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ConstMnnaliat&JUjmliltr.
JAMES GARDNER, JR., J
and / Editors.
JAMES M. BMYTHE, )
cSvERNOR S MESSAGE.
Executive Department, )
Milledgeville, Nov. 3rd, 1851. j
Fellow- Citi zevs
Os the Senate \ House of Representatives :
Tn closing my official connection with the repres
entative's or the people, it will he iny object to place
fairly before them the measures I have horetoforc
felt, and now feel it my duty to recommend, sedu
lously avoiding, as far as possible, the introduction of
anv topic not affecting the interests of the people.
While abundant cause of profound gratitude exists '
for the continued kindness of that superintending
Providence, by which our State has been spared
from the scourge of pestilence and famine, yet it is !
not to be disguised, that we are pa-sing through a
reason of bitter discontent that may well claim the j
exercise of the brightest of iho Christian virtues, to
«‘imble us to jterform our full duty to the State, the j
l nion, ourselves, and our children. The beautiful I
system of a representative confederacy of sovereign j
States united upon the principles of Justice and
Equality, reflecting the enlightened judgment of a
virtuous, intelligent, industrious and patriotic people,
is only to be feared by the wicked and corrupt, while
to tho orderly and right-minded, it is a pillar of
strength that will in tno end insure justice to all.
Let our object then ho, to onlarge the basis of true
civilisation within tho borders of our State, by plan
ting deeply, and nurturing closely, tho elements of a
moral and intellectual culture, with every class and
condition of our people: that each and all may un
derstand ami feel the value of free institutions, and
be capablo of devising tho best means of perpetuating j
thorn.
TIIE FINANCES.
It affords proper ground of pleasure, that I should
be able to communicate to the Legislature, the high- 1
ly prosperous condition of the Finances of the State,
and the just appreciation of our public securities at j
homo and abroad.
It is belioved, that at no former period, have tho
bonds of the Stato commanded greater confidence, or
maintained a higher value in tno markets; nor does
this remark apply alone to that class of the public
securities known as tho Domestic Debt, but equally j
to the remnant of the Foreign debt, of £15,000, held ,
in England. The advance in the market value ol
the latter, within the last two years, and tho increased :
confidence of the holders, have rendered all efforts to
redeem U impracticable for tho present.
The public debt, foreign and domestic, at tho |
opening of the session of the Legislature in I HIT, as j
rouimunicatod in a former message, was $1,578,875 j
60.
In conformity with the recommendation contained j
In the last messago of my predecessor, in which 1 fully
concurred, the General Assembly of 1847 appropriat- i
etl the sum of $375,000 for tho completion of tho;
Western and Atlantic Kail Koad, a detailed state
ment of the ox|M*ndituro of which, is contained in a
former communication; and, at the same session,
$22,222 22 to satisfy the claim of Peter Trezovnnt,
for which bonds issued, and were paid, as heretofore
communicated.
The last Legislature provided that Messrs P. 0.
Reynolds, James F. Cooj»er, and Richard Peters,
should investigate the claim of John 1). Gray A (.V,
contractors on tho Western and Atlantic Rail Road,
for extra work, Ac., and that the Executive should
issuo bonds, redeemable by the Road, for the amount
found duo by thorn. Bonds for the sum of $24,541 j
)0 were issued, and paid to Mr. Gray on the 20th 1
day of August, 1850, in pursuance of tno law and the
report of the Committee, a copy of which is trans
mitted. —A further appropriation of $20,000 was
pi ado, ami directed to he paid over to tho Millcdgc
villo and Gordon Rail Road Company, upon its com
pletion; bi)t no evidouco having been furnished of
{lie completion of the Road, this appropriation still
elands wiiore it was left by the Legislature.
It will thus he soon, that the Jiahility of the State
lias been increased, since tho close of tho ]»olitical
year 1847, to the close of the political year 1851, !
$397,222 22. The objects of these several appro
priations are so generally known and approved by
the country, that further detail, in this rcßpt*et,
would not now be desirable.
.Slice the dose of the political year 1847, to the
dose of the financial year JHSI, there has been paid,
of interest on the public debt, foreign uud domestic
$4 14,770 VI, and of principal, the sum of $281,5511 j
72, leaving tho debt at this time $1,724,722 22.
iffrom this amount is taken $300,000, which is ,
the balance of tho appropriation for the comnlcction
of the Western and Atlantic Rail Road, unredeemed,
mid which, under the act appropriating the same,
must ultimately be puid off, and discharged from the
net income of said Road, the public debt at this time,
is $ 1,424,722 22 ; less by $154,153 38, than it wits
at the close of the |»olitical year 1847. The available
funds in tho Treasury, applicable to the future re
duction of the public debt, at the closo of the present
fiscal year, as appears by the Treasurer s Report, is
$51,038 00. This amount, ($54,038 00,) being the
surplus in the Treasury, should ho applied, as early
ns practicable, to the further reduction of tho public
debt; after which, the liabilities proper of the Stale
Would bo $1,370,084 13.
It will be borne in mind, that the sum of $130,000
wie appropriated by the act of JSIS, for the exten
sion of tho Westemand Atlantic Rail Road, of which
sums, $107,500 00 was ox|»ciulcd under the direction
of my predecessor, and the balance applied by the
present Chief Lngiueur, by my approbation, to the
purchase of Motive Power and Cars, for the use of
said Road. This sum, however, is no charge upon
tho Treasury; ashy express stipulation, tho holders
of this class of the puhlio securities are to look alone
to the profits of the Western and Atlantic Rail Road,
for principal and interest.
In this connection it would nut bo deemed, 1 trust,
out of place, to rotniml the General Assembly, that
the great difficulty experienced by my predecessor,
inlconverting these bonds into cash, or its equiva
lent, it is belioved, induced the Georgia Rail Rond
uud Banking Company and the South Carolina Rail
Koad Company, to endorse or guaranty the payment
of principal and interest of a large amount of them ;
whereby negotiations were effected in one of our
neighboring Stales. That this transaction was one
of good faith, 1 have no doubt, llow far it is incum
bent u|»on the General Assembly, by suitable legis
lative prov isions, to substitute the credit of the State
tor that of these Rail Koad Companies, in this parti
cular instance, 1 submit to its souse of justice and
liberality.
The remaining prohublo charge upon the Treasury
to bo considered, grows out of the legislation here
tofore lnul in refeicuce to the Central Bank, the
iirigihul capital stock of which may be estimated, in
round numbers, at $3,580,000.
The requisitions on the Bank, in the form of
Treasury warrants, asap|>ears by an officiaLreport on
this subject, from ’33 to 41, inclusive, was $2,203,500,
ami for the construction of the W. and A. Rail Road,
lit different periods from ’4O to ‘43, the additional
sum of $680,000, making the amount actually j aid,
and liabilities incurred by the Bank for various ob
jects of internal improvement, the support of tho
Government and other objects not included in the
above estimates, not far from $3,200,000. In the
iiice of these heavy drains uj»on the Central Bank, by
the act of 1834, fifr the education of the poor, 1733
uhares of the Bank of the State of Georgia, and 800
f hares of the Bank of Augusta, which constituted a
part of its capital stock, amounting to $282,300, was
transferred to tho Treasury, and the income from this
oource pledged to tho object of Education.
From that period, the Bank has not been depriv
ed, merely,of this amount of its capital stock, but the
dividends which have actually accrued and been paid
into tho Treasury, amouuting to the sum of $120,132
50, in cash, and tho additional sum of $18,600 of tho
stock of the Geo. Rail Road and Banking Company;
making tho aggregate, estimating the Bank .Stock
at par, of principal and interest, $410,032 50. W hat
principle of public expediency or financial exigency,
w arranted this diversion of the assets of the Central
Bank, at a time when its liabilities were probably
not less than sl,soo,ooo,when its bills were below par,
when there was an extensive and geueral derange
ment of the currency of the whole country, and
when Banks, as well as tho people at largo, were la
boring under a pressure, more desolatiug and dis
astrous than had been experienced for years, is to me
incomprehensible. As a financial measure, its effects
upon the credit of the State, if not the pockets of bill
holders, were not more instantaneous than unavoida
ble. Public confidence was destroyed,tho moment it
was apparent that the Legislature had deprived the
Bank ot a large portion of its assets, which were pledg- j
ed for the redemption of its liabilities, and applied
them to another and different object. If it were with
in the competency ot the Legislature to divest indi
vidual rights which had accrued to the creditors of
?he Bank, what guaranty was there that the next step
might not be taken, and tho Bank be deprived of all
its assets, without providing for the ultimate rodomp- j
tion of its liabilities.
Xt is no answer to this objection, that the Bank
stock referred to, was ap|4ied to the great object of j
educating the poor, as it will be seen by reference to I
the records of this Department, that for the years j
1848, ‘49 and ’SO, inclusive, the beneficiaries of tho i
fund reported, number 96,869,and the sum distribut
ed under the act of 1843,f0r the same poriod.is $60,842
50; being a fraction less than sixty-three cents to
each per annum, and not sufficient, under the lowest
rates charged, to pay for twenty days tuition..
Whatever may have been the policy in which this
measure originated, from the best consideration I j
have been able to give the subject, I am forced to the i
conclusion that the example established, of trans- I
fining a fund, after being pledged to a specific ob- !
jeet, before the purpose of the pledge is fully redeem- ;
ed, should not he encouraged; and that the policy
of withdrawing the assets of tho Central Bank, and
I applying them to other objects, and thereby depriv
-1 ing it of the means of meeting its liabilities, is wholly
indefensible upon principle. Tho Stato has gained
nothing, nor have tho people. By the trausfer of
the Bank to the Treasury, a necessity is created to
supply the deficiency in tho Central Bank, by the
State. It can only be done by taxation : and the
result of this whole measure is, that every dollar
distributed has to be returned back to tho Bank by
the people, without any sulistantial good, as I have
shewn, in educating the poor children.
From the view presented, let not the impression
j prevail, that I am opposed to a system of free schools,
S or to providing the means, amply and liberally, to
| educate all the youth of the country. But to ac
complish this object, let the policy of the State be
straightforward and direct; let the country know
that a claim is made upon the property, the people,
tho intelligence and virtue of the State, to furnish
adequate means for extending to all tho youth a le
gacy of incalculable value, a general diffusion among
all classes and conditions, of the rudiments of an En
glish education; for instilling into them, by early
training, just conceptions of tho social relation of man
to his fellow man, a love of country and of liberty,
and the duty of habitual reverence and humble obe
! dicncc to the laws, principles, and teachings of tho
great Author of man’s existence, without which, alt
government is but a fraud, liberty but a name.
Tho liabilities of the Central Bank, at this time,
i consist of Bonds issued to redeem its circulation,
i amounting to 371,000. Os this amount, $9,000 is
| redeemable in 1854, $39,000 in 18 5, $34,000 in
1856, $17,000 in 1857, $21,500 in 1858, $50,000 in
1859, $35,000 in 1860, $5,000 in 1861, $37,000 in
1862, $48,500 in 1863, and $74,000 in 1861.
The available assets, as reported to me by tho
| Cashier, may be estimated at SIOO,OOO. The proba
‘ bio deficiency, therefore, will have to ho provided
| for hereafter. Within four years, ending with tho
; closo of the present fiscal year, the liabilities of tho
Bank have been reduced $279,069 87. A large
i amount of the assets, within the period referred to,
regarded as insolvent or doubtful, bus been realized,
! or secured by tho officers of the Bank : and much
i tho larger amount of these claims, 1 have no doubt,
would have proved a total loss to the Bank, had tho
! assets boon transferred to tho Treasury. I have not
I belioved it to be to the interest of tho Stato, to or
der this transfer horetoforc, nor would I now ro
: commend it to he done- 1 believe tho discretion
! invested in tho Executive, as to the transfer of its
assets, sound and salutary, and there I would ad
vise, it should remain.
TAXES.
Upon careful consideration, T felt it my duty to
invito tho attention of the last General Assembly to
our system of levying and collecting taxes. Tho
inequality of our tax laws appeared to ho so obvi
ous, ns to encourage tho hope that the Legislature
i would not adjourn, without the substitution of the
ad valorem, for the present specific and objectiona
ble discrimination principle, adopted in 1804, anti
! continued up to this time with slight modifications.
| One of the defects of tho old system was reme
died at the last session, but tho highly objectiona
i bio feature of arbitrary specific taxation of proper
: tv, whether real or personal, irrespective of its
| value, as ascertained by tho price it would command
i in tho market, or otherwise, is still retained, in vio
lation of the most obvious principles of justice and
sound policy. Taxes, however raised, whether by
• the State or General Government, may he regarded
as a charge upon property and people for the pro
tection of both. In what mode, and to what ex*
| tent property should be burdened to raise tho ro
! quiredsum, whether by specific levy|with discrimi
nation, or strictly upon the ad valorem principle,
has been, and will doubtless continue to lie, tho
j fruitful sourco of discussion, and diversity of opin
j ion.
j The principle of discrimination that so largely
enters into every system of specific taxation, had
its origin in no clear, or well-defined notions of jus
j tico, and should only ho resorted to in behalf of
property in which all classes and conditions of so
| ciety have, or are sup)ioscd to have, an equal inter
est. Leave man free to engage in whatever lawful
1 pursuit may be congenial to his taste, habits and
interest, but let the Ftate bewaro bow tho property
i of one of its citizens is exempted from taxes, w hile,
by an unequal and unjust discrimination, heavy
i burdens are imposed upon that of another. The
; obvious duty of tho Legislature, as it seems to mo,
| is to ascertain with precision, or approximating it,
the sum required to meet the doutunds upon tho
Treasury, and then, from the property of tho coun
try, raise the requisite sum; not by saying that 100
acres of laud, though worth one thousand dollars,
should pay no more tax to tho State, than the suuio
, number of acres adjoining it, not w orth one hundred
dollars; not by exempting the property of one man,
and taxing thut of another; not by saying that, as
between two individuals possessed of equal amounts, i
but different species of property, the one should
be assessed, at the rate of fifty dollars, whereas, of
the other, only five dollars is demanded; hut by
levying tho same rate of tax upon all of the prop
erty of tho State, according to its value. If dis- J
criminations are to be tolerated at all, I am Near
ly of tho opinion, it should be in favor of roal
estate, as against personal; hut certainly thero is
no equality, or justice, in a system of finance, ex
acting different rates of taxes on lands of the same
value
t One of the objections offered to a system of taxa
tion based upon the value of the property itself, is
the want of reliable data by which the principle
could be tested. All must foresee the imminent
danger to the credit of tho Stato, its character and
prosperity, resulting from an inability in tho Treas
ury to meet promptly all demands upon it, by
whatsoever means produced. But it is believed,
the present period is exceedingly favorablo, either
for a total, or partial change of tho prosont system.
The data furnished, ot the value of real and per
sonal property of this Htato, under tho autlioritv of
an act of Congress, during tho last year, would bo
highly useful. Many interesting statistics, that
would serve to direct tho research and investiga
tion of the Legislature, in fixing the proper rate of
levy to raise a given amount, might be obtained
from the Census books deposited iu tho office of the
Secretary of State. It may not be unworthy of
notice that, upon this authority, the roal estate of
Goorgia was estimated at $120,663,283, tho per
sonal at $210,081,254. and that one-eighth of ono
percent, on the gross amount, would bring into the
Treasury about $347,282 82, after allowing sixteen
j*er cent, for assessing, collecting and paying over
the same; an amount exceediug the present in
come, aiul more than adequate for the present and
accruing liabilities.
Having discussed the subject, somewhat at length,
in a communication submitted to the last Legisla
ture, I feel that it would bo an unnecessary tax
a pen your indulgence, again to repeat the arguments
then submitted. I most respectfully refer you to
what was then communicated, as containing not
merely my opinions at the time, but since greatly
strengthened by further observation, reflection and
experience. I cannot, therefore, too earnestly urgo
upon you a strong and abiding conviction, that jus
tice and good faith, as well as expediency, imperi
ously claim at the hands of the Legislature, an
entire change of the principle of your tax law s by
the substitutiou of a tax based upon the value of
property. Whatever may be the fate of this meas
ure before the present Legislature, I shall ever
cherish tho hope that a sense of right, a lovo of
equality and justice, will ultimately prevail; and
that tho souud principle of taxation, that tho
burthens of Government should rest upon the ob
jects ot its protection, so earnestly pressed upon
you, will become firmly riveted upon tho public
mind.
TllF. TREASURY.
The Reports of the i ivasurer and Comptroller
General, for the fiscal years 1850 and 1851 are here
with transmitted. The duty imposed by law upon
the Treasurer, has been complied with, and his es
timates of tho probable receipts and expenditures,
for the next two years, aro submitted.
! The total available balance in tile Treasury, at
the close of the financial year, is $ 118,069 45, from
this sum deduct $37,180 71, of undrawn appropria
tions; $30,219 40 of tho tax of 1851, collected
before the close of the financial year, and $10,582, j
dividends on “ Education Fund.’* leaving a surplus 1
at the closo of the fiscal year of $40,087 34.
Tho amount of undrawn appropriations, that 1
revolt to the Treasury, will probably not vary far
from $13,960 75, making the actual surplus in the
Trfajury, subject to any future appropriations
made by the Legislature, or applicable to the public
debt, $54,038 09.
At the last session, an Act was passed, providing
$70,000 as an annual sinking fund. It was early
foreseen, after tho adjournment of the Legislature,
frem the extraordinary expense of that session, ex
ceeding as it did, the estimates of the Treasurer,
by $39,301 08, independent of an extraordinary
appropriation of $30,000, the expenditure of which
was dependent upon contingencies that did not
arise until near the close of the fiscal year, that the
Treasury might be somewhat straightened, if an ap
plication of the sinking fund to the redemption of
the Bonds was made before any portion of the
taxes of 1850 was received. Efforts, however, wore
made abroad, by the agents of the State, to ascer
tain at what rates the £15,000 sterling could be ob
tained; and Irom causes already mentioned, it was
deemed injudicious to redeem these securities at
the time. Nor was there any application made, or
opportunity afforded the Treasurer, to redeem any
portion of the domestic debt before March last,
when $72,000 of the 0 percent, bonds were offered
and redeemed. Dilligcnt inquiries have since been
made to obtain the bonds of the State, that tho
surplus now in the Treasury might be applied in re
deeming the same, but with little success.
At a more recent date, notice was given in the
public gazettes of the readiness of tho Treasury to
redeem an additional sum, and after all proper
means used to induce holders to part with the bonds
of the State at par, within the last two fiscal years,
just closed, the amount presented and redeemed at
the Treasury is $103,750 00, of the B percents;
thus furnishing tho most satisfactory evidence of the
prosperous condition of the financial affa.rs of the
iState.
In this connection, it would be an acceptable an
nouncement to make, 1 apprehend, to the Legisla
ture, that, after years of delay, the sum of $65,083
41, exclusive of commissions, has been collected
from tho General Government, for advances made,
and tho interest accruing theroon, in the Indian
disturbances of 1830. Under tho authority of a
Joint Resolution of the last Legislature, I appoint
ed Joseph Sturgis, Esq., the Attorney in fact of the
State, to urge upon the Authorities at Washing
ton, this just claim, of fifteen years standing. To
his untiring zeal, assiduity and skill in the manage
ment of this long neglected claim, tho State is in
no small degree indebted for the respectable sum
received, so very generally regarded as utterly
worthless. A claim of tho Central Bank against
the United States, of like character, was also plac
od in the hands of Judgo Sturgis, with like happy
results; tho Bank having received for this claim
$21,014 00.
WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD.
Tho Reports of tho Chief Engineor of tho Wes
tern and Atlantic Rail Road, for tho years 1850
and 1851, and the Reports of the Finance Commit
too. appointed under tho Act of 1845, are also trans
mitted. To theso Reports I invito tho calm and
patient attontion of tho Legislature, for many valu
able suggestions, and much useful information.
Questions at deeper interest to tho future pros
perity of tho State, will not engage your attention,
than those connected with this public work. They
rise above all party, selfish, or sectional considera
tions, and, to tho enlarged and comprehensive
views of tho Statesman, address themselves with a
forco too irresistible, it is believed, not to insure
the adoption of wise measures.
It was early foreseen by the friends of this work,
that sectional jealousies would spring up, and that
it would baio to encounter opposition from this
quarter, not less violent in its character, than from
that equally deplorable infirmity, unfortunately too
prevalent with certain classes, to busy themselves
most in matters of public concernment, in which
they are most ignorant. The Report of the Finance
Committee, and the views there presented, as well
as the policy in which this Railway had its origin,
would seem to demand at my hands, in retiring
from tho public trust confided to me, to enter some
what into the detail of facts connected with the ad
ministration of the affairs of this Road, since
my official connection with it commenced. This
seems to mo proper, that the public, ns well as the
Legislature, may understand tho policy that has
governed mo, and tho difficulties with which the
management of tho affairs of the Road has been in
vested, from the moment of my connection with it.
It will lie conceded, I apprehend, that the suc
cessful management of a Rail Road very much de
ponds upon the financial ability with which its iu
como ami disbursements are conducted.
When the present Chief Engineer was called to
jierfurin tho threefold duties of a Board of Uiroc
tors, President ami Chief Engineer, tho name affix
ed to those duties by our statute, was that of Chief
Engineer.
To find blended in one man. tho highest attain
ments in these several deportments, combined with
practical experience in each, was not to lie expect
ed, at least, for tho inadequate salary of SIHUO per
annum, a compensation below what is believed to
be paid on most of tho important roads in tho State,
to tho Chief Engineer alone. Being quite satisfied
of the eminent qualification of (1m present incum
bent, in everything connected with the financial
duties of this truly multifarious office, to which he
I combined an accurate theoretical knowledge of
Civil Engineering, suporadded to which I may men
tion his elevated character for probity, intelligence
and strictly business habits, with an intiuiuto ac
quaintance with legal principles, and tho necessity
of such knowledge in the adjustment of many vexed
questions, left as a legacy by tho preceding admin
istrations, clearly indicated Mr. Mitchell us a suita
ble person to invite to this respectable station.
Boing satisfied at the time, that the public inter
est would bo promoted by calling the present incum
bent to take charge of this branch of the public ser
vice, 1 have had no just cause to change that opinion
since. The propriety of this remark will be seen,
when it is known to tho Legislature, that ill every
instance of a charge involving the mismanagement
of the Road, brought to my attention in a form that
would warrant official notice of the same, the ac
cusers Itavo invariably failed to adduce proof in sup
port of their charges. The conclusion would scorn
irresistible, that allegations have boon preferred
through a misapprehension of tho facts, or from
motives less creditable to the human heart, and
looking to ulterior objects connected with party, or
the creation of a public opinion tiiat would devolve
upon tho Legislature the necessity of disposing of
this valuable property, to pri\ate individuals, or
companies.
In January, 1848, whon tho former Chief Engi
neer, Mr. Garnett, turned over the offeetsof tho
Road to the present incumbent, about ono hundred
miles, commencing at Atlanta, and extending to
Gallon, wero completed : and the entire equipment
1 for this extent of Railway, consisted of six locomo
tives, one of which was purchased after the Ist of
November. 1847. two Passenger Cars, and two Bag
gage Cars: with an outstanding debt, amounting to
$42,167 43, and a cash balance in the hands of the
Treasurer of $1,878 75.
This equipment would be admitted by all experi
enced Rail Road men, as wholly inadequate; ad
mitting the Engines and cars all now, and tit for use.
Tho Passenger cars were at best roughly construct
ed, and not likely to attract tho admiration of
travellers, either for the comfort afforded, or ele
gance of finish. The Motive Power was miserably
deficient.
Since January, 1848, to the present time, tho mo
tive power has boon increased by the purchase of 7
locomotives of the first class at a cost of $44,500;
making the present equipment in motive power, to
consist of thirteen engines, sovon of which have
been bought and paid for since April. 184 s; and
most of which are in good order, and are believed
to bo barely sufficient to do tho business for the
present.
But the deficiency in Freight ears still exists, and
until it is supplied, it may be expected that the busi
ness of the Road will not be conducted with dis
patch, or satisfaction to tho public. It is believed
that, from the earliest experience to the present
moment, few, if any, examples can be found, where
either a State or Company, with one hundred and
thirty-eight miles of Rail Road, has attempted to
do the business of transportation, for any considera
ble length of time, without a full equipment of
freight ears. If the question is considered, alone in
reference to the net income of the Road, economy
would demand an immediate equipment. For, let
it he borne in mind, that the present Chief Engineer
found, upon entering upon his duties, a subsisting
contract with the Geo. Rail Road, and the Macon
and Western Rail Road Companies, made by the
former Chief Engineer, Mr. Garnett, that one-eighth
of the gross amount received for freight, transported
in the cars of those Companies over the State Road,
should bo paid as hire or rent, for the use of the
same, together with the expense of repairing all
cars which might be broken or injured, while en
gaged in such transportation.—These items, for the
last two years, amount to the sum of $-15,845,69.
exclusive of an unadjusted claim of the Goorgia
Rail Road Companv, for repairs of cars, of $17,111
51.
The cost of freight cars, necessary to have per
formed the transportation for tho sums time, would
not have exceeded $60,000, estimating the number
of cars to be one hundred: while the entire cost of |
the construction of the Western A Atlantic Rail
road, up to this time, amounts to $3,913,862 28.
From this data it will be seen, the Georgia Rail
road, have probably received, upon their capital in
vested in cars, from the State, in the form of rent
and repairs alone, about thirty-eight per cent, per
annum for the two years just ended, whereas the
State has received, upon the capital expended in
the construction of its Road, about lj per cent, for
1850, and 2j for the year just terminated.
But a complete equipment of freight cars is de
manded, not merely from the consideration noticed,
but it is essential to the faithful discharge of a duty
to the public, undertaken by the State. Freights
in largo quantities, accumulate occasionally at dil
ferent points on the Road : the owners or shippers
are deeply interested in having them sent forward
to meet an advanco in the market, actual or anti
cipated, but how often is it the case, when the freight
cars are most needed on the Western A Atlantic
Railroad, the Georgia and Macon A Western Roads
are not able to meet the demand. And if injury re
sult to the owner or shipper of produce or merchan
dise, by a decline in the markets, from such unsea
sonable detention, is not the State, by its mistaken
and ruinous policy in refusing to equip the Road,
morally, if not legally, answerable for the damage?
There it no obligation on the Georgia and Macon
A Western Railroad Companies, to furnish cars for
the use of the State Road ; and it may not be ex
pected they will do so, unless it suits their interest
or convenience.
But another insuperable objection to the longer
continuation of the existing arrangements, grows
out of the fact, that the business of transportation
of three Roads, becomes so mixed and blended, as
to create much confusion in fixing tho liability of
each, for the loss or damage of merchandise and pro
duce in transitu. Much more might be said but is
deemed unnecessary, as this branch, with all other
questions connected with the subject, is forcibly
presented in the Report of the Chief Engineer, and
accompanying documents of the Finance Commit
tee, herewith transmitted.
It is generally known, that the iron used on fifty
miles of this Road, is of the most inferior class, and
wholly unsuited to its peculiar curvilinear struc
ture, or tho nature of its business. So radical is this
defect of structure, the assertion may bo safely ven
tured, that a succession of accidents, with a heavy
loss of property, and possibly, human life, may be
apprehended, unless the early blunder is remedied,
as far as possible, by tho substitution of a heavy
iron rail for tho one now in use.
Upon this subject, a becoming solicitude was
manifested two years ago, as also in relation to pro
viding a new organization for the government of
tho Road. It need not bo said, that these subjects,
of grout interest then, hut of vital moment at this
time, did not receive the favorablo consideration of
the Legislature.
The Read was left, although in the process of
completion, under the management of tho Execu
tive and Chief Engineer, restricted by statute in
many of their duties, when a sound discretion would
teem indispensable to its best interest; without
moans of equipment, forced from stern necessity, to
incur heavy expenditures for erecting a bridge over
Chattahoochee, and substituting heavy and expen
sive embanking for the rapidly decaying bridges at
Noonday and Proctor's Creeks; the wonder should
rather he, to a calm and impartial observer, not
that complaints may have been heard, but that so
muchfhtts been achieved, and so few accidents oc
cured, under circumstances so embarrassing.
From tho condition of the Road, and its obvious
incapacity to incot the daily increasing business of
transportation, 1 was forced to assume tho respon
sibility of making suitable provision, for the pur
chase of heavy iron rails for about fifty miles of
tho Road. Feeling sensible that no authority was
vested in me, or the Chief Engineer, tor this object,
by law, the contracts were made binding, upon the
condition they were ratified liy tho Legislature. A
full and detailed statement of the purchases of iron
from Messrs. Padcltord, Fay- A Co., of Savannah, ir
contained in the report of the Chief Engineer, to
which I respectfully refer the Legislature. In that
Report copies ol all the correspondence had on the
subject, and of the contracts entered into, will ho
found: with a clear and faithful statement of tho
facts and circumstances that, in my judgment, ren
dered tho purehaso of iron a duty I could neither
postpone or avoid, without tho most reckless disre
gard of the public interest. It is true, if I had been
caii.ablc of outailing upon my successor inextrica
ble embarrassment, or could havu derived pleasure
from seeing the interest and character of tiio State
sunk and degraded, I might have folded my arms,
and permitted tho Road to fall a wreck on tho
hands of others.
The purchase of ono thousand tons of iron was
made in April lust; which is now being laid and
will extend over about twelve miles. In addition,
3200 tons have been contracted for, and from tho
last advices front Messrs. I'adelford, Fay A Co.,
may be expected in Savannah, sometime in this
month and December next.
It will be seen, by the terms of the contract, that
it is expected the cost of tho iron will be provided
for at an early day of your session. The cost of
of the first 1000 tons, at Savannah, was $ }3,742 18 ;
and tho 3200 tons, w ill not probably exceed $124,-
800; makiug the sum to he provided for $168,542
18. This may be done, if the Legislature should
ratify the contracts, by an application of a part of
the surplus now in tho Treasury, and by issuing 6
percent, bonds, redeemable by tho Road, and gua
rantied by tho State. Should this course be pursued,
there can be no doubt of the entire capacity of the
Road to meet tho interest promptly ; and ultimate
ly redeem the principal; so that, in fact, the public
debt of the State would not bo increased.
It is believed, tho facts disclosed by the Finance
Committee and by tho Report of tho Chief Enginoer,
are quite sufficient to demonstrate tho propriety of
providing an independent equipment of freight curs.
By reference to the Report of the Chief Engineer,
it will be seen, that $566,0H0 would cover the eost
of relaying fifty miles of the Road with heavy T
rail iron, and Oqitip it with Locomotives, freight
and passenger oars, sufficient to do tho increased bu
siness that will necessarily result from tho comple
tion of the Railroads now in progress in Tennes
see, connecting with ours; to say nothing of tho in
crease from the developments being made in our
own State. I cannot doubt that the true policy of
the State, is fully to equip this Road, pledge it with
its income after the discharge of its liabilities, as
sacred to the cause of Education, perfect its organi
zation by a Board of Directors, of whom one should
be m ule the President, vesting in the Board tho or
dinary corporate powers: and thereby, as far as
possible, disconnect it and its government, from all
improper influence, or tho appearance of it. To
do this however, successfully, the example furnished
in the organization of the Supreme Court, of select
ing gentlemen of qualification from both political
parties, is worthy of imitation ; and it would relieve
tho Governor, of responsibilities which certainly are
not desirable, and from the nature of which, his
other and paramount duties render it difficult, if
not impossible, for him to perform, satisfactorily to
himself or iho country.
COMMERCE.
It has occurred to me. that this is a propitious
time, to bring to the notice ot the General Assembly,
a question, intimately connected with the prospe
rity of the State.
ileretoforo our energies havo boon directed to
the construction of Railways; has not the time ar- I
rived when the State should extend its aid to our ■
enterprising citizens, in tho establishment of a line
of Steam Propellers from Savannah to England,
or even the contineut of Europe.
The success of private Companies, in navigating
theoeoan by steam, is generally known; and tho
advantages resulting to such of our Atlantic cities as
are directly connected with it, are obvious. Why
should wc expend our millions, in affording a cheap
and expeditious railway transportation, for the
Agricultural products of the State, to Savannah ?
Certainly not because it is expected that our cot
ton, bread-stuffs. Ac., are to he consumed at this
point, but on reaching there may be shipped abroad,
and seek more remunerating markets. Should the j
foreign market be reachad by direct shipment, or bv !
the circuitous route cf New-York, with a long list
of charges and expense which might be avoided, is
the question.
If it was good policy in the State, to expend four i
millions in the construction of a railway, which by
its connection with othors, enables the farmer from
our extreme limits, to offer his surplus products, at
a remunerating price, it Savannah, why not, by
further facilities, enable him to offer his commodi
ties in England, Franco, or Germany, at better re- ;
munerating prices. Why should the producors of
Georgia be dependent on the city of New-York, for |
the articles they consume, of foreign production or .
manufacture, as well as the price they- receive for
the products of the farm ? The answer is, that N.
York has tho capital, by the skillful management
of which, she commands the whole commerce of
the country. By this engine of power, New-York
fixes the standard of value of our exports, to some
extent at least, and exacts from us tribute, in the
way of charges, for receiving and forwarding, stor
age, drayage, and commissions, besides the profits of
| the merchant through whose hands they pass, until !
they reach the hands of the consumer. This is true
of our exports, as well as imports. Every farthing
• paid for these objects, must of necessity, according
to the laws of trade, diminish the market value of
the products of the Georgia farm, in Savannah.
! z BuQitmay be asked, would aline of Steam Pro-
I pellers from Savannah to England, or the Continent,
| relieve us? Perhaps not entirely, but to some ex-
S tent, I have no doubt.
Commercial facilities, in the transportation ofpro-
I duce or merchandise with regularity and despatch,
are, in fact, a part of the merchant's capital, and to
I that extent at least, it would be the introduction of
i it into our State. Is not much of the business of
New-York based upon a system of credits, that hus
grown up in large dimensions, mainly from the facili
ties of commercial intcrcousc with England and
Europe ?
This credit is capital, for all practical purposes,
while confidence remains firm and unshaken: and
we, of Georgia, arc forced to yield up just so much
of the value of our products, by the present course
of trade, as pays the enormous profit to the city of
New York, by which this system of credits is kept
afloat Docs" it become us to pay tribute to New
York' Wc produce the staples upon which a re
spcctable portion of the commerce of the country
is based: why should wc then, with thissoild capital,
be dependent upon other cities, to convert it into
cash, or exchange it abroad for such articles as we
desire to consume'
lam not insensible of the difficulties that lie in
the path ofjsucccss, yet I cannot forbear the expres
sion of the opinion, that a great stop to be taken to
elevate the State and increase the reward of Agri
cultural industry, is to stimulate a direct trade be
tween our own seaport anti ports abroad. And. if to
accomplish this end, the credit of the State should
he found necessary, to a limited amount, the wisdom
of the policy, in my humble judgement, would soon
become so apparent, as to command the approba
tion of the country.
These suggestions arc respectfully submitted, more
with the hope that they- will excite a spirit of inquiry
and investigation, than with any confident expecta
tion that they will be at once acted upon. The ne
cessity therefore, of entering fully into tho discussion,
Ls not believed to exist at this time.
EDUCATION.
Under a Joint Resolution of the last General As
sembly, as also the preceding one, it was made my
duty to appoint a Committee to inquire into the State
of Education in Georgia, to report to tho next Legis
lature on the present Poor School laws, to recom
mend any alteration in the same that might to them
seem advisable, or to suggest a plan for general edu
cation, if conceived by them expedient, accompanied
with a Bill for carrying out the same. Under the
first Resolution, adopted in 1847, tho lion. A. 11.
Chappell, Bishop Elliott, and Dr. Leonidas B. Mer
cer, were appointed a Committee. Thoy failod, how
ever, to report to the last Legislature.
It is proper I should also state, that a part of the
Committee, as came to my knowledge, bestowed con
siderable labor in collecting materials preparatory to
the Report. A regret was felt, and by nono more
than myself, that a report from these gentlemen, so
favorably and generally known, was not made. The
last Legislature substantially adopted the Resolution
of tho proceeding one, containing the same highly
objectionable feature, requiring me to appoint a com
mittee to prepare a report upon this subject to tho
Legislature, “provided the same could lie done with
out cost to the State, or cost upon the School fund.”
During the early part of the last year, an opjiortu
nitv was offered for consultatiou with an omincut
citizen, who, from education, pursuits and practical
experience, was well informed of tho wants of tho
country in reference to the subject, and who kindly
assured me of hi.s willingness to serve the public in
this respect: if u)ioii reflection he should become
satisfied that he could do so with satisfaction to hint
self or with benefit to others. Within tho last forty
days, the Rev. George F. l'icroo, tho gentleman re
ferred to, through a friend, notified me of his readi
ness to engage in this arduous duty. Dr. Talumgo,
President of the Oglethorpe University, and Dr. L. B.
Mercer of l.ee, were associated with him, from each
of whom the gratifying assurance has been received,
of their ready co-operation, From tho report of this
Committee, which may be expected at an early day,
valuable information and suggestions deserving the
consideration of the Legislature, may ho confidently
anticipated.
I consider, from the high character, literary at
tainments, tho zeal, and general knowledge of tho
wants of the State, w hich these gentlemen will bring
to the task of preparing a Report on tho subjects
embraced in tho Resolution, the country has a guar
anty of its ability and practical utility. It is con
templated by the terms of tho Resolution, that the
report will be made directly to the Legislature, by
tho Committee.
Upon this important subject, of universal interest,
I have, in the discussion ot other questions, inciden
tally referred to some of the considerations that may
arise in this tine or two additional suggestions only,
will be offered at this time.
Judging from the demonstrations mailo during the
past summer, in behalf of Education, it may ho as
sftmed, that a largo proportion of the intelligence of
the State is in favor of abolishing tho present system,
(if it can so be regarded,) of educating tho ]«tor, and
adopting free schools, common to all, in its stead.
A sy-teni of common schools, I doubt not, ntay bo
established, adapted to the wants of our people; but
to plant and rear so delicate a bud, ami ut tho same
time, of such incalculable importance to the future
character of the State, requires the fostering hand of
the Legislature.
The arguments in favor of Common Schools, to my
mind, arc clear and unanswerable: but obvious pro
priety will not allow me to notice but one or two.
Equality in the distribution of benefits by the
State to its people, is a cardinal principle of Justice.
\\ hen this principle is observed, you produce amity,
concord and friendship: when disregarded, tho conso
quenco is heart-burnings, discontent and opposition.
Success in this noble work of educating the youth of
the State, and thereby preparing them, in sotno mea
sure at least, for future usefulness to themselves,
their families, and their country, is tho liusinoss of
all classes and conditions, conjointly and hartnoni
ouslv co-operating to bring about ono general result.
I here is in the human heart, a feeling of approba
tion and security in systems of education, as well as
others, that are based upon equal rights; while tho
opposite feeling of repugnanco and mistrust, springs
up for that munificence that degrades the objects of
its care, by odious distinctions. Tho poor parent
may desire to sec his child educated, and feel himself
unable to turnish the means, but ho does not wish to
he pointed at its an improvident father, who, from
folly or crime, is unable to discharge this duty to his
child: and again, the generous, high-soulcd youth
would sooner grope his way in ignorance through
life, than to enter the school room to be taunted and
jeered by his fellows as a charity scholar. False as
may he deemed this pride, it is a part of tho nature
ot man, and if it is the design of your policy to bo
uselttl. your education must bo general, and every
difliculty removed ns far ns possible, to the consumma
tion of this object. You must invite, encourage and
induce parents to discharge their duty to their chil
dren, in this respect. You cannot, and ought not,
to force them. Put all disgrace, real or imaginary,
all inequality between tho rich and the poor, is swept
away the moment your system of education is com
mon to all.
A commendable emulation, is excited, a closer
i communion produced, ties of friendship created, and
! a broader field is opened for the full exercise of tho
manly feelings, which, if not planted in youth, never
take root, by the rich and tho poor mingling together,
and deriving instruction from the same source. Put
conclusive as I believe the arguments to be, in favor
of Common Schools, over tho system of educating
the poor, provided by tho act of 1843.1 forbear fur
ther remarks, and apply myself to the consideration,
briefly, ot the capacity of the State to furnish ade
quate means for a system of Common Schools.
" hat are the resources of the State, and by what
means is the required sum to be raised, for the object
under consideration ? This is the great question, and
ujrui the correctness of your decision in this regard,
hangs the destiny of this measure.
Iht- Bank-Stock, the income from which is, under
the law ot 1843, applied to educating the poor, is an
appropriate fund to be appled to thus object, when
ever the State provides for the holders of bonds of
the Central Bank. The next source of permanent
income for this object, should he the net income from
tho a estern and Atlantic Railroad, after the pre
sent liens, and such as may be necessary to incur for
its immediate equipment and repairs, have been re
deemed; and the deficiency, if any, should he sup
plied by a per capita tax.
From these three sources, it is believed adequate
means for the most enlarged usefulness might be
obtained, if not presently, at no distant day. In
the meantime, while the Railroad is engaged in dis
charging its liabilities, let the income from the Bank
Stock, and the poll-tax be appled to tho preparation
of taechers, selected from among our own young
ladies and gentlemen, and educated at our own
schools and colleges. Tho leading Christian denom
inations in our State have, within a few years past,
found colleges, and are annually returning to society
highly cultivated and moral young 'men, eminently
qualified to take the lead in "this great work. Be- 1
t sides these Denominational Colleges,
University of the State: what it not om
plish in the preparing and qualifying of young men
to engage in this important service.
Eneourage these several Colleges, by selecting
; in some equitable mode, such young men as are wil
j fc> r a period of years to engage in the duties of
teaching, to indemnify for the money expended in
eduaating them, and you have a guaranty of secur
inga corps of teachers, thus organized/ of greater
usefulness to the country, than by any other plan
that has suggested itself to my mind. *
But if this plan be not acceptable, let a better one
be adopted. It has occurred to me, that prov idim*
the necessary means and securing competent teach
ers. unexceptionable in all respects, would be the
greatest difficulties to overcome. For immediate use
no income need be expected from the Railroad. The
deficiency from that source, if it should be deemed
advisable to commence the system at once, might
be supplied by taxation, or by the State issuing
bonds, the interest accruing thereon only, to be paid
by the State, which should be an ultimate charge
upon the receipts of the Western A Atlantic Rail
road. This, I should consider, however, obnoxious
to some objections, ami therfore do not press it: but
would with great deference, advise the assessment of
a poll-tax, which, with the income from Rank Stock
should be applied, first, to the qualification of teach
ers; but if it is believed a sufficient number could be
engaged qualified, not merely from literary attain
ments, but from association, principle, and sympa
thy with the people of Georgia, the experiment
might well be made, and its beneficial results tested
from the sources of income alluded to, Should
however, the i»ol!-tax and Bank stock not furnish a
fund, commensurate with the high claims of educa
tion uj»on the Legislature, let the deficiency be sup
plied by an open and undisguised requisition upon
the property of the State.
If it is the wish of property holders, to see the
blessings of education extended to all classes and
conditions of our people, they will yield to the neces
sity that demands the means; but'if they do not,
the hope of success must be deferred to a more fa
vorable season. But, whatever may be the fate of
your efforts to mature a system of common schools
at thus time, I cannot too earnestly urge upon vou
the of pledging the Western A Atlantic
Railroad, with its net income after discharging its
liabilities, to the great objects in which all are in
terested, of common schools. Should the system re
commended, or any other, receive the favorable
consideration of the Legislature at this time, how
ever limited the means may be at your command,
you must havo a bead—an able and responsible
Agent or Superintendent, whose duty it shall be to
see to the faithful execution of your own plans; or
your brightest hopes will end in disappointment.
DEAF AND DUMB ASSY LI'M.
Copies of the reports of the Commissioners of the
Deus and Dumb Asylum, and of the Trustees of the
Lunatic Asylum, are herewith transmitted. These
soveral reports are commended to tho careful consid
eration of the Legislature, as containing highly sat
isfactory evidence of the fidelity with which these
Institutions have been managed, and the corresjion
ding improvement and benefit derived by those af
flicted and unfortunate classes of our people. These
benevolent institutions wore founded in the warm
sympathy all should feel for the afflictions and suf
ferings of others, and the necessity of protecting
tho community from tho possible violence and an
novanco of unfortunate beings, deprived of reason.
feaeh of these Institutions should receive the sos
tering care of tho Legislature; and I would fondly
hope that nothing will be left undone to extend the
sphere of thoir usefulness, that all necessary means
will be provided, for enlarging the comfort of the
Lunatics, and increasing tho probabilities of their
restoration, and for gladdening the hearts of the
Deaf and Dumb by unveiling to their understand
ings tho treasures of knowledge, and pointing out
to them the path of a virtuous, industrious and
useful life. Theso arc solemn trusts, confided to your
care, and cannot fail to command your attention and
cordial support. Tho probable amounts required
for the support of each Asylum, will be •found in
the respective reports.
BOUNDARY QUESTION.
All efforts to adjust tho question of boundary be
tween this stute and Florida, by reference or ne
gotiation, have failed.—At the instance of the lat
ter State, a bill has hewn filed, and the question is
now pending before tho Supremo Court of the
United States for its decision. The corrosiiondenoe
not heretofore communicated to former Legislatures,
and printed, is transmitted. Believing it to be my
duty to have tho interest of the State protected, the
Hon. J. M. Berrien was engaged, as the Attorney of
tho State, for that purposo,
APPROPRIATIONS.
The last Legislature appropriated SIOOO to erect
a monument over the remains of the Hon. John
Forsyth, which are interred in tho Congressional
burying ground at Washinglon City, and directed
me to cause tly* samo to be put up w ith suitable, in
scriptions, Ac.
I pon consultation with a member of Mr. For
• iytli s family, it was deemed advisable to suspend
action under the Resolution, and refer the subject
again to the Legislature. It would certainly be
more congenial to the feelings of Mr. Forsyth’s
family and tho j*coplc of the State, that this testi
monial of regard should be orcetod on some conspi
cuous site in our State. Tho illustrious Dead was
endeared to the people of Georgia by a life devoted
to their interest; and it apj>eared to me that there
was a peculiar propriety in conforming my action to
wlmt I am sure must be the general wish of all, that
the monument contemplated should be erected on
tho public grounds near the State House, or at
some more eligible place, and that such addition be
made to the appropriation, us would accomplish tho
object in a style worthy the character of a State
aud its distinguished son.
At tho same session, two hundred dollars was ap
propriated to erect a Tombstone over the remains of
General Jared Irwin, former Governor of this State.
Upon advising with the surviving daughter of Gov
ernor Irwin, 1 was informed that a tombstone bad
been erected, by the family, over his remains, equal,
if not superior, to one that could be obtained for tho
sum appropriated; and upon her indicating a deci
ded preference that the tombstone erected should
ronmin, unless replaced by one of greater value, I
was induced to suspend the execution of the law di
recting it to be done, and refer the matter to tho
Legislature for such action as it might deem worthy
and proper to perpetuate the memory of one who
has rendered valuable military and civil services to
tho State.
PUBLIC LANDS.
Under the authority of an act of the last General As
sembly. the unsurveyed lauds in the county of Ware,
were directed to be surveyed and sold. One hundred
and seventy lots have been surveyed, and advertised for
sale on the first Tuesday of this month, at the Court
house of Ware county. A large portion of the Okefen
okee Swamp remains unsurveyed, and from the report of
the Surveyor engaged in this service, it would be at
tended with vast expense to push the survey further
than lias been done, without much probability of the
State ever being reimbursed for such an expenditure.
W’hat disposition should be made of the uusurveyed
lands in Ware, consisting mostly, if not entirely, of the
Okofenoke© Swamp, is respectfully submitted to the
Legislature.
By a recent decision of the Supreme Court, a sale of
certain fractional lots of lands, authorized under the act
of 1547, lying in the territory disposed of under the Lot
tery act of 1825, has been declared void, upon the
j ground, it is understood, that the contract between the
j .State aud original purchasers of these fractions (at least
j in the case that was decided.) was impaired by the sub
sequent sale under the act of 1547. This decision has
! not. I believe, been published, and I have had no oppor
| tunitv of seeing it, but if correctly stated above, pro
vision should be made by law. authorizing the Treasur
! or to pay back to the purchasers, the purchase money
and grant fees, received under the act of 1*47.
Other lands, declared forfeited by the act of 1*49. in
the county of Ware, if not granted* by the first of Octo
ber. ISSO. would have been offered for sale, at the same
time and place, the newly surveyed lands w ere, but for
the apprehension that the principle settled by the Su
preme Court, in the decision referred to, would apply
to them also.
I found that many errors had taken place in issuing
grants for fractions, and chiefly because no numerical
book had been provided so that an entry could be made
in this Department when the grant passed; hence. I
thought a necessity existed for having prepared a book
containing the fractional lots of land throughout the
State, arranged alphabetically as to counties, and simi
larly to the land lottery books in number. Such a book
has been prepared with great care and labor, and sup
plies a vacuum that has heretofore existed in our land
books. This labor lias been performed by John T.
Smith and Julius M. Patton, for which a fair compensa
tioa should be allowed them.
RESPITE.?.
Brinklev Bishop, convicted of murder in the county
of Bibb, James Norris in Butts, James Johnson in Bald
win. and Garland D. Cornett in Morgan, have been re
spited to December next; Bishop to the 12th, Norris to
the sth. Johnson to the 26th, and Cornett to the 19th.
Copies of the evidence upon which the several convic
tions were founded, with the petitions in each case, are
respectfully transmitted to the Legislature.
MISCELLANEOUS.
I felt it my duty to withhold my approval of two
Acts of tho last General Assembly, aud two resolution-,
which are transmitted to the respective Houses of tho
Legislature, in which they originated, with my object
tions to each.