Newspaper Page Text
The Summerville News, Thursday, October 27, 1988
4-B
Trail Of Tears 150th
Anniversary Saturday
from page 1-B
village sites are in the county,
though not all were Cherokee
settlements, according to
Frank “Skipper” Stewart, who
studies Indian history as a
hobby.
"{know of about 30 village
sites, but some of them were
Creek settlements, not
Cherokee,”" Stewart said.
“Both tribes were in the
county, though the Cherokees
became the dominant tribe
here. It is my opinion that ear
ly in our history the main tribe
in the county was the Creek
nation, and then the Cherokees
began to extend into the area.”
Stewart added that he feels
the Cherokees would have
become even more dominant
had they not been removed.
“Most o{the recently-found ar
tifacts have been Cherokee ob
jects, and I think the number
would have kept growing."”
HOW MANY?
According to the Chattooga
County History, written by
Emily Farrar, there were
13,563 Indians living in the
Cherokee nation, one of the
most highly advanced of the
United gtates Indian tribes.
However, both Stewart and
Hayes agreed that determining
the nur?xi:er of Indians in Chat
tooga County at the beginning
of the Trail of Tears would be
a difficult task.
“There is very little
documentation about the coun
ty's Indian population at that
time,”” Hayes said. ‘‘Most of
what we have to go on has been
written down from hearsay.”
“I hope someday that so
meone sits down an(i] works on
documenting our Cherokee
history,” Stewart said. He add
ed that an estimated 6,000
Cherokees made up the nation
in the late 1700 s.
NATIONAL SPLIT
*“A man named Henderson
purchased some prime
Cherokee territory in the Ten
nessee Valley in tKe late 1700 s
or early 1800 s,"” he said. ‘‘That
purchase, in effect, split the na
tion, and there were about
6,000 at that time.”’
The population of a tribe,
Stewart said, is measured by
the number of able warriors in
the nation. The number ex
cludes women, children and
older men. e
Following the Henderson
purchase, the Cherokee
Dragging-canoe became angry
with the loss of territory.
““He took between 2,000
and 3.000 braves with him and
established a new Cherokee
tribe in Northwest Georgia,”
Stewart said. ‘I believe that
they later moved into Creek
territory.”’
DeSOTO
The Cherokee Indians had
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PLAQUE NEAR ALPINE FOR HUGH MONTGOMERY
By Presbyterian Church
been living in Northwest
Georgia before that time,
however, as they were found
living here in 1540 during the
explorations of Hernando
DeSoto, Hayes said. DeSoto
had been exploring Spanish
held Florida and also visited
North Georgia. .
“The word ‘‘Cherokee”
means *‘principal people’” when
translated,” Hayes added.
“They originally belonged to
the Iroquoian family located in
the Northeastern United
States. They probably were
forced to leave that area of the
country and settle farther
south.”
When the Trail of Tears
began in 1838, the Cherokee
nation was affected more than
any other in the Southeast,
said Hayes. “The Creeks were
still living here at that time,”
he said. ‘“But they accepted the
overnment’s off}:ers more than
516 Cherokees did. Some of the
Creeks went south to the
Everglades and joined the
Seminole tribe in Florida.”
ESCAPEES
The county itself, however,
was not greatly affected, he
added. “Cirattooga was not as
affected as were other counties
that had a larger Cherokee
population. There were some of
the Indians who escaped from
Georgia and relocated to the
Carofi:las to avoid the Trail of
Tears, but probably only a few
from Chattooga did.”
Before being moved to the
Oklahoma territory, the In
dians in the area were im
prisoned in a stockade in
Alabama, a few miles
southwest of Alpine at a large
sl;:ring. “I don't think, though,
that it would have held all the
local Indians,” Hayes said.
‘“There may have been another
stockade somewhere in the
county.”
LAND FOR WHITES
‘“There were several in
direct reactions resulting from
the Trail of Tears,” said Dale
Willingham, who also studies
Indian history. “Many lan
downers received parcels of
land after the Indxi)ans were
removed. A lot of the land
Chief Broom used to own in
Lyerly and Oak Hill was given
to the white men after the tribe
moved.”’
““There are still a lot of peo
ple in the county who are part
Cherokee,” Willingham added.
““They may not be aware of it,
but many Cherokee descen
dants are still here.”
SYLLABARY
Sequoyah, the inventor of
the Cherokee syllabary, is
believed to have lived at Alpine
for a short time. His
85-character alphabet made the
Cherokees literate in a few
months. Sequoyah’s English
name was George Guess, and
he had fought against the
Creek Indians during the War
of 1812.
Few major trails existed in
Chattooga during the time the
Cherokees were Eere, Stewart
said. ‘‘There were numerous
small trails, but very few ma
jor trails passed through here,”
he said. “That's why Dragg
ingcanoe came here. He knew
he’d be safe. There was very lit
tle traffic on the Chattooga
River.”
The main Indian trail in the
county was known as the Five
Spring Trail, Hayes said. "It
was named for the fact that it
passed near five major
springs,” he said.
*“Two are in Walker Coun
%2' and it passed the Teloga,
nox and Berry Springs in
Chattooga. The present
Highway 337 follows approx
ima{;ely the same route ofthis
trail.”
FLAG RAISING
The Cherokee national flag
will be raised over New Echota
Saturday, and a 25-foot granite
monument will be redegircated
during the ceremony, which is
a part of “Cherokee Week in
Georgia.”
New Echota is located near
Calhoun on state Highway 225.
To travel there from Summer
ville, follow U. S. Highway 27
south and turn east on
Highway 156 to Calhoun. Turn
north onto I-75 and then turn
east at the Highway 225 exit,
and drive for about one mile.
-
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A s
SRR "‘.» RN "‘&“- o " A ‘\:“‘ T
AIRMAN DOTSON
Dotson Graduate
Of Air Force
Basic Training
Airman lst Class Gregory
D. Dotson, son of Mr. and filrs.
Jimmy D. Dotson and grand
son of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel
Dotson, Lyerly Rte. 1, has
graduated gom Air Force basic
training at Lackland Air Force
Base, Texas. . ;
Duiring the six weeks of
training the airman studied the
Air Force mission, organiza
tion and customs and received
special training in human
relations.
In addition, airmen who
complete basic training earn
credits toward an associate
degree through the community
college of the Air Force.
He is a 1988 graduate of
Trion High Schoof.
Stop
Smoking At
Redmond
Chattooga Countians are in
vited to a free introductory ses
sion of the Smoking Cessation
Program, which wifi be offered
at 7 f).m. Nov. 7 in Rome 8331
at Floyd College, Highway 27,
south of Rome. ‘
The entire program will be
offered in November by the
Wellness Center at Redmond
Park Hospital. The program
was _developed b the
American Institute for lf’reven
tive Medicine (AIPM).
The free program is design
ed to show participants some
of the techniques of stopping
smoking that will be used in
the Iprogram.
o register for the introduc
tory program or for more infor
mation, persons should call
The Wellness Center at
291-0291, Ext. 139.
For those who register, the
“‘treatment phase’ will be held
the week ofEl’\lov. 14-17 from 7
to 8:30 p.m. at Floyd College.
Two ‘‘maintenance classes’
will follow on consecutive Mon
days, Nov. 21 and 28.
The program offers a life
time guarantee, meaning that
anyone who starts smoking
after having taken the program
may take it again at no charge.
Catrett,
Darden
To Speak
Jack Catrett, principal of
Chattooga County High
School, will be guest speaker at
the weekly meeting of the
Summerville-Trion Rotary
Club at noon next Monday at
The Tavern, Trion.
Rep. George ‘‘Buddy”
Darden will address the
Rotarians at noon Monday,
Nov. 7:
DUI Report
Four motorists were charg
ed with driving under the in
fluence of intoxicants in Chat
tooga Coung during the dpast
week, according to records at
the jail. They included:
Sandra H. Hanks, 43, 1038
Orchard Rd., Summerville;
Michael Leon Wells, 20, 722 S.
Union St., Summerville, who
was also charged with not
wearing a seat belt, driving
without a license and who was
wanted on a parole warrant;
Terry Williamson, 38, 17 Cur
ran St., Summerville; and
James R. Brown, 28,
LaFayette, who was also
charged with driving on the
wrong side of the road.
Johnny R. Sparks, 28,
Trion Rte. 1, was cfiarged only
with being an habitual violator
and driving on a suspended
license.
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’BB SAT Scores At CHS
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College Prep Students Exceed Previous Classes
from page 1-B
to the students, and since CHS students don't “‘study for the
test,” that problem may remain a long time.
Several other cautionary statements about interpreting SAT
scores have been made by professional educators elsewhere.
Stan Bernknopf, director of state assessment programs at the
Georfiia Degartment of Education, said SAT scores tell people
a lot less than they think they do.
WHAT TEST DOES
Speaking as a ‘‘measurement person,”’ Bernknopf said the
SATIis usecf to discern trends in education and in learning, but
the test was not designed to do that.
“Students taking the test do not represent a total popula
tion because not everyone takes the test,” Bernknopf sai(f "1t
is meant to be used as an entrance requirement for institutions
of higher education, and in most s%ates only college-bound
students are required to take it. In lowa only two percent of
all high school kids took it."”
One reason Georgia's composite test scores are lower is
because many more students take the test, even if they have
not been in a college prep program, and are not going to col
lege. “‘More than 50 percent of the eligible students took the
test, and a lot of these were not prepared to take the test,” Ber
nknopf said.
Students can get into college without taking the SAT, but
the state’s board of regents ‘‘says any student entering an in
stitute of higher education, from Georgia Tech to a two-year
college have to take the test, and many of them should not be
tfiking the SAT. Their academic background doesn’t prepare
them.”
COMPARISONS
According to Bernknopf, good tests serve specific purposes,
and only innt%e context in which the test was designecs) can con
clusions be drawn.
“The College Board drives me crazy with publishing the SAT
results every year. They say that scores from other states
should not be compared, and then you turn the page (in the
board’s press release) and they compare all 50 states.”
The (Follege Board is a nonprofit organization with the chief
goal of “‘expanding educational opportunity.” The state univer
sity system in Georgia is a member institution, Bernknopf said.
Accordiné to The College Board, thousands of high school
students in Georgia are expected to take the SAT on Satur
day, Nov. 5, and many of ti})\em still unsure of the test's role
in college admissions.
Nearly half-a-million students throughout the nation will be
tested that day, the largest SAT administration of the year.
In Georgia, more than 87,000 students take the SAT annually
— nearly 10,000 in November alone.
To test general knowledge of the SAT and clarify its use
in admissions, the College Board, which sponsors the gAT. has
prepared a short true-or-false quiz to help put the test in perspec
tive and separate myths about the SAT from facts.
1. SAT scores can make or break a student’s academic
future.
False. By itself, the SAT won't get a student into college,
or keep most students out. That is %ecause the SAT is one of
several factors that college admissions officers consider in
deciding who is admitted.
Before most colleges look at SAT scores, they look at grades
and evaluate the strength of the student’s academic program.
Doing well in tough academic courses is the most important
consideration in college admissions. Extracurricular activities,
recommendations, special talents, and the college application
essay are also important.
2. High school grades are better than the SAT in predicting
how well students will do in college.
True. At most colleges, high school grades are somewhat
better than SAT scoresin preficting how well students will do
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in a particular college. But the combination of grades with
scores produces a better predictor than either used alone. (At
other colleges, Achievement Tests are most valuable in predic
ting performance). : .
Combining grades and SAT scores is useful because f’?de
ractices differ among the more than 25,000 high schools in the
Bnited States and from teacher to teacher, and because
students do not take the same courses in high school. A stan
dard admissions test like the SAT permits colleges to put the
variations in grading practices and academic preparation of
their applicants in perspective.
3. l‘gwer colleges are using the SAT every year. '
False. The number of colleges using the SAT is increasing,
not decreasing. More than 1,600 colleges use the SAT today
for admissions, and guidance and placement; that's 435 more
than in 1978. Why? Because the SAT is a universally recogniz
ed standard of excellence against which a student’s readiness
for college, regardless of where they attended high school, can
be measured. It's a rigorous standard, but objective and fair.
4. The best preparation for the SAT is a coaching course.
False. Despite Xecades of research, it is still not fiogmble to
predict ahead of time who will, or will not, improve their scores
— and by how much — through coaching courses. For that
reason, the College Board does not recommend cpachmg
courses, especially if they cost a lot or require a lot of time an
effort that could be better spent on schoolwork or other wor
thwhile activities. Most students who repeat the SAT have not
been coached, yet most of them receive higher scores the se
cond time — averaging 15 to 20 points more on each of the two
sections.
The best preparation for the SAT is to follow a solid pro
gram of chalfienging academic courses in school, to read wide
ly, to review mathematical principles, and to be familiar with
the SAT. Getting a good night's sleep before the test also makes
sense.
5. The SAT is biased against women and minorities.
False. As individuals, women and minorities score as high,
and as low, as white males. Average gro? scores, however, do
show a gap between most minorities and whites and between
women and men. It is very simplistic to blame differences in
scores on bias in the test. Women and minorities who take the
SAT frequently have unequal educational, social, and other
background experiences that may be reflected in their perfor
mance on the gAT and other standardized tests.
On average, for example, women and minorities are less like
ly to have fofiowed an academic or college preparatory pr(:fram
in high school. Minorities take fewer years of study in academic
subjects, and women take fewer courses in the sciences or ad
vanced mathematics. Women and minority test takers tend to
have parents with less formal education — a factor often related
to lower scores.
6. The SAT keeps women and minorities out of college.
False. In fact, more women are attending college than ever
before: total enrollments in higher education are 52 percent
female and 48 percent male — identical to the proportion of
women and men taking the SAT. More minorities are also tak
ing the SAT (up by 12 percent since 1973), and applying to and
entering college.
7. It is very hard to get into college.
False. Being accepted is the norm, not the exception. Each
year high school stud%nts file nearly 3.6-million applications to
the nation’s 1,779 four-year colleges and universities. Accor
dir:F to survey data from the American Council on Education
and the University of California at Los Angeles, 92 percent of
students end up at their first or second choice college. And more
than 1,100 (36 percent) of America’s colleges are *‘open admis
sions’ institutions that admit virtually all students who apply.
The College Board is a national nonprofit membership
organization of more than 2,500 secondary and higher educa
tion institutions and schools, systems, and associations, pro
viding a variety of tests and services for guidance, college ad
missions, placement, and financial aid purposes.