LEWIS C. ALLEY HASjnst roceived in addition to his former supply Sup Blue, Rlacki and Fancy Cloths Woolseys, Gingham . Calicoes, Ac 4'C. Crockery, China, A Glassware also — Ancxcellcnt assortment Joiner's Tools. Jap. 1 ALM VNACS FOR IS!!, FOR SALE BY GEORGE W DILLINGHAM. Columbus, January 8,1831. grocerTrsT Jj UST Landing from the Ann Howard 12 Hlids. Prime Sugars, 400 Bus Liverpool Ground Salt, 30,000 lbs Sweedes Iron, For sah) on accomodating terms, lan. 29. JON A HUDSON POWERS & N \FEW, HAVE Just received by Steam Boat Baltimore and offer for sale, an assortment of HARDWARE AN CUTLE Y, —CONSISTING OF Superfine Pen iN Pocket Knives, Knives and Forks—Rogers super. Razors, Locks of every description, H ind and cross cu Saivs—Butts »V Screws, B ass andlrons—Shovels & Tongs. Collins, A co. cast steel Axes—broad Axes, Hoes, Trace Chains, Sad Irons, Steel Yards— Guns, Looking Glasses. Jfcc -Vc. CROCKERY, (' INA V CLASS WARE. GROCERIES. Cogniac Brandy—Holland Ginn, American Swan Gin, Double Refined Sugar, Sp'irm ( audios—Lest Cavendish Tobacco, Spanish and American Segars, On consignment, 100 Sacks Cadiz SALT. January 8, 1831 —]l GEO. W. DILEt-VariAM. OFFERS FOR SALE, DRY-GOODS, GROCERIES, CROCKERY, HARDWARE, PAINTS, OILS, DRUGS, MEDICINES, WINES, • Hats, shoes, ready-made CLOATHING, Castings , Shaker Garden Seeds School Bools, Togethot with a variety of other Gooiis adapted to the market and season. Columbus, January 6 1631 —l3—tf DBHOeRA^. D. S. SMITH, ATCH-MAKER AND JEWELLER, has V T on hand a splendid assortment of Hold and Silver Watches, Gold Chains and Seals, Ladies Gold Neck Chliina, Filtigrce Far Rings and Breast Pins, Pearl and Jet Finger Ilin<r S , Hold MeOa lions, Silver and Plh'e Tablje and Tea-spoons, Snuffers and Travs, Elegant Silver Mounted Dishes, Fine Spanish Knives, Ever Pointed Pencils, i Tooth Brushes, Superior Razor’s and Strappg, * Pocket Books, \ inlin S’ rings, and a large quantity of other articles too numer ous to mention; a'l of which will be sJd on the in st acc .nun dating terms. Clocks and Watch es repaired and warianted. Columbus. t'-.U 418 ’l—l6 ts .1 /’ 1 1 anli/ ,y, l ' I/, /-arris, HAVE just received from New-York and are now opening on Front Street, a general as sortment of Drugs, Medicines, Taints, Oils, Due ! Stuffs, iVc. which they offei for sale upon the most accom modating terms. Tiny design : n a few weeks opening in their new building on broad street.two doors above Stewart A Fonlain’s brick building, where a general supply oUliese articles may at all' ti nes be found They have in their employ a first rate Painter, from VewY irk, Mr. Lewis, and will have it in their power to have painting of all descriptions done upon good terms. January 15 14 MORE YEW GOODS. ■' BENNETT— Youngs Puit Imgs, Savannah; I I ' Just received b Ships Fl .rian, Stntira, A . Schooner Exact, a large addition to his stock of staple and Fancy Dr. G.mds—which makes Ins assortment very complete,—among them are tiie iollcnving, viz: 2 Pieces Matteoni (best) Italian Lutcstrinor Silks, 10 Do Jet &B un black Hros da Naples, ° Do do do di Hros de Berlin and Do do Grne do Zanes, 20 Do Plain A Figured Changeable Hros de Naples, 10 Do ilo do Algerines, (anew article far dresses.) 20 Do French Latins, all colors A qualities, 20 Do F! rences assorted colors, 10 Do Siuchows Sarsnett A Umbrella Silks ' ’- Do N inkiu Crapes, and 10 1 )o Pongees, 2 i Do Canton Crapes, and 20 Do Italian ( rapes, 50 Do >i French Bombazines, and 5 Do Merino t 'loths, 2 Do English Bombazines, and 30 Do M rino 'ircassian, 50 Do Swiss Jaconet!, Book A Mull Muslin 40 Boxes B nnets and Taffetoes, Ribbons of eve>y descriptions and latest style, 2 Do V« • - ■ .vi,.nuns. UOO Embroi l Reils oflate t style A pattern Thread and Bobbinett Laces of all de sc iotions, Ladies Horse Skiu Cloves &,• Mits, and a General assortment of Hosery, 30 Pieces Birds Eye Diaper, and 10 Do Table Diaper, 20 Do l inen Cambric Handkerchiefs, 10 Do Sattinnett, and 80 Nests largest size Band Boxes, 2 Cases adies Leghorn Bolivar's, and 10 Do do and Usses Straw Hats, And on hand a genera, assortment of almost every, description T Fancy and Staple Dry Goods that can be called for—which are offered whole sale and retail, a* the lowest market prices, at No I. Youngs Buildings, Market-Square, Sa vannah Gonrgii Also -on hand, a general assortment of Millin nerv of the latest New York, Philadelphia A Paris Ja-hions. N B Country merchants are particularly invi ted to call and examino the Goods and prices for themselves A Bennett will cut his Silks and Ribbons in such quantities a3 may suit his countrv customers, and at the same prices as bv the piece—all orders faithfully executed*, and at prices which will please, where they are accompanied with tho Cash or cit accep ance. January. 18-1.—13 POWERS & NAFEW, 1 IVE just received a large assortment of I I DRY-GOODS., FANCY ,V STAPLE RE \ DY-M ADE CLO ATHING,, HARDWARE, Carpenter s Tools, Shoes , a Complete ASSORTMENT OF HATS, CROCKERY CHINA TE\-SfcTS, CUT GLASS, Ac. Ac which in addition to their former stock, makes their a s rtment very complete—which they offer on favorable terms. Dec 4 c 8 OVATHVN A. HUDSON, FTAS re moved from his former stand on Craw * I ford, to Brood Street, ne t door above mes.-rs Stewart and Erfhtnine, where he is i ow receiving direct from New York A general Assortment of DRY GOODS HARD W \RE 1 UTLERY Ac A. 4c. Which he will sell low for cash, or approved paper. He lias also on hand, and will continue to keep A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF GROCERIES Columbus, N0v.20. K FRESH GARDEN SEEDS, AISED by (he Ncw-London Shakers, White Onion 8100 l Beet Yellow do Early Turnip do Red do Orang t Carrot Long White Parsnip Lon<; Cucumber Dutch sum’r Squash Early do Crook Neck do . Ice Head Lettuce Salmon Raddisb Imperial do Scarlet do Cabbage Head do Turnip do Drumhead Cabbago Early March Peas Early York do Golden Hotspur do Savoy do White Marrowfat do Early Sugar Corn for sale by GEO ’ W. DILLINGHAM. Jan. 15, 1831. NOTICE. /WHli Sheriff * Sales for the County ot ii ( arroll will hereafter be published in tin Democrat. J an ' COLUMBUS, GEORGIA, SATURDAY. FEBRUARY 19, 1831 ! 'EI EVNEOU 1 \|) I ITI'R \r>Y~ Tiu: into _jN fro jus.: by miss Bogart, of new York. I knew men. kept no promises—or none At least with woman—and yet knowing this With credulous folly still I trusted one" Whose words seemed so like truth, that I forgot Th lesson I had learnt full ofl before ; And 1 believed, because he said he’d come, That .e would cc.ne— and then, light after night I watched the clouds and saw them pass away From the bright moon, and leave the clear blue sky As spotlen, and seren c> and beautiful, As if no promise was broken o'er Beneath it. Man forgets in busy hours, What in his -Jig moments he lias said. Nor thinks lto» often woman's happiness Ilangg on his lightest words It is not things Os great vhich affect the heirt Most deeply. Kisse? often weave the not Os misery, or of blue if human iife;” There’s many adeep and bidden giief Him wanes From sources which admit «f no complaint— From things of which we cannot, dare not, speak; And yet they seem bin. trifles, till tho chain Link, after link, is fastened on each thought. And wound around the heart. They do their work In secrecy and silence—but their power Is far more fatal than the open shafts Os sorr >w and misfortune; but thev prey Upon the heart and spirits, till the bloom Os hope is changed to fever’s hectic flush; They break the charm of youth’s first brightest and Ram, And thus wear out the pleasures of the verld, And sap, at length, the very springs of life, But this i;. woman’s fate It is not thus With proud, aspiring man His mind is filled With high and lofty thoughts—and loye A hope, .And all file wai mest feelings of his heart Are sacrificed at cold Ambition’s shrine; He feels that the whole world was made for him Nor broken promises, nor hope destroyed, Are e’er allowed a place on memory’s page, • Tis onl woman, in her loneliness, And in the silent, melancholy hours, Who treasures in her heart tho idle word 1 hat has no meaning; and who lives on hope Till it has stolen the color trom her cheeks, The brightness from her eyes, who trusts her, peace On the vast ocean of uncertainty; And, if ’tis wrecked, she learns her lot to bear. Or she may learn o die, but not forget, It is for her to hoard secret thoughts, To biood o’er broken promises, and sigh O'er disappoin'ed hopes, ’till she believes There's Ipsa i nan in her single hear’ 'what is charity!’ 'Tis not to pause, when at my door, A shivering brother stands; To ask the cause that made him poor, Or why he help demands. ’Tis not to spurn that brother's prayer, For faults he once had done; ’Tis not to leave him in despair, And say that I have none. The voice of Chaiiitv is kind— She thinketh nothing wrong; To everv fault she cemeth blind, Nor vauntetb xvi h her tongue. In penitence she plaoeth faith— Hope.smileth at her door; Believeth—then aostfy saith, Go, brother sin no more! Breach of Promise or Marriage Court of Eichcqucr—Dublin —M r> Ann Cavanu ugii vs. Magaiy This was an action brought by the plaintiff, the daugh ter of a respectable publican in this city, a gainst the defendant, a pawnbroker, resi ding in Me tion row, for breach of prom ise of marriage Damages were laid at one thousand pounds. The promise was fully proved, and tht disparity in the ages of the parties admit ted; after which Mr. Sbiel on behalf of the defendant, said that he must admit that the plaintiff was entitled to receive damages. A prom ise had been proved—-the jury were to de termine them. - What Was tho caset The action wasbtought by a bar-maid—the He be oi»the tap room, who administered to the consolation of certain cod fellows, who met every eveniug in Patrick-street, at her father’s house against a sexagenari an who belonged to that ciass of worthy per. sons who, iu the true spirit ot a thrifty be benevolence, write “money to lend,' iu gol den characteis over their doors. The girl was three and tweuty Her lovet upon the verge, the precipice of sixty. It appeared that the fatter had been iu the habit of fre quenting the dispeusaiy of joyousness where Miss Cavannagh presided. She attended bun the month, ‘'the merry mouth of May.’ What will not three and twenty do with stxtv? She would come in with all the ap paratus of festivity, heating hot water, tum blers, aud the esc* nee of John Baileycorn md the other implements of exhiliratiou. I’eter Magary tho’t that her smiles were more sugary and saccharine than tiie lat gest lump ol sweetness which she dropped into her largest tumbler. Punch opera ted as the dixer v :, ;e-—he- became young igain Poor fellow! Ik imagined that she had pawued Iter affection", that she bad iveu her heart tu pledge to him, gud hi nipped the questiou in teturn (loud laugh er.j He looked in tho glasr and found that e was engaged in a perilous adventure I • broke < ff. It is perhaps well for both at tics, lie had escaped from her, uuu site f.om him. A mutuality of liberation h»s treen ihiig cir cled. What injury has she suflert and II ive her feelings been Wounded nod i .cititle? Is your verdietto be applied as halm to iht ml Smel) not one of you will think that she was in love. Sue might have protest' dit to the oid pawnbroker, but it requited a credulous jS' nsibility to believe her. She therefore j conu s before you without'the least substnn i ti.l wrong tu complain of. She is better off than it she was the wedded wife of Peter M .gurry, with his £i4oo a year, and Ins £14.000 in bank stock. M,. Wal lace has updo aled to your gallantry. Do not ludulge it in a case lik- tins— what! a blooming bar-maid demands a cmnpi nsa -1 n (or i,er ity menial disappoioiin.-nt, from a man who lias sixty years of apology white and halo upon tits head. I he defendant pmuuced no witnesses, an t the jury alter a short c< nsiili«ii«»r. luiiu .i ain oi *o ven hundred pounds damages, and costs. —[So much for the management < f the h r m u ] Prophetic Power of Dreams. —Dreams have Oitn tookuu upon by some as being the occasional means of giving usan insight into futurity. This opinion iss singularly at philosophical, that 1 w old nut have no ticed ii, were it not advocated even by persons of good sense anil education In ancient limes if was the gt ealt st men placed as implicit faith n it, ns in any tact of which their own si nst s iff tded them cognizance. That it ts wholly erroneous, however, cannot be doubted} and any pet son who ex j' amines the nature of the Inm an mind, and the manner in which itopcratis in dream s, must be convinced, that undet i O circum stances, except those of a miracle, in w hich the ordinary laws of nature are itiumphed over, can such events ever lake place.— But that there was a peiiod when iutuiity "as unfolded in visons, when ns gloomy v sia was lighted up by the lotch oi ht.o (m, is also as ttue ag dial such peffo s h ve, departed for ever lit in the earth.— T nose were.the times wht n God held com munion with titan; and breatimrg wisdom and foresight ovt r ins slumbering spirit, gave niui a Unovvltd.e of cucumst.mres which no liunmii sagacity could have guarded against or foreseen. It was thus mat warned Abnm lech of Snail’s teia ttonship to Ahiahain; that tusangt i ap peered in a dieatn t J s’-pb, and foretold, the birth of out Sav.oui ; tiiat N buctiad ii> uk beheld in vision the types of his approaching, AUsj»Wt ilfet 1 afunodnee and famine which were iis _.actively oid the land oi Egy|it. Thowhole book of K< velatnn s is oue magnificent (fieain, one gusli of sleep, and bringing the •nost distant ages in tarblem bifore h>s ■ yes But such signal uiamfts aliens ot G d'B lutmiacy with man have h ug gone bv. He appeals no mote in visions to wain, to iriswuct, t<> solace. He speaks not in tiiundtr upon M< urit Sinai, or moves befote Ins people as .a pillar *f fiie, ariests the laws«of nature in their behalf. Earth has become mote remote trom heaven thin iu those favored times, and is now, in ill cases, governed by the fundamental laws i rigiualiy made by God lor its reg ulation. Such being the case, it is impossible to conceive that the knowledge of any forth coming even* can be communicated to us in dreams. During their existence, only certain of our faculties are tu operation; and as intellectual beings we are greatly below what we are in the waking state. II iv, therefore, in tlris imperfect mental condition, wt should be warned of events which arn utterly hidden from us when all our faculties aie in play, is inconceivable, unless we suppose the existenc of a mira cle. This is the dilemma which the belie* versos the prophetic powers of dreams are brought: they viilually admit tho existence of miracles. Now, miracles are, in their nature opposed to tho laws of creation; and these laws no being can set aside, save the D<*ily himself, who made them. On this account future events being conimuhicated iu a dream, require the presence of a mira cle a miracle tcquires the interposition of god, and a change in Itis own laws : and such change, in any particular case, must sup* nose the individual to whom it happens highly favored indeed by his maker. If man can bring himself to believe, that God on his oecounU would set aside the idhs whereby the creation and the hu man intellect are governed, he may be lieve in the prophetic power of dreams, but not otherwise. In this predicament he is involved ; and if the imputed perform ances of Piiuce IE henlobe are supported by what, the common cfl' iis of life, would seem good evidence, he must give them his full assent. In the present state of the wot Id, the doctrine <4 miracles is glaringly absurd ; and even when they are supported by what appears iriesistable proof, no mao is jutified in believing them; for thi» plain reason that they demand a suspension of laws, which cannot he effected withourt the direct interference of God, Did we even see otto carried into execution, we are not warranted in trusting the evidence of our senses. ‘I would nut, (shj-s art emi nent believe in a miracle, although it was pet formed in open day, before the Academy of S’ iences of 1‘ iris, or the Roy al Society of London.” In such cases, the wisi st plan is to adopt the beaut I u 1 maxim of the President D puty. “Bt twoen men, wlioS'y such a thing is. and nature, who says such a thing is not, we must bali< ve nature,” Isa man discredits miracles, he must altogether ridicules the idea, that dreams have the power of un- VOLUME FIRST NUMBER 19 veiling actual or future tv* ms* If he does not, he i, then at liberty to place lari It m any thing he choose ; and m y, with perfect consistency, believe that Mahomet fl< w to H aven on an ass, tint th moon t.> made cfgreeu cluvm , aid ts e Giand S' ignior and the lend of day ;iu first cousins. A; the same time, tlime can be n.-doubt, ih"t many ciicninstatic* $ oc curringin our du ams li.<vt born ac;u ly ve, ifi and ;bul this must be rgartied as alto gether the < fleet' of chance ; and tit cite dream which turns out to be true, at feast a thousand ate false. I fact, it lg ~u t y when they are of the former'description that we take any notice of them; the la'tcr arq looked Upon as mere idle vagaries,- and speedily forgo tt*>h, Ila man for instance, dreams that he his gained a law.suit in winch he is engaged, and if this citcum slance actually takes „Lo> ,h^, n . waiiaoi'cniiary tu the come rdmee* h IS mind was lull of the subject, and iu sT* fp naturally resolved itself in o ih. itram of ideas in which it was no st deeply interes ted, Ot tl we havt a hit ml engaged in w<r, our fears for Ins safety will had us to dream of, his dealt) or captivity, and we m>y see hut pent up in a hostile prison house, or lying dead upon (lie bnitle plain. And should these rnelancholly catastrophes take place, we call our" to memory; and in the excited state of ntmd into which we are thrown, are apt o consider it as a prophetx warnim, indicative of di- xter, Macnish on the philosophy of sleep, ~ IO REIGN. NEW-YORK, J t 31. TEN DAYS LATER FROM ENGLAND. ANO i lILR REVOLUTION. The new pack< t slop Sovereign, Cham plain, is br low from London The Inter bag was brought up 1.0,1 evei in by the old line news boat, Thomas H. Sniiti. The editors of the Commercial Acvertiser have received fn in their attentive corn s pondent L ndon papeis to the 19th !)■» cemher incLuding shipping lists to the 18th, and Prices cunent. These papers con tain th, important intelligence of a REVOLUTION IN POLAND, Ad tin flight of the Grand Luk( Con stantino to -Russia, A variety of details upon this in teres ling snbjecf will be found below. Among the speculations, the am. cle from B IPs Weekly M» ssengrr of De cember 19 is entitled to attention. ts the account of the im mediate cause of tho revolution, as pub. her l 4. n * . J "urual de Parts of De C( m- It was in the evening of the 29 It INo. vember that the insurrection was cootmt n ced by 'he under ensigns. It was rxcit.d by the abhorrence winch fltey had to wit ness the ignominious death of twelve stu dents, uho had been sentenced by a court martial to be huug for singing the Mar seilles hymn. The first point to which the ensigns directed their course whs to the arsenal, they took possession of that pos which contained 70 000 guns, and 100 pie ces , f cannon. T■> Airand Duke Con stantine was then at B ludere, about ilirea miles from Warsaw. The fie lit continued during tho whole of the night, and on the following morning the people remained masters of the city. Tho regiment of. i r . gineets was the fit st to revolt. The French tri-coloured cockade was instantly adopted with cries of “vivo Lafayette, thfi friend of Kosciusko, forever!” They went to the house of the F encli consul in search of the tri-colored fl g, and having found it, although the Consul (M. Durand) was suspected to boa Cougregationist, and at inched to the fallen dynasty, they j bird the Polish white flag and the tri-colored one together and hoisted them in that state. The Nationaf Guard is being raised. The Prussian State Gazette of Decem ber 4'h says the uews of tne Polish insur rection caused the greatest consternation, “As far as we yet know, the plot was se cretly prepared, and then carried into of. feet by a number of young Poles, who aio educate# in a military school, and conse quently have a military organ z tion. Ti e The insurgents hastened to the palace and muidered the Russian ceotinels. At the same time they called the citizens to arms; the arsenal was stormed, and all hastened to combat the Russian and some Polish troops, at whose head the Giand Duke Constantine retired fi hung. The Grand Duke is said to have incut ted the gteaiest personal danger. On tho morning of the 29’’h of Novem ber, tranquility‘still reigned hete, but to wards seven o’« lock iu the evening, a report spread rapidly through the town, that two regiments es the Russian Horse Guards had c me to bluffs with the pupils of the Mili tary srfiool and S' veral regiments of infan try. The engagemen was most sanguina ry, and many lives were lost on both sides. Tne Russian cavalry of the guard retreated and a detachment of Pol s’» troops repaired to the B Ividere palace, where his Imper]. ai highues Ceskow itsch was no longer to he found. At this moment a general nlatni was beaten, and all the troopa in Warsaw assembled under arms. In a short time it became evident that a part of the popula. sion were about *0 join the treops. A; fi o clock the gates of the arsenal were h. . ken open, and arms were distributed ami'iig the people. Tht b ttlo lasted ul| daybreak. The prisoners of state we*e set at liberty. The following persons are Uaid to have lost tln ir livr—Generals ! Gendre andTensch, Viet P -i'bt.iLi- I buutdzki, the minister of war, geueral