Newspaper Page Text
VOL VHI
■. NESBI Li'.'
■MONTHLY
L'ltc;- : a
Parmer’s of Georgia.
|^^ V T L'AI ’ .'ECU'
< <»h<l 111 on »»{ f Ji<- < **tt<**i ’lark
u Strung 11 i u«u ?H t i»»n of t !i*» XV !<*<!<«tn
■ llnUiiK <>n Eim li Ei<r>n Home Sup
Thl« I, Ilin Month of
th I'ariu Work.
AGRK IXTUIIAT. DEPARTMENT.
■ Atlanta, Ga., !)<’<•. 1, 1895.
L." " the wisdom of making on
Hi farm abundant home supplies for
■tily labors ami sfrv'k, could have no
Ktr-or iilustjntion than the presfint
■ ition of tl’.o cotton market. The
His exceptionally short amlallpro
■t and all expectati n would p< hit to
■ ] i' w, notwithstanding v.hi'h t:-,e
■k- t is W'V<".;v' an 1 at t;.-n--< ; ■ i-
•v. The f.-rt ner, '.-.'ho has pr-.vi
<1 other l.ills awaiting payment ami
Ji 'S to :• 'til'' hia d'-btn ami Login t ja
•W Year with all old scores wiped out,
compelled to let hi. hard earn 'd cot-
LRfi no ’<'.ut the c mdit >.i
Judgment and <al ■ d i-
V
|> M ing of his crop. When them ■•!•
B i.ut.t
Hthus he in at the mercy of •x -a i
■^Lta>n*bin:it i<.ns, Avlmn it k rds
imli ,
speaking
find 1'•••ms-•. ..
condition i -1 >,•
tears the i ■ u I.
exceptions,
Georgia farmers have " II
■u'lisiiuil stme houses ami -
futtenoig for the slam
th>‘ past fi-.v weeks I has ec ji
■■with farim'rs from the \:.n ns
of the state, am! the almost
testimony is that a Lie :n ■
on "basket ami store."
to relate, although their
Kent satisfaction is duo to their eon
vativo policy on this home supply
ri stion, I note symptoms of a contcm
ted lapse into the old and oft proven
’take of an immense area in cotton
I a necessiny curtailment of the acrc
i, dovotad to home supplies. From
post of observation, winch my ofli
affords me, I can see more
|H^Hpet-Imp.'. tti:i l the man, V.llo'-o
bounmd the limits of his
the cite: folly ami suicidal
meh a pop. v. We w< uld h.iv
Stn m- . :i"U..h t eoi’deniu
altm Illg nursed
l ' ” idldohi.or
H h■ :. Ft :■: i< i
1,1
mo
mV I . p is t lie Ing
’ v 1 ’ t rmle and coni-
in imdtl.x
S||||^B m sent throt.lmc; thi.mh
!,v, ' nu '
frmn its -t : , H g pii’imii ,ns.
these m:|i itaul fins'.
IIIII^Bl 111 1 ' |h S, ‘IT ut I". I’m
system of home industries,
supplies. Withdraw ilii'm l
agi ienlt ural sy so ni e I
1,1 bring this t'a t lie
m of eserv farm, r
At the risk of L. ing e..m
I would agmu tir: ••
in planmn.' o r an..th. r
I .ay oft ample <pa o f. r
p. ami then wd In all
wlii.-ii can be thoroughly
BBHtl'Kl euitl v.iti-d I'
m^^H'ciiu -nd cosf proi.uetim
"hich 'ho pro’itable
■|MM . !'■ 'I depend--, while
eli'rcM' WTV lift;.' d'le.'t
tin. maiket. the c. nti of
BHB1' : ' ■'> u, ' ! ' imme.ll.lteW
ho well
of propa.rat i. m fer.ib/.i
BBB^b’‘ v; ‘ ,: ""- ■ 1
\. .n'.i wii. a no.'
BBB 1 ' '■'■’ ■“ ‘ ■ ,i: n: I"C, I-
BBB^H >:t ’• r
' -I . ; -.'se-o'. i.;
1 ■ '■ 1 ' 1 '
! ;o I ■ e
EmMMB ;
Tatten on «li.> ■•]
wlliilo he
bills and cai' os h.s
home, "a sarnier. o. t
Silgg. -t to th -e wm ;
MMK<l<■>'l ll d the ,i.:\ '-..n \
\ in .' .ti n.
.'oU.illi ’.'..ft'
mi'c.mtate a L ’ i
io. which w . >
to <ur e. ft. n iy .
a foreign war. d
isc rapidly, and to th. '
injmli. i i'.'’' ."arta .■ i
crops m oriler to ramo
disaster would fall wit it
his. Otten would be am;.
the provisions, which Im
to buy. w mid e, st
double and treble t'neir
■* e -
DBCKMBER
■■if.>r r.mnding up th-' 'im
year. It is practically ■■ t
month on aeeour.t
which, rat. rv.'-.
ir t worlwrc ■■ ,:i
enjoy, as far as p t .s>
which tha' -.asm
■ auib't .I'l '
t ‘ fee. u\ aii.it s
the steady
BBB' ! e'lar.b't. ri.n ;e in -
farm.
iOS tllß STOCK.
b.as not air. adv b-'-'n
n t be long, r
MBBBMthe severe "e Id sme -.
‘‘ V ' 1! 'hlllll-irv .'..el
■MmßHiv not tind them .it the
* h er
> >'1"1 V.': X IS.
."W> -'a > i
and'||h; Welt. .
s 11: " • ’ ; i l :it
be dy:r . w mm they
T.HE
i ’’Wv' 5 i-
f— w ■■ ■ ■ ——— _ , .. . ; K . _ » . W
•ran t* put in order. To dX n y thero ■
. reecj-sary repairs until thi rush of (
spring work corm's c.n, when Jbe tv is ■
uro needed for immediate us z '| i s i° P u * ‘
otirselves at a derided disadvafta;?®-
TEBRACES I
should be looked after, all brete’ re P a ir*
| cd ami weak places beiore
I the heavy rains sot in. As oyp Ttunity
I r ecurs now lines may be nm. mid as
i the proper locating of tE"so lim.'S re
quires a certain amount of ci gmr-ering
’ skill, more than the averag■■ : unier us-
I ually p< sm'ii.sos, it ia wed to < "'am* the
services of a ctmijx tent mint ’
i work, otherwise t lie farm r nay find
j that, tho result of bis unta»ht efforts
I may cost him m re than th price ho
has to pay to get the linos cor't'fUy Uud
off. The system of terraciu is based
on wejl studied and correct agricultural
' science, and should be ador.ted in all ,
i the Jdiill country” of the s.ouci, wherev- ■
er practicable. In the foircnry bni’.d
--i: ' at the (' tt -n States ai’l Interna
. fional exposition there is in illn-lra
| timi of th*' principles of th.s system
. and its effects on our worn and gullied
; hillsides which it would be well for
fvi'i-y farm, r t i study. It is there j
shown h' w by careful, systematic and
p n istent '■(!' rt. even the “old red hills
i f Goorgi.i” may bo again cot 'red with
j verdue, and many “wastepla n■” here
i t >re given over to tho destrvr'tive ac-
■ tie.': of winds and ihods, reclamed and
i eventually made t-> emit'dW' their
i si are to th- general agricultural pros
| perityof the stiito.
THE COMPOST HEAP
is another important item of firm econ
omy, which can be made ahn<: .1 insen
tibly to contribute to our agricultural
prosperity. 1 b-a s.v.-t 'matie saving of
much ■ f the materia], which is often
wi'.'Ti .1 by even iut dligent farmers, wo
can at n ini; d ciipcmse return to the
■ til ini’i'h c ' l ied which is taken from
lit in t' "■ di'.fi r"iit piithere l crops. All
i vegetable ai 1 anima! accuriillations
i iiround the liari’.s and stables, tho fowl
' hnus' .1 !<■»■ . .r.'ier-', the woi ilpile, even
t:ie; si . and sips frian the houses, and
j the leaves, which so often accumulate
, in unsightly he.-ps around our dwel
lings. may be considered so mucli ready
material from which we form com
pounds of equal value with any com
niere -tilizor that we buy at such
he' . , use. In the present condi
tii agriculture we cannot dis-
I'.'li i < ommeicial fertilizers. We must
still rely on these, and, judiciously used,
they contribute largely to our
Our mistake has been that wd have
depended too entirely on these, ail, j con .
signed to useless inactivity IbL r i c h
stores of plant /o'd that accumulate on
evetyy farm. These should con gjtute
the principal fact rin any plan c f f ( . r .
tiliz.atii n, with the c .nimereial g OO ds
n.s an adjunct , rather than the rc vorso .
In making a compost heap a good plan
where leave-; are abundant and ci , oge
hand is to pat a layer of leaves ab 1U >
inches deop, then a layer of mi ur( L
about 0 inches deep, then a er of
scrapings or rich earth (> incb vs “VpP
asb.i's or lime can be b>’ B.- v AVI al< *
materially in tho i»conrpo®ion of tho
l-.i-an. J l '- 1 -' ." Ub different pa-i;-
ftigTlown firmly, until the heap is 6 or
8 feet high, keeping tho sides well
squared up and the middle a little lower.
If there should not be sufficient rain,
dampen tho heap by pouring on water.
In the spring, just before time to haul
ent to the fields, tear down the heap
and mix thoroughly. The real cost of
such a heap, say about 25 feet square,
would bo equal to about a ton oi guano,
but intrinsically, it would be t|orth at
least twice as much.
HOGS
should bo slaughtered and tho pork
packed away before Christmas. There
are two main advantages to be gained
by attending to this branch of our farm
operations as early as possible. We
save the feed, which, after a proper
Stage is reached, is only so much waste,
and. as a rule, meat which can be killed
in December cures much better than
that put up later on.
PLOWING.
Fields which are covered with a mass
of vegetable growth should ho tinned
under as soon as possible in order to
give the mass more time to decompose.
Do not turn under too deeply, the decay
will take place more rapidly near the
surface. There are on an average many
moi'C bright working days in Deeemlier
than in January or February, which is
another re. . n why the work should
not be delayed. If the plowing is to be
done in a c rnfield, when the fodder
and corn have been pulled and the bare
stalks, left standing, there is often much
difficulty in ci mpletoly covering the
stalks. They remain partly on,the sur
face, mid ' or.>ming only ini lerfectly
decayeu. tli? benefit of any pl. nt food
they may Ci-nrain is lost to the succeed
ing erep. '! "'e .-o presence is also a hin-
■ u ranee r > thorough and neat work. As
long as wo continue the present plan of
• gathering ou? corn, and stripping
| the f xid.i r ;’ri :n the stalks this difficulty
1 will 1e- ’i ■ nnteroi’, and until we settle
> on s mo m re economical plan if sav
in -1 " ' entire we must consider
' tho I - meth'ds of getting these stalks
in e n it only to benefit but to
interfere as little as possible with tho
I cultivo.tl ’i of the crop whi-’h follows,
i A good plan, which has been successful
ly tried, is to select a frosty morn
ing and run a heavy 2-horse roller over
the . i l I . The stalks being brittle, will
: break off more easily, and the roller in
i passing over them not only forces them
; into the ground, but the heavy pressure
! flattens and breaks them apart in such
away as to give freer entrance to mois
. twe and frost, two powerful agents in
I breaking down their structure.
R. T. Nesbitt.
Commissioner.
Question 2.—1 send you a specimen
■of grass gi 'wing on my farm. Stock
1 are quit - f. n-l of it, and* I would like to
. know what a is? Pickens county.
Answer 2.—The grass is what is com
monly called Sprouting Crab-gras
(Panicum pr.'liferum). It is a smooth
1 branching grass, an Annual, with rath
er coarse stems from two to five feet
high, but seldom growing erect. It is !
most commonly found on damp rich
soils, ospeciallylalong the banks of wa
(ter caurces. This grass is frequently
i fountain cultivated fields, growing up
I with the common crab-grass, and some
times forming a considerable part of
the hay from damp, bottom lands.
While of some use in this way. it can
not be considered a good grass for ma
turing hay.
SUMMERVILLE, CHATTOOGA COUNTY, GEORGIA. JANURAY 1, 1896
QUESTIONS
AND ANSWEES.
Commmissioncr Nesbitt’s In
quiry Eox For tlie Month.
HUGH tNFOEMATIOIT EULNISHED.
Some Valuable I'ormnlne I-'or Mixing Frr- j
tllizem al Home, TUcrebjr Getting Them. 1
Cheaper Thau They C»u He Bought at
the Factories—A Grass Suitable For Food
For Stock —Other Questions Answered.
Question 1. —Can you give me some
information, or formula 1 for mixing my
fertilizers myself, and thus getting them
cheaper than I can buy from the facto
ries.
Ansiver 1.--This question, of so much '
interest to all farmers, can be liest an- i
swered by quoting from tho last fertil- .
I izer bulletin, a number of formula;.
prepared by the state chemist, by the ’
use of which, you and ether farmers. ;
would save money. I hope that the '
following extracts from the bulletin, j
will be read carefully by every fermor s
in the state, and that all will profit by ■
them:
In these formula l we will give the np- ’
proximate retail values of materials. ;
These values '>f course vary i ith the mar- ’
kets and location. Any tnr-n 'r <an secure
, actual selling prices lor his 'ovation and i
figure the exact cost, on his own fa-m. At ;
wholesale cash prices tho im<-erial can bo j
secured still more cheaplj". bee the arti- -
cles on "Whol'-sil.i cis i orices of fertili \
zers,” and cn • Hom posts.” j
FORMULA NO. 1.
For Cotton and Co:;n.
Acid phosphate (14 per cent, available), ’
l.'.tiO lbs.—s. 4) per cent, available paos- «
phoric acid.
Cotton seed meal (nitrogen equal 8 l-‘i j
per cent, ammonia), 500 1b5.—1.12 pr. ct. i
ainmoiiin.
Kainit (12 per cent potash), 300 lbs.—l.B(l i
per cent, potash.
Total, 2,000 lbs. o.- one ton.
COST OF MATERIALS.
Acid phos-
phate. .. 1,210 ibs. at sl3 (k) a ton—s7 80 >
C’tt’n seed
meal.... 500 1 bs. at $lO 00 n. ton— A 00 i
Kainit.... 300 lbs, at sl2 00 a ton— fBO !
Tost, not, including o.ie-th t-’-y’s la
borin mixing, $13.60 per ton.
Cowtnercial value as calculated by W
partinewt, Jl t.HO P*t ton. ’S. .
Usual idling value of such goods,
per tun.
zWUH’MULA NO. 2.
For Cotto.s . ».»4«xor.N. /
Acid phosphate (14 percent. AcirSlabTc),
300 1b5.—9.10 per cent, available phos- i
phoric acid.
Blood (nitrogen equal to 16 per cent am
monia), 300 1b5.—2.40 per cent ammonia.
Kainit (12 per cent. Os potash), 400 lbs.— j
2.40 per cent, potash.
COST OF.MATBRIALS.
Acid phos-
phate .. .1,300 lbs. at sl3 00 a ton—sß 45
Blood 300 lbs. at 32 00 a ton— 4 80
Kainit.... 400 lbs. at 12 00 a ton— 240
Cost, not including one-third day’s la
bor in mixing $15.65 per ton.
Commercial value, Department valua
tion, $16.60 per ton.
Usual selling price, 22.00 per ton.
FORMULA NO. 3.
For Cotton and Corn.
Acid phosphate (14 per cent, available),
1,300 1b5.—9.10 per cent, available phos
phoric acid.
Blood (nitrogen equivalent to 16 per ;
cent, of ammonia) 200 1b5.—1.60 per cent,
and nitrate of soda (nitrogen equivalent ’
to 18 per cent, ammonia), 100 1b5.—.90 per
cent.—2.so per cent: ammonia.
Muriate of potash (50 per cent of
potash), 100 1b5.—2.50 per cent, potash.
Muck, wood’s earth, or rich soil, 300
lbs. —o.
Total, 2,000 lbs. or one ton.
COST OF MATERIALS.
Acid phos-
phate .. .1,300 lbs. at sl3 00 a ton—sß 45
Blood 200 lbs. at 32 CO a ton— 3 20
Nitrate of
soda .... 100 lbs. at 33 00 a ton— 1 90
Muriate of
potash.. 100 lbs. at 42 00 a ton— 2 10
Muck.wds
earth, or
rich soil 300 lbs. at 00 a ton— 00
Cost, not including one-third day’s la
bor in mixing, $15.65.
Commercial value, Department's valua
tion. 16.96.
Usual selling price, $22.00.
This formula is made up of a moderate
amount of nitrate of soda, to give the
plants a good, strong start. The muck,
woods’ earth, or rich soil may be left out
in this formula, if desired. The percent
ages of all the ingredients are thus in
creased. and the cost per ton- It can be
used by the farmer with equal outlay per
aero by proportionally decreasing the
amount used as the percentage of plant
food increases.
FORMULA NO. 4.
For Peaches, Plums and Pears.
Acid phosphate (14 per cent, available),
700 ibs.—4.9o per cent, available phos
phoric acid.
Blood (nitrogen equal to 16per cent, am
monia). 300 lbs —2.40 per cent ammonia.
Double manure salt (sulphate of potash
and magnesia, with 27 per cent, potash,
36<) lbs.—4.S6 per cent, potash.
Muck, wood’s earth, or rich soil, 640
lbs.—o.
Total, 2,000 lbs. or one ton.
COST OF MATERIALS.
Acid phos-
phate... 700 lbs. at sl3 0.1 a ton—s 4 55
Blood 3uo lbs. at 32 00 a ton— 4 80 I
D'ble ma-
n'res salt 360 lbs. at 24 00 a ton— 4 32 !
Muck.wds
earth, or
rich soil at 00 a ton— 00 i
Cost, not ineluding one-third day’s la
bor in mixing, $13.67.
Commercial value. Department valua
tion. $15,21.
This formula can be made much higher
grade by simply leaving out the muck,
woods' earth, or rich soil.
FORMULA NO. 5.
For Peaches, Plums and Pears.
Acid phosphate (14 per cent, available),
700 1b5.—4.00 per cent, available pnos
phoric acid.
Blood (nitrogen equal to 16 per cent am
monia); 800 1b5.—2.40 percent, ammonia.
Muriate of potash (4 'per cent, potash),
196 1b5.—4.90 per cent, potash.
Muck, woods’ earth, or rich soil, 804
lbs.-0.
Total, 2,000 lbs. or one ton.
COST OF MATERIALS.
Acid phos-
phate ... 700 lbs. at sl3 09 a ton—s 4 5-5
Blood 3DO ibs. at 31 09 a ton— 4 80
Muriate of
potash .. 196 lbs. at 42 00 a ton— 412
Muck. etc. 00
Cost, not including one-third day’s la
bor in mixing J 3.47
FORMULA NO. 6.
For Peaches, Plums and Pears.
Acid phosphate (14 per cent, available),
i
.675 1b5.—4.73 per cent, available phos
phoric acid.
Cotton seed me-il (nitrogen equal to 8 1-2
per cent, ammonia), 525 1b5.—2.23 percent,
ammonia.
Kainit (12 per cent, potash), 800 1b5.—4,80
per cent, potash.
Total. 2.000 lbs. or one ton.
COST OF MATERIALS.
Acid phos-
phate. ... C 75 lbs. at $13.00 a ton—s 4 39
C’tt’n seed
meal .... 525 lbs. at 16 CO a ton— 420
j Kainit .... 800 1 bs. at 12 00 a ton— 4 80
Cost, not including one-third day’s la
! bor in mixing, $13.39.
This formula has no muck or other fill
er as thecrude materials are such that
correct proportion can just be gotten into
, the goods to make them property exceed
, the 10 per cent, of total plant food, which
is considered the lowest limit for com
mercial fertilizers. .This formula con
tains a total of 11.76 per cent, of plant
food. All of these fruit formulae meet
the State requirement of 10 per cent, of
I available plant food; yet they do not force
i fruit-grower to use a cotton fertilizer
when he can obtain better results for his
• money by using a different character of
fertilizer. In these formulae begets a fair
i amount of potash, which he needs most,
instead of the usual excessive amount of
I phosphoric acid in proportion to the po
tash present. Yet the fertilizer does not
; cost him any more money. Cotton and
' corn require large proportionate amounts
of phosphoric acid, but the peach, pear
I and plum require a greater use of potash
j for the best results.
MIXING.
' The mixing is best done by spreading
’ out the materials in layers on top of each
other and cutting through the layers with
a hoe and mixing as the compound is cut
down. The use of a bricklayer’s sand
screen enables one to make a better mix
ture.
COMPOSTS.
The principle of comnosts is to ferment
; the organic matter which you have in the
i shape of muck, leaves, litter, etc. To do
j this, one of the simplest plans is to treat
the material with manure. Put one load
I of manure to every three loads of your
i leaves and drift. Keep enough litter in
I your stables to absorb the urine, which is
, very valuable also. After you have mixed
i your materials together, it is well to cover
! them up with earth or litter. It is claim
ed that such a compost, load for load, is
' as good as manure.
I To get the best results, you wish to
j make the material ferment, as the fermen
: tntion brings inert materials into avail
i able forms, and improves the mechanical
i condition of the mass.
Avoid hauling the materials as much as
j possible, as houling is expensive. So lo
i cate your compost heaps that the hauling
of the materials from the first until their
final distribution on the fields will cost as
little as possible.
If you wish a stronger fertilizer than
’ this, and desire to use chemicals is addi
’ tion, the following would be suitable: • ■
Aim phosphate 500 lbs. .Cost. .84 OQJ
Jluriilu of potash... ;0 lbs.. Cost , I'■•W
Compost 8. j 4,-q iWv
2,000 lbs.
If you desire more
you can use the following:
Acid phosphate 340 lbs. .Cost. .$2 75
Cottonseed meal.... 165 lbs. .Cost.. 1 12
Muriate of potash... 30 lbs.. Cost.. Go
Compost 1,465 lbs.
2,000 lbs. $4 74
To construct a complete fertilizer, one
must consider the percentages of available
plant food in the materials he wishes to
Manure, while not a concentrated fertil
izer, can be considered in most cases as a
complete one, with an excess of nitrogen.
Coal ashes are almost valueless. Cotton
seed is a complete manure, but with an
excess of nitrogen. You have here three
ingredients, furnishing ample nirtogen
and potash. To mix them to tHe best ad
vantage, there should be a further qnan
. fity of avilable phosphoric acid added, as
j that present in the three ingredients you
' desire to use is not sufficient to properly
balance the potash and nitrogen. Manure
contains about 3-10 per cent, of nitrogen,
about 2-10 per cent, of potash, and about
2-10 per cent, of phosphoric acid.
Cotton seed contains about 3 per cent,
nitrogen, about 1 per cent, of potash, and
about 1 per cent, of phosphoric acid.
Ashes contain about 5 per cent, sf potash
and 1.50 per cent, of phosphoric acid when
unleached. If leached they run down to
about 11-2 per cent, of potash.
To each ton of manure of 2,000 pounds
add
Cotton seed 200 lbs.
Ashes (unleached) 150 lbs.
Acid phosphate 400 lbs.
Mix well. The cotton seed ern be killed
before mixing by allowing them to get
wet and go through a heat, the fermenta
tion killing them. This mixture will
weigh about 2,750 pounds, and will con
tain from these ingredients
Nitgn. P’t’sh P A
2,000 lbs. manure 6 lbs.. 4 lbs.. 4 lbs
UK> lbs. cotton seed.. 6 lbs.. 2 lbs.. 2 lbs
150 lbs. ashes 7 1-2 2 1-2
400 lbs. acid phos 56
12 lbs 13 1-2 64 1-4
This is equivalent to about
Nitrogen 44 per cent.
Potash 48 per cent,
i Phosphoric acid 2.33 per cent.
As a five-dollar combination of fertil
izers I suggest the following:
No. 1.
Muriate of potash, containing 50 per
cent., 37 lbs. (at 40.00 a ton) of potash,
$ .74.
High grade acid phosphate, containing
18 per cent, of phosphoric acid, 280 lbs. (at
sls UM a ton), $2.10.
Nitrate of soda (sometimes called Chili
saltpetre), containing nitrogen equivalent
to 19 per cent, ammonia, 95 lbs. (at $45.00
i a ton. $2.14.
Muck, or woods’ earth or marl, 1,583
lbs.. $ 00.
Total 2,000 Ibs., 84.95.
If you wish an ammoniate not quite so
quick as nitrate of soda and less lively to
"fire’’ on all shallow soils you might'use
the following:
No. 2.
Muriate of potash 37 lbs. $ 74 ■
High grade acid phosphate 280 lbs. 210
Dried blood (16 per cent.).. 112 lbs. 215
Muck, woods’ eaath or
marl 1,571 lbs. 00 i
2,000 lbs. $4 9S
If you desire to use sulphate of am
monia as an ammoniate, the following
formula will answer:
No. 3.
Muriate of potash 37 lbs. $ 74
High grade acid phosphate 280 lbs. 210
Sulphate of ammonia
(SS).OO a ton) 54 lbs. 216
Muck, woods’ earth or
marl 1,629 Ibe. 00
2 000 lbs. $5 00
Question 3.—1. On account of the dry
fall I have been unable to sow Crimson
clover sooner; should I sow now or wait
until spring?
2. Shall I put in clover seed with a
turn plow or how?
3. Will it be best to sow small grain
of any kind with the clover?
4. Would it pay me to put up leaves
in pens, in the woods, putting lime with
them? W. H. H., Gordon county.
Answer 3.—1. It will certainly be
best to plant your Crimson clover at
once, as It makes its growth in the cool
weather, and is .but little liable to be ’
killed by any ww may have in this
state. Planted now on fair land well
prepared, you can pasture it in Febru
ary, and taking your stock off of it, in
March, it will then run up and make a
fine crop of hay, good for either horses
or cattle. In addition, your land will
be enriched in nitrogen by the clover
roots. This is not a good grass to plant
in the spring, as it does not stand hot
weather. The proper time for sowing
is about the first of October.
2. Clover and seeds of like fineness
should not be put in with a turn plow,
as it buries them two deep. Prepare
your 'laud well by deep plowing then
sow your clover seed and harrow them
in. A very light covering of earth is
all they need.
3. Do not sow any small grain with
the clover, as it would thus be shaded
and kept back, and when the grain
should bo cut in the late spring or early
summer, tho tender clover would proba
bly be killed out by the hot sun. Sowed
the first of October, this clover will fur
nish fine pasturage through the winter,
and then give a good crop of hay in the
spring. There should be more of it
planted in this state
4. If you have plenty of inexpensive
labor, you can employ it profitably in
putting up pens of leaves in the’ woods.
Pack in the pen, by treading a layer of
leaves about 6 inches thick, and then
scatter over it from a bushel to a bushel
and a half of lime, and a peck of salt.
Continue these alternate layers of leaves
and lime until your pen is full, and
then top it off with a layer of woods,
earth or muck from a foot and a half to
two feet thick. By spring, the pile of
leaves should be decomposed, and can
then be used with excellent effect, either
in making a compost, or better still by
putting in drill with some acid phos
phate and kainit, and bedding at once
upon it.
We should all endeavor to make as
much manure on our farms,
and thus
mercial
A CHANCE.
article from the South
ern '"DI apply to Georgia ns
well Virginia:
TL.“has been and is too much slip
shod farming and reliance solely upon
the unaided efforts of a kind Provi
dence. ‘‘God helps those who help
themselves.” Too many of our farmers
will not d- our correspondent
pleads for—-“give the crops a chance”—
by doing their part. Instead of giving
“thorough tillage,” they just skim the
surface of the land with a little 1-horse
plow, year after year, and leave un
touched the stores of fertility in the
subsoil. If they give any help whatever
in the shape of fertilizer of any kind, it
is usually in the form of 100 or 200
pounds to the acre of some commercial
fertilizer whose adaptability to the needs
of their particular soil is absolutely un
ascertained and problematical, and pass
by the “Crimson clover, cow peas and
Soja beans,” which would give them the
crop producing nitrogen and humus
which their lands stand in need of, and
which can be had with these crops at
merely the cost of the seeds and the la
bor of sowing them. The great ma
jority of Southern farmers never read
or study the agricultural journals or the
books written by scientific, successful,
practical farmers, but from year to year
go on in the old ruts of ignorance and
failure, and then curse their luck and
want of success. No other trade or
business could or would succeed under
such management, and farming cannot
do so. We wish that we could induce
our farmers to take an example from the
little country of Denmark, in the north
of Europe.
This country is only about one-third
the size of Virginia, and has a oold, un
congenial climate compared with that
of this state, and yet the Danes are so
energetic and wideawake to the neces
sities of the times that within the past
few years they have built up a butter
and bacon trade with England that ri
vals that of this country. In 4,918
Denmark alone sent England 123,479,-
217 pounds of butter, whilst all the rest
of the world only sent to England
165,030,840 pounds. In addition to this,
she now supplies one-fifth of the bacon
imported by England, nor to mention
more than 100,000 hogs per year also ,
sent there, and, next to the United j
States, is the largest exporter of bacon •
in the. world. Her export of cattle is
over 100.000 head per year, and she
sends to England alone over 160,000,000
eggs per year. And all this great busi
ness is done by a population only about
one-third larger than that of Virginia.
The secret of all this prosperity is to be
found in the fact that the Danes are an
industrious, well ednoated, reading peo
ple.
They have the largest proportional
circulation of newspapers and journals
of any country in the world, and are
quick to seize upon and put into prac
tice every new meins of making their
lands more profits ale and productive.
The result is. that there are practically
no poor people in Denmark. What a
lesson is here conv eyed us. Can we not
profit by it? Is it too much that we
should ask the farmers of the south to
heed this lesson and from this time to
determine that they will read, and learn
to farm scientifically, and not by ‘ ‘rule
of thumb?” Now is the time to begin. :
In preparin z for the crops of another
year, let yoor fall plowing be plowing,
not skimming. Stir up some of that
fertility which is certainly stored in the
subsoil. Expose it to the air and frost.
This will fit it to become food for vour
crops. C titivate tooroughly. Tillage
is fertilize' in another form. Sow some
Crimson clover —“Give the crops s
chance.”/
INJURIOUS insects.
; The fallowing article compiled by Dr.
George F. Payne, state chemist, and
published in the last fertilizer bulletin,
should have a wide circulation, and be j
carefully read, by all the farmers in the ■
state.
They may be divided into two divis- I
ions or classes according to their man
ner of feeding.
1. Biting or chewing insects include
all those perfect or imperfect forms
which bite and consume substances
upon which they feed.
2. Sucking or piercing insects include
all of those perfect or imperfect forms
which pierce their food substances with
a beak and suck out the sap or juice
from beneath the surface.
Insects that belong to the first divis- ■
ion and like the potato bug, eat the |
leaves, may be easily destroyed by Paris
green or London purple applied to the i
food substance either in a powder or a |
liquid. If on the other hand like squash
bugs, plant lice, and other insects be
longing to the second division, they
suck the sap from the plant causing it
to wither and die, poison will have lit
tle effect on them because we cannot
apply it to the inside of the plant where
they get their food. Most of this class
of insects may, however, bo easily de
stroyed with remedies like Insect Pow
der or Hellebore. These powders kill
by contract when applied to the insects
themselves. Such insects have breath
ing holes distributed over their bodies.
It is usualiy claimed that powdered
substances should be applied in the
morning when the plants are wet with
dew; while this may here its advanta
ges it is not alwayr necessary; as it may
in most cases be appliW at any time in
the day, but never when the wind is
blowing hard.
In using Paris green or London pur -
ple, or Hellebore, the following rules
shobld be observed:
The poison should be kept in a safe
place, and plainly labelled “poison ”
Do not distribute the poison with the
hands. - * ' * ■» ,
Always keep to tho windward side of
the plants or trees when applying the
powder or liquid.
Do net use them upon leaves or fruits
that are soon to be erten. Give the
rains a chance to wash it off.
Never apply it to fruit trees when in
bloom, as tho poison will kill the bees
so necessary to the formation of the per
fect fruit.
, Paris green and London purple may
bo diluted wi,th a cheap quality of wheat
flour, which is probably the best sub
stance for the purpose on account of its
adhering to the plants and being more
readily eaten than other substances.
Land plaster is also recommended, or a
mixture of half and half, 50 pounds
each of flour and plaster to 1 pound of
poison is about the proportion when
used in a dry form on potato plants,
fruit trees, etc. To use in a small way
mix about % once poison with one quart
of flour or plaster. It can be applied to
great advantage by the use of a powder
gun.
When used with water the following
proportions are recommended :
For potatoes, one pound poison (Paris
green or London purple) to 100 gallons
of water.
For apple trees, one pound poison to
150 gallons of water.
For pear, plum, and cherry one pound
poison to 200 gallons of water.
For peach, one pound poison to 800
gallons of water.
The Paris green or London purple
should be mixed into a smooth paste be
fore adding the water. The mixture
must be applied in a fine spray so as not
to deluge the roliuge, and should be well
stirred while being used.
While hellebore is a vegetable sub
stance which will kill certain insects
both by poisoning and contoct, and is
used successfully against currant worms,
rose and cherry slugs. Its principa’
value, however, is that of destroying
currant worms.
To use whale oil soap, dissolve one
half a pound of soap in about one quart
of water, then add fromfour to five gal
lons of cold water, and apply every oth
er day with garden syringe or an ordi
nary watering pot.
For the trunks and branches of trees
use thicker and apply with a brush.
kerosene emulsion for destroying
PLANT LICE, (APHIDES.)
Kerosene Oil 2 gallons.
Water 1 “
Soap (whale oil preferred)...pound.
Dissolve the soap in the water by
boiling. Take from the fire, add the ;
kerosene and churn rapidly with a
force pump, or stir and whip a paddle
or old broom until emulsion is complete. I
One gallon of this emulsion to 2*5 gal- |
lons of water and mixed well will kill ;
most plant lice. For bark lice use 1 i
gallon of the emulsion to 9 gallons of
water.
For peachtrees during the dormant
season the solution, if necessary, can be
used as strong as 1 gallon of emulsion
to 5 gallons of water.
For hardy rose bushes, 1 gallon of
emulsion to 10 gallons of water will be
safe.
Instead of using whale oil soap and '
water in making the emulsion, sour !
milk can be used if desired.
Kerosene OiL 2 gallon 3. i
Sour Milk 1 gallon, j
Make emulsion as described above, i
and use the en ulslon when finished,
with the same amounts of water as that '
made with the u*e of soap.
1 1
- L„.
Highest of all in Leavening Power.*—Latest U. S. Gov’t Report
Absolutely pure
PITY THE ABSENTMINDED.
For These Are Some of the Accidents
Which Daily Befall Them.
“It is a great niisfortu.no to bo ab- !
sentminded, ” remarked the young
, woman in gray:'
“Indeed it! is, ’’groaned tho girl ,
I with pompadourodhair, “and I know I
all about it if anybody does. I went
shopping with Ida the other day, and
I we must have exchanged parasols in
I the first shop we entered. She found
she had mine when she got home
and brought it over to me, and—
would you believe it?—the one I had
wasn’t hers at all, and as I may
have exchanged it half a dozen times
for all I know her prospect of get
ting it back is not at all bright.”
“I should think not,” said the
young woman in gray. “But my
latest exploit is equally bad. I came
up from Hyde Park the other day to
go to a luncheon on the North Side,
stopping on the way for a pair of
gloves. When I came out of the
store, I found I had only 20 minutes,
so I took a cab. What was my sur
prise to find myself at home when
we stopped, and yet I must have
given the man my own address, or
he couldn’t possibly have known it. ”
“Very true. I did a funny thing
not long ago myself, ’’said the young
woman in green. “I paid a lot of
calls and noticed that every one
looked queer, but I couldn’t think
why until I found that I had been
leaving the cards I had left over
when I was married. And now
everybody is asking Harry when we
were divorced. ”
“My goodness, that was awful!”
said the young woman in gray.
“Now, I often forgot tho nameof
tho woman I’m calling on—it slips
right out of my head when I ascend
the front steps—and am reduced to
asking for the lady of tho house. It
sometimes gives rise to complica
tions, too,” she added, “where peo
ple have moved, away and given
place to total strangers.”
? ‘I should think so,” said tne girl
with pompadoured hair, “but I can’t
sit in the seat of the scornful myself.
Tho other day I wrote Mattie all
about the breaking of Prue’s en
gagement. My mind was so full of
hor that I actually addressed the en
velope to Prue herself. She sent it
back without a w’ord, and now I’m
busy dodging into stores and up al
leyways to avoid meeting her.”
“No wonder, ” observed the young
woman in green, “but I’m just as
bad. The other day Clara and I were
out together, and on the way home
I gave the conductor two nickels.
‘What’s this one for?’ ho asked.
'Why, for the other lady,’ I answer
ed. Then I suddenly remembered
that she had left me before I got in
the car. ’ ’
“Yes, it is a real misfortune to bo
absentminded,” said the girl with
pompadoured hair. “The other day
I told Evelyn an awfully funny story
and couldn’t imagine why she was
so stiff about it until I remembered
that it was about an accident which
hud befallen her own husband. ”
“You poor thing,” said the young
woman in gray. “But just listen to
what I did last w ? eek. I went to the
milliner’s and tried on a lot of hats.
None of them just suited me, and I
was preparing to go when the sales
woman handed me another. ‘Oh,
it’s no use to try that one on, ’ I said.
‘lt’s a perfect fright. ’ ‘lt is the one
you were wearing when you came
in,’ she replied politely, and my
feelings may be better imagined
than described.”
“I should think so,” said the
young woman in green. “My good
ness! What shall Ido? I left my
husband in the waiting room at the
Babel while I went to buy a veil;
then I met you and forgot all about
him. Do you suppose he is there
yet?”
“If he is, I shouldn’t advise you
to go after him,” remarked the
young woman in gray, “because our
meeting happened a matter of four
hours ago. ’ ’ —Chicago Times-Herald.
Sit Up Straight on Your Bicycle.
There is absolutely no reason for
stooping over the handles in either
of the two ways so commonly seen,
and there is no excuse for so doing
in ordinary road riding. It may be
necessary for the “scorcher” when
engaged in “scorching” to assume
the one or the other of these atti
tudes—to sprawl with the body
straight, but almost horizontal, and
the head close to the handle bar, or
to bend the upper part of the back
as if trying to break it in its middle
and throw the shoulders forward as
if desiring to make them meet across
his breast. Even so one who is not
“scorching” does not need to make i
himself a hideous object to look at
and also reduce the benefits of wheel
ing minimum, so far as its effect
on iife chest capacity is concerned.
”0 yrl
A FAMOUS DINNER.
It Was In Honor of Stanley, and the Guesta
Got Mixed.
The following amusing though
somewhat annoying incident hap
| pened in connection with the
i “American dinner” that was given
| to Henry M. Stanley on his return
from the Emin Pasha relief expedi
tion. The incident also serves to
show how 1 a vary slight accident
may precipitate confusion in a din
ner party. Tho American dinner to
Stanley was tho idea of Mr. Henry
S. Wellcome, an American business
man of London, who was not only a
personal friend of Stanley, but a
member of the firm of druggists
who fitted out tho Emin Pasha re
lief expedition. Through Mr. Well
come’s energy almost every Ameri
can in London subscribed for tickets
to tho dinner, and on the night it
camo off covers for over 300 people
were laid in Evans’ assembly rooms.
Ono table on a dais was reserved for
Stanley and the more distinguished
guests, and there were a dozen other
long tables facing this one.
Mr. Wellcome attended personally
to tho arrangement of the seats, and
each man who had subscribed to tlio
plate that was to be presented to the
guest of the evening was given a
place at the end of one of the subsid
iary tables and others were given
seats near each other who had ex
pressed preference. Mr. Wellcome
gave minute attention to these de
tails, and the first thing on tho
morning of the night of the dinner
ho took his completed plan of the
tablesand scats to a printer inorder
to have the usual diagrams ready
the diners in
taking v •
When
beer, fixed for dinner, had
the 300 guests were assembled in£b9--
reception room. Stanley was there,
and so was Consul General John C.
New, who was to preside, and so
werosomo of tho most distinguished
mon in England, 'mt there v'ere no
diagrams of the dining room, and
the reception committee was anx
iously waiting for Mr. Wellcome to
arrive with them. At 8:35 o’clock
Mr. Wellcome flew in ia his busi
nessclothes, with a smudge of print
ers’ ink on his nose and more on his
hands. Ho agonizingly ip or med
the reception committee that tlie»
printers had pied the typo for the
diagrams of the tables at tho last
moment, and that they would be
compelled to do without them.
It may seem an easy matter for
300 men to find their places at table',
when their names arc at their plates,
but it brought about so much con
fusion that everybody was turned
from tho dining room back to the
reception room, and a brilliant
scheme was suggested. Ther-! was
the original list of the names of tho
diners, with tho respective places,
that Mr. Wellcome had rescued from
the printer, in tho possession of the
reception committee. Tho toast
master was stationed on a chair nt
the door of the/lining room and in
structed to read the list of names, '
each man to pass out and take his
place at the table when his name ■
was called.
The toastmaster was a fine, big
Englishman with a stentorian voice.
He did as he was told. “Now, Con
sul General John C.,” he shouted, :
and Mr. New went through the door.
“Stanley, Henry M.,” bellowed tho
toastmaster next. There was a roar
of laughter, and that scheme for
seating the guests was dropped. ;
Finally everybody went in again and
searched for his place and found it ■
or otherwise as best ho might. Sev- j
eral of the guests designed for the '
principal table were rescued from ]
inferior positions below, and sumo j
ambitious ones were degraded from
the table of rank, but the dinner J
went on merrily and ended similar- j
ly, though it began an hour later
than the time it had been set for, i
and all because of the accident to a
the diagrams.—New York Telegram. |
jj
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