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v: ' 0 y $^' r Jv ;l*Bp i y i -•:'• ,- : r > " / //7 : V ’■■ SI",:: :. y ' -- v " i ■ -s' „siSip . ■sfmt® sBPSS \ f .. fMft vKmA, Mr V J-C'fcO C 7. 1 V'‘ cjj|&. • i •*. .j ,***V V W* •'&kUBKil > .■ijs l S. t^r x<^rLjy~yy, ✓ r . ■ ,m , " IcrLs .«- - -■ " M-eSSB- German Professor*s Curious , Interesting and Intimate Life With His Simian Cousins. jjROFEESOR ALEXANDER BOkWLoWSKY , o former pupi! of / fJie £7reaf Professor Ernst Haeckel, lias made a prolonged study of the great apes with a view to ascertaining how far they possess human characteristics. Professor Sokoloicsky has come to the conclusion that these animals really possess a soul similar to that of man, and he gifts his reasons for this belief with convincing elaboration. Professor Sokolowsky has lived with a great number of the apes for years in Hagcnbeck's famous animal park at Stcllinger. He has shared their meals and lived as nearly as possible their oicn life. He now pub lishes his conclusions. Searching the Simian Soul. Ey PROF. ALEXANDER SOKOLOWSKY, Member of the International Institute of Zoological Psychology. ALONG and close study of tho large anthropoid apes the gorilla, he chimpanzee and the orang-outang— bus satisfied me that these animate possess a soul resembling in some degree that of man. By soul I mpnrTa mental life, character ized by the attributes of self-consclo isn’ss, consc ms personal deutity, reason, con sciousiiess and the higher emotions. I will begin with tl e gorilla. during the last three years I have bad the opportunity to study .o less than ..ight gorillas, froi six to el ,t years old, and It was possible to securi from this umber an individual well wor.uy of study. It wag noticeable from the star* that they felt themselves apart from their sur roundings. They were shy and withdrew from the company if men_. Their phys! ognomles took on an nmlstakable look o' melancholy and sadness. Evidently they could not bear being ueprived of their free dom. They oit very quietly In a corner of the cage, with in expression of resigna tion on their laces, a .d they take no Inter eat In anything, even in laelr keepers. As a rule the poor gorillas live only a short time in ap.lvlty. even hough they nre taken very young. Soon after they are captured their voices become weaker, they hold their hands before their eyes, avoid seeing man and eventually are found curled up dead. Post-mortem examinations prove that they have not died of any po eifle disease, but that they simply was'e away from grief. Their life energ - an., love of life nre destroyed by captivity, and so they cease to live. These characteristics, so far from show ing that the gorilla Is a mere wild ani mal, point strongly to a mnn-llke soul, for man Is of all animals the one who suf fers most ', captivity. The possession of" uch intense feeling by these apes lends considerable weight to thr theory, which has been so strengthened by the discovery of he remains of Pithecan thropus Erectus —“the ape-man walking erect”—ln Java, of ue near relat' ship of the apes to man. If the r.pe belongs to the same race as man, then he must possess n soul. The gorilla, wLou observed at liberty, shows some remarkably .;uman character istics He lives In a polygamous family ; but It Is a family, not a troop, and the male gorilla not ooly lovldes food, but de fends wives and children from enemies even with bis life. When the Microscope Is a Life-Saver. THERE are certain diseases whoa# ap proach la «o Insidious that ordinary means of diagnosis are apt to ho «t fault until It la too late to make u»e of prevratlve meaatire*. t Xfpliold fever, for tnatanre, la often fa * advanced before even lbe aklllfd phyaldan la able to determine exactly what alia bla patient—unleaa he baa bethought bin -elf to examine a drop of hla patient', blood under the mlcroacope. Xhla la a germ dlaeaae which tuna Ita rourae In alx weeka—unleaa the patient auccumba aooner through heart failure ow ing to long-continued high temperature, or perforation of the Inleatluea and reaultlug perltonttla. 'l'he germa of typhoid propagate and atti! tlply la the Inteatinal tract. If their prea ence la detected early enough, there nr# hygienic measures to be Mkeu which «■ -ii materially lessen the chance* of « wrlwn attack of th** 41 sense Tbs microscope furnish#* art infallible mean# of detecting i tb**patient (««li that b# la really 111 Suppose * *stuple of blood comet through the mall to the bacteriological laboratory iu on# of the patent little tin making hot#* It distributes, from a doctor out In the country, who wish#*.* to know whether it contains typhoid germs He baa a pa Ikbt who has been suickta sad who baa One of my eight gorillas, whom I kept In an Inclosure, hut not In a cage, is ap parently tnmed. lie seems to be pos sessed of a certain sense of humor, play ing jokes on those about him. lie laughs, opening his mouth and wrink ling his cheeks In queer, fashion. This gorilla Is accustomed to be carried by a negro and Is devoted to his oearer. lie loves to play and ,i very susccpt. e to kindly treatment. When sleeping he .les either on his back or - i his side, with one arm under his head, a most human pos ture. Ho can even pick out hie master from a large number ot soldiers uniformed exactly alike. I was particularly impressed by the human characteristics of the gorilla when I found that be displayed anger when be was laughed at or otherwise ridiculed. This, I think, Is peculiarly Indicative of the possession of a soul, 4or only an ani mal endowed with the highest form of self-consciousness can be subject to ridi cule. When I laughed at my favorite gorilla, he would sulk bide his head and refuse to play with mo for three or four days afterward. Incidentally he displayed a very powerful memory. After taking a large and appetlzluß meal, my gorilla would fold his hands across bis distended stomach, assume an expression of great happiness and con tentment, and finally fall Into a deep slumber. In this be displayed something more than an animal appreciation of a good meal. He showed an aesthetic enjoy ment, If I may term It so, of the pleasures of the palate, and this was urther evi dence of the possession of the higher na ture called the voul. It Is a remarkable fact that the gorilla’s skeleton is Identical in respect to form with that of man. The only difference Is that the gorlllu’s bones nre heavier. His bands, and arms, legs and every character istically human feature are exuctly like those of men. The gorilla certainly takes high rank mentally among the apes, on accor.ut ot the way In whl<-h he care# for his family. The young of this species Is nearer to human as the characteristics of the wild beast are not so fully developed In him. My favorite gorilla wag easily in sulted, but could bo controlled by a kind word. He did not throw himself on his food like ati animal, but ate It slowly, such perplexing symptom* that be can't d**rld» iio\v to treat film. One thousandth of a gram of this drop of dried blood Is scraped from the little disk of tin on which It rests, with a sharp f f **el iriwtriiment. and is dissolved in one tenth of one cubic centimeter of distilled water. This l» dropped upon a little glass slide with a hollow In the centre, and to It N added one drop of a culture of typhoid germs i .<n all Is put nsid# for two hours at ordinary room heat. At the end of this time the slide Is put beneath th# micro scone. The typhoid germs, which have been added In the solution of typhoid spoken of. can be seen plainly. If there was typhoid In to# original drop of blood they will be clumped together In solid mass. If not, they vj|| »e swimming around separately. Tn# doctor can then tie notlfte 1 nnd will koow at once how to proceed with his case. In the life fluid of persons who are not Hi with the disease there are ordinarily no sggutlnins. In about 5 per cent, of people who an* alck with typhoid agglutinins do not appear, for some queer reason of per - ,u*v Of yet under, ,«,d Hut In a!| other typhoid cases there are aggiu .l iu*. 1 t.c ir preeeoce. S causing the clumping of germs, reveals the disease. w ~ the country doctor receives his shnl/*!s from the bacteriological laboratory and It ehows the presence of typhoid geri.’is, he U no longer In doubt, and Is ften able, by preventive nnd general hygienic measures, to ward off a serious attack of tua dlseaat. taking It In his fingers, like a human be ing. smelling It first to see if it were good, and then slowly biting Into It. ne was very Inquisitive, observing and trying to understand everything. Ho seemed to reflect, and try to form a Judg ment upon any new object presented to him. He trusted his keepers, eating what they brought him, without smelling, but sour milk was brought one day, and after that he always tasted the milk carefully before drinking it. When he was brought to the Animal Park and placed In the hot sunshine, he sought the shade of his own accord, as any man would. Lie was always meas ured lu movement, seeming to carefully consider whatever he was to do. The chimpanzee ranks next to the gorilla In human characteristics. t wns greatly Interested to observe that as soon as the chimpanzee wns clad In human clothes he became remarkably neat and cleanly In his habits. When he was kept wld ami naked he wns slovenly and dirty, like most other animnls, but as soon as he was dressed In clean clothes, he straightened up, assumed a serious air and seerntd lo develop a sense of self-respect that com pelled him to keep his clothes clean and behave properly. In this respect he showed a lemarknble characteristic of humau nature, for It Is II HE |mm 4 WkWfa. nr’WHnrf "S* jfflr Fb i hw*y&fjmwKz Af^ Jy&’- /'lk aK^ME«' a: .; sSrj; 8»-» Tfc_ /..Tl A «L / r ''*Mjjte| f^. BHs£r< awy r. iLi - Professor 9okolowsky Teaching Hla Orang Jacob to Walk Lika Himself. Absolutely certain that a man tends to be come uent, cleanly sod well behaved when be la well dressed. The rhlrnpanr.ee, though a near re Ml live of the gorilla, live* under very different condi tion# when In thw forest. He does not lend n family life as the gorilla does, but a troop life, and this probably mak*s him more noisy snd demonstrative. To define the differences of their character* :r» two words, the gorilla Is melancholic nnd the chlmpansee sanguine lit temperament. The latter I* made more lively by bis comndnil mode of life, while the former, living in a more lonely way, develops n different tem perament. We noticed that the chimpanzees fixed their attention ou any object for only a short time, while the gorillas con centrated their attention and kept It so longer. The chimpanzee was fitful, the gorilla thoughtful. The gorilla resembles the calm, slow thinking man of the Northern races, while 'T ; ; . ; it . JhSL # ifflH.' MBf 1 , s- SB*® < - t lkffisr y Mi ■ Hriir iff11 ffi f \ TH vf'Wk/ 1 T ‘Si+lSMf Skeletons of the Gorilla and Man, Showing That They Are Exact ly Similar Ex cept in Propor tionate Develop ment. J pr~ | ■ I A j ;,,_ The Young Chimpanzee Morlta Learning to Walk. the chimpanzee Is more like the excitable, talkative Latin. When punished the gorilla feels insulted and remembers it a long time. #ii * chim panzee has to lie punished more frequently because ho forgets quickly. The chit.ipnn zee makes friends with any one; the gorilla makes few friendN and slowly, hut usvar forgets them. njhii.:sf.V, C Lfi ' 5 ’ >y •*','* ! " ' ' (liff yotjnj- cblmpanx##. .iiotv gnu it a* to'-hiuont In tlielv kci'piTa, tviiillu* v/|i#n lIK-y lunvt, ll,# #„tt# I- mi-Ij nos pm mnrkmi H n Ijirtj-Mtjnllry, i-van In fit. l <•* I"""* 1 "" " r loiinfi-iiaiu-v, that tln-v nrr- n»i t‘n*lly vnnfiiHvii '!),#, rnunffi-Mt muni, joy, worry, imwl,lliij<ii#«», tear Of pnnlaii O It mi.) Jaaloitry, n» well u « ilrep rmlnr-aa anil .ufforlna. Wa found that tiotli th# rlifiiipanx#.' and • 'ifln.a w#r# fonil of toil wj„# lutxod with The Young Orang Outang’a Tottering Footatep*. 3 <v»lt*r and that It «#nm#d to t># K"" n ,l,r tlioin 'llo-y worn .-nully trained hy k 1 "' 1 M'S and most teachable. They were tnught In sit ,nf table find »'f‘t In orderly fnslilon. The cbliii.iMii/'-e Morlta and the ornng* Jacob and H'*-e sat In their chairs, waiting patiently afld politely until the food was passed to them If Moritz had enjoyed all the nt‘*k lie wanted, tho keeper had only t-* *:iy '• "l»tu'i you want any more milk? 'I ceu The Gorilla's Expression of Human Satisfaction After a Full Meal. The Chimpanzee Becomww Meat and Cleanly When Well Dressed. give It to Roan,” and he would pass the bottle to fie .rang On otic occasion, when w» wan ed to photograph the orang Jacob, tie wool I not slnii'l quietly The keeper went, up to him. spoke harshly at first, and then stroked him gently, and he stood us quietly us we wished. It ttnnot be denied that mini <n n exert a menial Influence upon these apes I have no doubt that there are slumbering psychical powers In these highly organ ized creatures which man can awaken. All the apes, when kept ttrn!d favorable surroundings, showed a natural tendency to walk upright on their hind legs like men. While this Is not direct evidence tiuit they possess a soul, It Is strong evi dence of their possessing the same In st inn aas man. The reason lho apes very often go <ui all fours In a wild state Is that they rind so many obstructions which they must ell rub over, hut when they find fhemeelvcs on a comfortable lawn or a side walk they walk erect. I had i \o ■ ili ipniiz- es and three orang oufangs who walked perfectly upright snd ac.ompanled me In my walk*. 'I here is no doubt of the power of mem ory In tin >o spoil, a* has been often piored Karl liagenbeck left the park and went to England for two weeks. Ha Mid hardly entered the place on hla re turn when tin* chimpanzee Moritz, uttered « Joyful "Oooooo!" When the ape Is frightened this cry Is high and sharp, tit t«'»ed at short intervals. At the same time the animal strike* the ground with the flat of tils hand and jumps about excitedly. Ilf gostl'Milates with both hands as lit crb*«, in tills respect resembling very close. I y the savage who expresses hla feelings by meanlngli * ejaculation and gestures. If will l»« need Interesting to learn how the '• apes eoilliuunleflte with each other When at liberty. This Is a subject which s« ' ritlsts are now Investigating In wild places. The oraugs have excellent mem ories, two of them welcoming u fomier owner whom they had not seen for seveX The orang Is different from the gorilla end the < lilmjoin/-«•, not only In build of body, but In temperament as well. If the first Is melancholic and thr second san guine the orang may la- clA*«lfled ns phlegmatic He Is lesa sulky and selfish than the gorilla, but not so evanescent and flighty as Hie r him pan zee. He laughs when tickled, P< onto,* attached to bis keepers, but does not welcome every one. II < h bit'die t Is stronger than that of tbs fbliniuin/.<•••. He doe* not pint away la captivity like the gorillas, being resigned to his fate The orang is so lazy that eve* the ' l»bnj. in/* »• « .mn<*t lempt him to Jump about l' l sport. If he h ives out position It is for a definite purposa.