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THE EOIVSTITETIOM AEI ST. i " I a^r^TKU jr tiiti r*ap« r, published ( c»«ry Tuc»-»r * ni Friday n.oming, $5 p«r sunuru j vcd far tbs weekly $3. ill P«7**M« in advice. j f r ADVERTISEMENTS i;u'.*rt«<i weekly for QB j Iccr«t* per square; nomi* weekly G 2 1-2 c**nt» ?«>r die ; , f.rsi, a-*sl 43 3-4 cents for each subsequent iumruon, | , abii irv»r'.hlf far 91.W> P« •}“« ‘° r c * r ‘‘ bi »« r!io0 - T, Kor yenr'.y a'icottisenv-nis pri™:* arrangciaeats nro A dt;dubtio« U m»d« *u ti«> «.lT.nbo- , merits of public officer*. , jj* Postage must be pnJ o:. letter? of bus-ness. ALABAMA. Extract froth Hoc. Hoyle** message to the Legitf fature\ transmitted the Oth ultimo. The protective policy of the General Govern. r«ent has produced in the Southern States a deep and aetT-d discontent, which no patriot can re. jjurd with indifference. It i* not a sudden or fac tious feeling, caused by imaginary evils, br.t a flrmly roofed dissatisfaction, originating ill a s’rong and clear sense of injuries inflicted on their constitutional righ’s. It is in vain to at tempt to divert them by the sophistry which claims the power of controlling and regelating the industry of the country, from the constitu lioual gran' to levy dudes, «Scc. and tu regulate commerce. It is a pretext, and notning better than a pretext, for perverting the taxing power to purpose* of undisguised injustice. Nothing vt bcttei un U rs'ood by the Am *rican people, of all classes, than that the proper object oftnxa. tion is to defray the necessary expenses of the government, and that the power to regulate commerce was conlerred to afford protection to our rights as a nation in ijJr foreign intercourse, lu the pure da vs ot tin* republic, it was not gup posed that the extraordinary pretension would be set up of overcoming the natural inequalities of the different sections of the I nion, by an ar. bitrnrv transfer of the profits oflabor, from one to the other; nor was it anticipated that particu lar branches of industry would be sustained at the expense, and to the detriment ofothers. Act tdl this has been done, with an extravagance which shows that patriotism has but little con nexion w ith tins policy, and that avarice is the great agent which has been at work in es’ab fishing a preference for individual benefit over the general prosperity. This partial and unjust legislation in the national government is hasten, sag a crisis in our affairs which involves on its consequences the dissolution ot the Union. How to avert an event so disastrous, and to have re stored to us our constitutional rights, is the great question now before us, and those who at tempt its solution should endeavor to discard the prejudices which have been engendered by a sense of accumulated wrongs. It any thing of fueling be mingled m our deliberations on tins momentous subject, let it be that feeling which glows in the patriot’s bosom when he loves his country most. It docs not appear to me that the period of despair has arrived, but on the contrary, en couraging hopes arc offered, that the republic will yet be saved. In the clouds which over hang the political horizon, bright spots are tube seen, which forbode that the storm is subsiding. Since the passage of the tariff bill of 1828, two attempts have been made to effect a redaction of the duiies on foreign importations, both of which have been crowned with partial success. In 1830, the reduction on the articles of salt and molasses amounted to near one million ot dol lain; and at the last session of Congress the re election on protected articles, embracing those which are extensively used in the South, a mounted to near two millions of dollars. —The occurrences ot the lust session, in connexion with the bill of 1832, d- .oustrate that the sys tem of protection has received a shock which should be hailed as the precursor ol its final over, throw. The debates upon this bill and the various at tempts made by the most influential advocates ot the manufacturing interests, to introduce amend, uteiits unfavorable to the planting btutes, leave uo doubt that it is giving away, and that public opinion will ere long achieve for us our long lust rights. The payment of the national debt being con sidered us already completed, so far as the ques tion of reducing the revenue was concerned, we were led to believe that no pretence could bo found for collecting from the people a greater amount than might be wanted to meet the ne cessary expenditures of the government. In this reasonable expectation we have been disap pointed by circumstances which were not foreseen, anil instead of being the most favora ble, the last was more inauspicious to our rcliel ♦ban any future session ot Congress will lie. < Among tiie causes which operated materially iu post {toning our just demands, may be classed that of the presidential election, i hat the hopes I of one of the candidates for the office ot Rresi- * dent depends upon maintaining the American i Hyste m, is too obvious to require proof. j The Tariff* and the Bank ques ion were both ; made subordinate to the Presidential contest, i and these measures were advocated and mam- < tained by many of the political Iriends ot the in- , dividual’referred to, as the means of securing 1 his election. —This distinguished gentleman was I himself a member ot the Senate, and it was pro- I Tcrbiul at Washington that the fate of the manu facturers was subject to his direction. All his i eloquence and his influence were exerted against < u«. s ; A favorable change in public opinion is ra- i pidly taking place in the Western States, and c when the connexion shall be dissolved between ] the election of President and the protection of t domestic industry, the principles of free trade ( ■ will be triumphant in despite of the combined < and Concentrated opposition of the rostriction isis. It is impossible that the inconsiderable I number who are interested in manufactures in i the west cun, for any length of time, continue c the delusion over the great mass of the com- ; uiunity, by which they have been induced to t support a policy so injurious to their interest. s Should the dicision of the people, which is ; at hand, be in favor of the administration of c Genera) Jackson, our cause will receive an au. t xiliary in that illustrious citizen, whose influ- c uoce Ilia opponent* know well how to estimate, I iissi whose patriotic exertions in favor of con- ; «tiiut*onul liberty they cannot counteract. He t has, already rebuked the spirit of monopoly i which kas for some time been predominant in t the national councils, and proclaimed his deter- i wunatioQ to bring back the government to the t true principles « the Cons:itution. i If tfcare is any foundation for the assertion . t that the T*fi£ has been considerably reduced g under'the oaosl imfVvoruble circumstances—if s the cause of the ftW-h whs only partially sue- c oeasful at the Uu: session of Congress, from the i interest felt in, and the excitement growing out t the presidential oonteet~- = 4f there is any rca- c em t 9 believe that public opinion is undergo- t i*g a favorable change—and k' Jibe true that f thf f~V*r*l cxccuriv ni’l influence ' lb and his powerAtl energies to sustain us in our struggles, I ask if this is the time to despair, and if patriotism does not forbid that we sltould en ter upon any rash and untried expedient that may {.;«d to a dissolution of the Union and the destruction of our liberties? All that is necessary is to be united, and to persevere with firmness in adopting such measures of redress as are re oHgnized by the Constitution. Nothing is more to be deplored than the divisions which have sprung up amongst us, as to the means which should be adopted to obtain redress, destroying, utterly destroying, that unanimity of sentiment and corc'-rt of action, without which, we have every thing to dread, and but little to hope. A portion of our Southern brethren, smarting under a sense of the outrages which have been inflicted upon their rights, and rendered almost desperate by what they believe the utter hope lessness of their condition, have conceived the idea of working out their own salvation by the application of a principle to our sysem of gov eminent, novel in its character, heretofore un tried and undiscovered, and believed byvn large majority of the people, to be essentially revolu tionary. So much has been said upon the subject of mil. lification, that the argument for and against it has been exhausted, and it would only bean iiVru sion on your time, and a tax on your patience, to attempt its discussion on this occasion. The opinon 1 expressed on a former occasion remains unchanged. Whenever a State shall venture upon this deplorable experiment, she will soon find that she will have to abandon the Union, or return to it with feelings of disappointment ami humiliation. If it shall he recognized as the true constitu tional doctrine, that n State can remain a mem ber of the Union, and at the same time, place her citizens beyond the reach of its laws, ours will not be the shadow of a government, and, for all practical purposes, it will be dissolved. But the strife and dissension which have been produced bv the persevering efforts of the advocates ol this doctrine, to gain for it the favorable opinion ofthe people, have been carried to such excesses, that it is already growing into an evil not less to be deprecated than the tariff itself. If the first fruits of this doctrine of peace, are deep and bit ter feelings of personal hostility, furious family discords and a destruction in fact, of the peace and harmony of society, what arc we tu expect when it puts forth in all its vigour ? Ifin its process of obtaining converts, it does not exhibit all the premonitory signs of civil dis cord, then th<* pages of revolutionary history have been written to little purpose. Assure as it shall succeed, its triumphs will bcs'ained with fraternal blood, and the proudest of its trophies will he the destruction of constitutional liberty. Ifin the providence of Him who rules the destinies of nations, this bitter cup is reserved as our portion, I lie patriot will have cause to weep over the sacrifices made by our ancestors, and to deplore the delusion which led the gallant band of the revolution through so many scenes of difficulty and danger. JOHN GAYLE. FXOM THE NF.W-YORK COMMERCIAL ADVERTISE*. THE UPPER MISSOURI. M and ax Villace, Upper Missouri, t August ftth, 1832. Dear Sir—Soon after the date of my last letter from the mouth of Yellow Stone, 1 descended the river in a skiff to this place, where I have resid ed about two weeks, a guest in this subterrane ous city—the strangest place in the world, where one sees in the most rapid snccession, scenes which force him to mirth—to pity and compas sion ; to admiration—to disgust—to fear and astonishment. Here are subjects and scenes worthy of the pens of Irving, or Cooper ; rich in legends and romances, which would require no aid of the imagination for a picture. The Mandans, or (Sea-pohs-ka-nu-ka-kee, “ people of the pheasants,”) as they call them selves, are perhaps one ofthe most ancient tribes of Indians in our country. They take great pride in relating their traditions with regard to their origin—contending that they were the first peo pie created on earth. Their village is undoubt edly of very ancient origin, and from what I could learn of the traditions, they have, at a former period, been a very numerous and power, ful nation ; but by the continual wars which have existed between them and their neighbors, they have been reduced to the number of 16 or 1800 souls. Their village is situated on the bank, in one of the most beautiful valleys on the river. The ground on which it is built was admirably select ed for defence, being on a bank forty or fifty feet above the bed of the river. The greater part of this bank is nearly perpendicular and of solid rock. The river suddenly changing its course to a right angle, protects two sides of the village, which is built upon this promontory or angle ; they have, therefore, but one side to pro- Icct, which i« effectually done by a strong pi quet and a ditch inside of it, of three or four feet in depth. They arc undoubtedly secure in their village from the attacks of any Indian nation, and have nothing to fear except when they meet their enemies on the prairie. Their village has a most strange appearance to the cyeofa stran ger; their lodges are clos«ly grouped together, leaving just room enough for walking and riding between them. They appear from without to be built entirely of dirt, but one is surprised, when bo enters them, to see the neatness, comfort, and spacious dimensions of these earth-covered dwellings. They all have a circular form, and are from fifty to sixty feet in diameter. Their roofs arc formed of poles of six or eight inches in diameter, with the butt end in the ground, and placed so thick as to touch each other—the points nearly meeting at the top, leaving an aperture of four or five feet in diameter, answering for a chimney and a sky-light at the same lime. These poles are supported in the middle by large beams, and over their tops is laid a close mat of willows, which protects them from the dampness of the earth, with which they are covered, of about a foot in thickness. The floors of these dwellings are of earth, but so hardened, and swept so clean, that they have a bright polish, and would not soil the whitest linen. In the centre, and immediately under the sky-light, is the fire place—a hole of four or five feet in diam oter, of a circular form, sunk a foot or mere below the surface, and curbed around the stone ; around this are the family group, reclining in all the mast picturesque attitudes and groups, rest ing on their buffalo robes and beautiful mats of willow. These cabins are so spacious that they contain from 13 to 20 persons—a family and ail their connexions. They all sleep on bedsteads in form to ours, but j enerally not quite as high ; they arc made of round poles, rudely framed to. gether. A buffalo skin is strained across like a sacking bottom, on which they place a number of buffalo robes, making the finest bed in the world. Their beds arc all covered with dress ed skins, strained over the frame, in the form of curtains, leaving a square hole to get into and out of their beds. Some of these curtains are fringed and otherwise beautifully ornamented. Thr nothing in their personal ap p» araueo or demeanor to distluguuh them in anv considerable degree from the neighboring Indians, excepting the singular appearance ot i their hair. In this particular, they are different, j I believe, from all Indians in the world. Their hair has all the shades and variety of colors that are to be seen amongst white society. Many children, male and female, at the age of 10 o: 15 years, are seen with their hair of a bright silvery grey, and some almost perfectly \\ hire. Manv of the vountr women arc comely ant some of them ext renielv beautiful, llicy mar. ry at a very carl v age, and whilst young an i unmarried they dress with much neatness, an practise more pure, native modesty, m ihcii dress and demeanor, than any bin tie society that 1 ever was if;. If modesty be a vir ue, I would be well if some ofotir fashionable i idies could study from these simple models. Then beau iful white skin dresses extend from then chins down, quite to the ground, an 1 are studi ously formed to hang loose over their bodies without showing any tiling of the s’ apes of the person ; instead of drawing and cording them i selves up into angles and protuberances, as our fair ladies do, to attract the gaze and admira tion of the world. Their dresses are made of the skins of the mountain sheep, which they eons der preferable to all o'hers, being softer, of liner texture, and much lighter. These skins are so ingeniously dressed that they leave, -around the neck, down the sides, and around the bo tom, a border ol the skin with the hair on, winch is cut in’o a kind of fringe, having very much the appenr- I mice of ermine. They are ornament, din a great variety of wavs with porcupine quills, bends of different colors, elk's teeth, and shells. After becoming matrons, that blushing modesty jinagr. at degree disappears, and they wear a j dress made of elk skin, a coarser material, j shorter and better calculated for the laborious • duties they have to perform, as slaves to their j lords. Perhaps nothing ever more completely as’on- I ished these people than the operations of my ! brush. Soon after arriving in their villag *, i i invited and painted the two principal chiefs : in a very few minutes after having exhibited them, it seemed as if the whole village were crowding upon me to see them. I was obliged to stop painting, an 1 place them high, in a conspicuous place, where all could see hem. The likeness es were recognized, and some commenced yell ing, and o hers crying. The curiosity was to see me, and so great was the rush upon me, that I was iu danger of suffocation. The eager cu riosity and exprassiou of astonishment with which they gazed upon me, plainly showed that they considered me. some s range being. They soon ivsolved that 1 was the greatest medi'-hie man in the world : for they said I had made liv ing beings—they could see them laugh, and if they could laugh they could -speak, eke. and must be alive. The squaws soon raised a cry against me in the village, saying that 1 was a dangerous man ; that if 1 could make living per sons by looking at them, 1 could kill them when J pleased, and that some bad luck would happen to those whom I painted. In this way, they ex cited fears in the minds of a number of chiefs who had agreed to sit; ny operations were, of course, completely at a stand. 1 finally had an interview with a number of them, and assured them that I was but a man like themselves : that my art had not medicine or mystery ahou* it, but could lie learned by any of them, if they would practise it as long as I had ; that my in tentions towards them were of the friendly kind ; and that in the country v re I lived, drove men never allowed their ; . to frighten them with their foolish whims, s , s, Ac. they all immediately arose, shook me b_ the hand, and dressed themselves for their pictures. There was no difficulty after that about sit tings, all were ready to sit—the squaws were silent—and my (tainting room a continued re sort fur them, where they waited with impati ence to see the completion of each picture, that they could laugh, sing-a n<. w song, Ac. Ac. I was then often taken by the arm hv the Chiefs and led to their lodge, where a f ast was pre pared for me in their best s ylc. hi this man ner 1 was taken from one lodge to another, and treated in the most cordial manner. There is an universal disposition in the Indian character to admire curious works of art, and particular ly for paintings, fur which they seem to have the greatest passion : it is not, therefore, to he wondered at that they were astonished at an opera!ion so novel and iui;hought-of hv them, and that 1 should, for once in my life, have been considered a great man and a great painter. These people are singular in their manner of treating their dead ; they arc all lodged on scaf folds at a little distance from their village, after having been enveloped in many folds of skins and closely laced with cords from head to foot. These scaffolds arc built simply with four pos‘s raid pales across, just high enough to be above the reach of hands. On those the body thus enclosed is laid and remains to decay. Th v often place the mos cosdy sacrifices of the rich est cloths ; robes, dresses, Ac. over them, which are hold sacred by tile living, and are left to de cav with the body. * - They generally fasten a wooden dish to the scaffold that the deceased may be able lo drink when he is thirsty ; and the squaws who are nearest related to the deceased, regularly car ry meat and water, and place them on the scaf fold that they may not suffer from hunger or thirst.—Whenever the scaffold decays, and the bones fall, the relatives take the skull, which is perfectly bleached, and carry it to a place a lit tle dis ance from the scaffold, where the skid's are collected, and arranged on the ground in the form of a circle, to a very great number. In this curious arrangement the greatest preci sion has been observed in placing them in a cir cle, and at equal ciis anccs, with their faces all looking into ihe centre. The squaws who re cognize here the skulls of their husbands, their children, Ac. regularly pay to them devotions. —They are to be seen lying flat upon their faces, embracing these skulls—shedding tears upon them and offering them something to eat. Each one of them is rested on a bunch of wild sage, which is always removed and renewed as soon as it wilts and decays. These skulls and their order arc preserved with the greatest ivligmus veneration, and are perfectly protected: for their superstition is such that no one would dar< to violate the order of this arrangement. I spent many an hour in this interesting study for the Craniologist and Phrenologist. I made manv notes, and a variety of drawings, which are for the curious—of winch I may speak in a future epistle, but for which I have nut room at present. About three miles distant from the Mandan Village is what is called •• The little Mandan Vil lage,” containing forty or fffy lodges* built in the same manner, and the inhabitants in all re spects the same, being a part of the same nation. Seven or eight miles up the river are three vil lages of Gros-vcntres or Minatarecs; their vil lages are built in the same manner as that of the Mandans, yet they are a nation entirely disrinct from th** Mandans. speaking a different !an i gunge. The two nations live, however, in per- Z feci harmony anti friendship, and are always f readv to join in the common cause of mutual , defence. Those are the largest and best built r Indian villages on the river. They are a very X warlike nation, and their number of men rapidly y i diminishing from their continued efforts to sig v nalize themselves in buttle. Thev were former it !v a part of the Crow nation. They speak the same language, and still imitate them to a con. d siderabie degree in the richness and elegance ol •- their dress. 1 I spent several days in these villages with a 1 j great deal ofinterert and amusement, r j 1 would that it were in my power to describe v j the beauty and spirit ol a scene which I witness it ! ed the day before 1 left the Minataree village, s I It was reported in the village that a large band r of buffaloes were in sight, and in a few minutes r ahou*. one hundred young in r were mounted, - with hows and arrows in their hands and ready s for the onset. They were divested of all their e dress, except a small light robe which is kept ex - clusivelv for that purpose, thrown around the r 1 waist and carelessly tied. An old Chief offered me a fine horse to ride, which 1 mounted and swept off in the flying throng to see the sport. We were soon insight e of the unsuspecting herd, who knew nut of their J danger until they were completely surrounded v j by their enemy ; here, then, ensued a scene a i equa! to miv military manoeuvre. The animals fi affrighted, rapidly fled in a body, but the licet i i cavalry closed so rapidly in front of them, wav - i iiig their small robe in their hands and raising a | their frijfiitA.il veils, that they turned about in , | confusion, and bent their course in a different . | direction, where they also met their yelling i’oes v { advancing in the rear. They recoiled again, i j during which time they were so closely hemmed , j in, that they rushed together in a mass, in the s greatest confusion, being able to move in no r o her form than in a circle. The Indians then commenced riding around them in a ring, and - having closely hemmed them in, the whizzing ; arrows began to fly, and the work of death com- I menced. Then commenced a scene worthy the t pool's pen, fir the pencil of the artist —not a , mere -scene of slaughter, hut a halite scene of ; the mos' spirited kind, for the bulls,exasperated & ) enraged a! their assailants, would often turn up s on them with the greatest fury imaginable, iu - which case their only safety was by High*. I - often saw the Indians dismounted in the midst of > the hea t and confusion of the struggle ; and the t ins'aut their fe< t were upon the ground, the - sanal! robe from their waist was waving in their i hands in readiness for the bull, which lie ex t peels is plunging upon him, and quicker than ■' lignlning, (when the animal has mad** his last *’ leap, which is Jo crush his assailant to death) - this robe is thrown over his horns and face. I The Indian leaps by his side, and quicker than 1 thought his arrow flies to the heart. About fif teen minutes closed this scene, all was silent; i about .‘3OO were slain, and not one of the band - escaped. Though the scene had been so spirit i ed and picturesque that I looked upon it with i riveted feelings of delight, yet I could not look ■ upon this field of slain who had so nobly died, * without feelings of pi tv and regret. 1 In my next letter, 1 will endeavor to give you i some idea of the religious ceremonies of those i misguided, superstitious people, at an annual ; ceremony to which 1 was a witness for lour davs, in which they fast and a list > in from drinking, and then commence inflicting tortures upon ■ themselves by cutting their bodies, and limbs, in a manner too shocking to describe —passing ' sticks through them—hanging themselves by i these wounds—dragging heavy weights, Ac. j Ac. Though shocking to the feelings of hu- 1 inanity, yet a description of it may lx* in‘ores ting to the people of the East, who are ignorant of u hat is transpiring in lids Wes'ern World. Yours, Ac. '' GEORGE CATE IN, AmWMBMA* ~ TFESOAY, DECUdillliK 4, laa*. GGOUGJA COXVEXTtOX.-XO. ", Under the circumstances stated in our last paper, the convention met in Milledgevillc. And under such cir. cumstances, what should have been the first duty of the members of that body, sifter designating a chairman to preside temporarily at the proceedings ! Certainly the ascertainment of the authority by which they met in convention, and represented the sovereignty of the peo ple of Georgia, when it must have been known to all the members, that a majority of the people were oppos ed to such a convention, convened at such a time, and for the purpose expressed in the resolutions adopted at the meeting in Athens. This preliminary investigation of the authority of the individuals present to form a convention, was of abso. lute necessity, in order to give to that body a legal eon stitntion. This convention, when formed, was to re present the sovereignty of ihe people of Georgia, and to express the sentiments and views of this people. This convention was to he held, not only to bring the feelings and opinions of the people, respecting a particu lar object, to a central point, hut to apprize the other States of this Union, in the most solemn manner, of the course this state intended to pursue, in the orcsent cri sis of the political affairs of the country. The proceed ings of this convention were to have as much effect a broad a: at home ; and to produce the effect expected from a convention of the people, it must have been call ed by a majority of the people, and the members of it must have been regularly and properly elected or cho. sen. If a number of citizens meet, and call themselves a convention of the people, without having had authori ty from that people thus to assemble in convention, cer tainly the proceedings of such a body of men, cannot have shat influence at home and abroad, which a conven tion. convened by a majority of the people, and its mem. faers, properly eleeted, would necessarily possess and exorcise. The convention which met at Milledgevillc, could not —cannot be called a convention of the people of Georgia, and its proceedings cannot have that influ ence abroad and at home, which otherwise they would have had, if the authority of its convocation, and the re gularity of the eiection of its members could not be questioned. Sophistry and ingenuity may give a different colour to the true ground upon which tiffs convention was con vened. It was said in convention, that the proceedings of tiiat body were to return to the people for their ratifi. cation or rejection. Such arguments, alleged against a scrutiny im o the authority of the members to sit iu con vention, arc fallacious and absurd, under the circum stances of the case, as stated by us, an.i as acknowledu cd by the friends of the doctrine of nullification, that the proceedings of the convention were to exercise a most salutary influence in the country. As we observed above * 1 the convention was to meet as much for a concentration of the public feeling in Georgia, as to have a due effect abroad, with regard to the prevailing sentiment of the ‘ state concerning the protective system. These were the objects in view. How could the public feeling be ascertained at home, when those citizens, who represent cd themselves as delegates from various sections of the state, did not—could not produce a record, more or less authentic, of the authority, with which they had been vested by a majority or plurality of votes, to sit in con. vcntioß, to act for constituents, and to represent ; their sovereignty ? Under such circumstances, how could the convention act, and adopt addresses and reso ’•tf'ors. in the name of the people of Georgia, when a as , juritr of that people hud had no ruico in the choice ol dele i gates; when that majority was not fairly represented it 1 the convention ; and when the feelings and opinions o t that majority could not be ascertained ? But, it was sai V in convention, the people will have to ratily or reject tin y acts of this convention. True; but before this r.atifica tion or rejection could be obtained, the acts of the con volition would have been made public; and at home 0 where it is known how and in what manner thisconven . tion was called, and the members were elected or chosen ,f those acts would be duly appreciated, and theirevilef sects properly counteracted by public opinion ; but n t broad, where the defective circumstances attending th: convention are not known, the effect the acts in questio: » might produce, would be more or less sensibly felt, be (ore they could be neutralized by public opinion becom . ing more enlightened upon the subject. It cannot be dc ) nied that the proceedings of the convention were tohav. * influence with the federal administration, with Congress ? ami with a few of the southern states, especially South - Carolina. Those proceedings would have had the dice r expected by those who originated the convent! n, hefor it would have been known that they were ratified or re ; jected by the people of Georgia ; and a course of policy might have been adopted by South.Carolina or some other southern state, on the strength of the proceedings of the convention, which, it would have been believed spoke the feelings of the people of Georgia, while, after a lapse of a few months, quite a different result would have been produced, by the people acting on the pro ceedings of the convention, j The conclusion to be drawn from these remarks is, that the first duty of tiie delegates sh ruld have been the investigation of the authority under which they conven ed, and die authority cadi deleg ite had to sit in the 1 j convention. And the reasons for such a course are ob vious. If a majority of the people expressed themselves ; against such a convention, certainly the acts of the eon i volition, notwithstanding this material objection, could not pretend to speak in die name of the majority, and could not declare that they were the expression of the , feelings of the people of Georgia. If it had been as certained thatamaj *rity of the people did express a de sire tor the convocation ot such a convention, and made choice of delegates to that body, the acts of the conven tion, in this case, would have had that degree of inilu cuce, before they were finally ratified, to which they would have been entitled, as emanating from a majority oi the delegates ot a majority oi the people, duly eleet ed or chosen. And why were those acts to have such an influence, before they were finally ratified ? Because at home and abroad, it would have been taken for grant, tid, that a majority of those delegates, thus'duly elected • or chosen, represented the feelings of their constituents ; and because a majority ot the delegates could not have ) been found, it duly elected or chosen bv a majority of tlie people, wno would have ventured to speak in the name of Hie people of Georgia, a language at variance with their true and known feelings. Considering the subject under this point of view, we ag.iin say, that the first duty ol the delegates was to in vestigate tueir authority to sit in the convention ; and )' after the investigation, it would have been found that a majority of the people of Georgia were not pro perly and duly represented in convention, (lie delegates assembled should have proceeded no further in the or ganization of the convention, and should have returned home, for that authority from a majority of the voters ot tiu-ir respective counties, which they should possess before they could organize themselves as a convention. It the members acted otherwise, they certainly com mitted a flagrant act ot usurpation on the most essenti al rights of the people, and they established a prece dent which may hereafter he productive of the most disastrous consequences to the public institutions of the country. Applying more pointedly the above remarks to the convention which met at Milledgevillc, the c inclusion follows, that the investigation should have t iken place, j I ts justice had been intended, and if a due respect for the | j rights of the people had not been disregarded. An 1 * ' "by did not this scrutiny take place ? Because ir wis well known that a majority of the people were opposed to that convention, and were not represented in it by re gularly and properly elected ("legates. If an investi gatimi had been granted, no f ' an exist, that the re sult would have shown that a -.cry small minority of tne people had sent delegates to the convention, duly elected or chosen. W e have room only for an aggregate form ol the manner the delegates were chosen, to which we have added the aggregate representative population. In comparing these calculations, the ren der will bear i:; mind, that in our remarks in last paper, we stated, and we believe we succeeded in showing, that a large majority of the people expressed themselves against the doctrine of nullification, and :g inst the call of a convention at this time, for the purposes, and cl ah. ed with the power, recommended in the resoled >ns n dopted at the Athens meeting. We recommend to the reader, to connect the following calculations with those we have already offered; by doing so he will be aide to understand at once the object we have in view. In order to place our calculations beyond the po-siiffl tty of doubt, iic have followed the report o! the commit tee, ot which Mr. Clayton was chairm m, appointed lo examine the credentials of the sitting members of the convention, and report thereon; which report was not to be acted upon, but was merely to be attached to the minutes of the convention. Delegates from sixty.one counties presented them, selves and took seat in the convention. These six’y.one counticß contain a representative population of 350,000 wr.ich is a large majority of the representative popu! i. tion of the state ; and il the delegates had been regu larly and properly elected or chosen, and a majority o. the people had not expressed themselves before against a convention to be convoked under the auspices of the Athens resolutions, no doubt would have been harbored, that the convention would have been considered s having some authority to proceed to business, and the delegates as having been commissioned to speak and to act in the name of their constituents. But what are the facts ? O. these 61 counties, only 17—of the number of those which remained in convention, after the session—with a re are sentutive population of 120,266, can be considered as having produced some authority to sit in that convention, though the returns exhibited by the delegates, defective as tiicy actually all are, do not show that a m. j.irity of the voters gave in their votes at the elections for the choice of delegates. The result of this calculation, which will he found correct, on an examination of it, is that the convention, which lias adopted resolutions, and recommended a course of policy to the state govern, ment, and which has constituted itself a permanent body, is composed of delegates from only seventeen counties, possessing a representative population of only 121.2G6, —a little more than one-fourth of the whole represen tative population of tlie*stafc ; for the other delegates have produced credentials of so questionable a shape, that by taking their seats in the convention, they com mitted a flagrant act of usurpation, and became liab’e to prosecution for a violation of the rights and pri ilegesof the people. In offering these observations, we have abstained from specifying the counties embraced in our calculation, and bringing to view more pointedly the right that several delegates had to seats in the conven tion, and the certificates they produced. As we feel for the reputation of the state, we shall not be the first to publish the reprehensible manner in which seve ra! delegates obtained certificates of appointment to the convention. This convention has enough to answer for to the people oi Georgia, without its members being charged with all the defects in the authority to sit in con vention, which many of them brought with them to Mil- t ledge ville. As the convention, in their resolutions, pretend to ( speak in the name of the people of Georgia, the mem bers should feel themselves bound to place before that , c people, the authority they had to act, in the capacity of delegates, and to show most clvarly, that the o-anv anfion, C when they ad. pted resolutions, and n c j'.irsc ol policy to the state g ivemment, rupresanted n »f majority ofthe people of Georgia. If they cannot do tVi"' id they stand confessed before the community bsV.^,- i i . , “winr ic assumed an undelegated authority, and as having actcj i. contrary to the known will and. pleasure of a m.tjn r i ly i- the good people of Georgia. Wc therefore call Upori those who hu>'o advocated the meeting of this conv e i. lion, and supported the resolutions adopted by it, to cor i, trovcrt.the ficts an 1 statements we have presented tj f- tiie consideration of the public. " c want not sophist a- and misst item n‘s. Wc want facts—indenkble f ac[ j is whi.h must prove, that a majority of the counties, with m majority of the people, were duly represented in the con e- volition, before the secession of the fifty-three member*' i- and that th s m jority of the counties and people had sanctioned the convocation ofthe convention recommend c ' ;| l ' ie resolutions adopted at the meeting in Athen« ?, These remarks bring us to this enquiry: A serutiny i i- the authority of the d ’ ales to sit in convention, an j, rt speak in the n tine >■ ■ people of Georgia, being CSstn g tin! to the regular proceedings of the body, and impi ously demanded, in order to give a due weight to „ y acts ; why s!i ml lir have been objected to, especially by e those of the delegates who to »k a most active part im.i,' s debates, mi l w!io previously had exerted all tlieir infl o | ease, and used til! tiie means at their command, toren r dtr the convocation ofthe convent! >n a papular measan’ I This enquiry shall ns the subject of our remarks in o#r . next paper. We shall likewise give in our next, a nio re detailed statement of the representation of the counts, in the convention, in order to show how and in what * manner the people were actually represented in that bo dy. Wo will take this trouble to avoid all controversy 3 upon the subject. 5 GEORGIA LE'tISLATf RE. The resolutions introduced in the House by Mt R T 1 an, in relation to the Turk?; and a Soiuhcrn Convention j were taken up, agreeably to the order of the day, on . Thursday las', andadepted, afteran animated discussion . with mt amendment, except the following additional re.' . solution, which was introduced by." Mr. Bates, and a. . dopted, by 102 votes against 51. “ 'Hire I, i .nut we abhor the doctrine of Nullific*. tion, as neither ti peaceful nor constitutional remedy; but , on the contrary, as tending to civil commotion aiid dis. union; mid while we deplore the rash and revolutionary measures recently adopic-d by a (’onvention of the peo. pie of "outh Carolina, we deem it a paramount duty to t warn our fellow, k : as against adopting her mischier. , ous policy.” The follo wing' are the yeas and nays on the final pa*, sage ofthe resolutions:— YEAS —Anderson, Akin, Ash, Bates, Black. Black, burn, Ilvrd, Bowen, Brown, Bryant, Buffington, Burney, ■ Burks. Chastahi, Cos, Curie, of Lincoln, Davies, Day, Dennard, Easley, Ector, Edmonson, Eugram, Exuni, Ezzard, Gholson, G! isccck, Grubbs, Harris of Pike, H irrisou, Haynes, Hinton, Hilliard of Dooly, Ililliardof " are, Howell, Hull, Hatcher, Hutchins, Irvin, Johnson of Henry, Jv oily. K.nj of Crawford, ivmgol .Mclntosh, Lddell, Lewis, Tiong. Lowe, Lockhart. Martin, Mays of Defvalb, ifchell, '• oorc, Morgan, MCoy, Moselcv, Murray, Overstreet, Pace, Pierce, Phillips, Pitman, Bawls, Rhodes, Roberts, Robinson, Rogers, Rutherford, ot Washington, Ryan, Rivers, Satlbld, Sellers, Sims, Shelton, Sheets,' mith ofCoweta, ‘-mith of Henry, Shine, Solomon, Stamper, - tanfonl, Marhe, '-tcelman, Strick. | latul, Taylor, Towles, Thurmond, Thweatt, Varner, W ; liter, Ward, W avne, W ilson of Early, " i■•’gins, W ood ol Coweta, Wood oi Hall, Wilcox, Young of Ir. win.— ( )T. NAYS —Allen, Blackwell, Birr, Biacf.shear, of Lowndes, Biackshcarof Laurens. Calhoun. Cone, Clif. ton, Craw ford, (kirrv o Decatur, Curry of Washington, Daniel. Eh wellon, Floyd, Flournoy, Gibson, Graves of Clark, Graves of Newton, Groce, Harden, Hardeman, Hardman, H >ra!> m, Harris of E!hurt, Hnmiltun, Hud. sou, Hubbard, J "< s, Jones, Johnson of Morgan, King of Greene, Ki.f'es, done. M-ys of Buffs, McCall, Jhi wether, M eln'yre, Neal, Nicholson. Rea, Redding, Rib. son. Ru'herf -rtl of Moaro •, Sparks, pivey, frond, Sharp, Thorn'.m. Tuner, Vinson, Wn ren, « ihm of Warren, v- iliiams, White, A illuunsou, loan gos Ogle tborpe.— a7. M*o TI:-CA ««MS A. The Southern 7 ' of the 2Bih nil. holds the follow. I ing ! .ngunge re the “ Ordinance.” I “We affirm, a,id .here is no possibility ofiFtiyinptli* I P >s;ti .11, that the Ordni nice ab >! sin s all these da>«‘gimnl< I to ihe independence oi the State Judiciary winch our I j ancestors established in the Cans! it r ion of this State, h I j has effectually repealed th A part o tins instrument which I provides that tue Judges shall hold their offices during I good behaviour, by dive sting them of the right of trial I by impeachment •»’ one branch oi the Legislature, mid I conviction by tiie other. L has thus made a fundamental I i iro id on one ot the groat principles of civil liberty.—Tim I Judge, nd every inferior civil M igistrulo, is ejected I from o'dj e, without even lie firm of trial, at tiie moment I t!:e pres irioen oath is reused to be taken. In no part ol I the woild t’i t has the slightest pretence to civil liberty, I his tiie tu ictioii :ty ever !>een dismissed without at learf I t!ie be:n ‘lt o t!i it inquest wli c!i is not denied by the I laws to tiie humblest citizen of tiie land. The instru. I meat by win m this ;s done is <i tr.sl —the engine of tyran- I ny, in all ages and eon tries, in which men who possess I power arc dctci mined tu force conformity in religion and I in p ilitics. I ‘ But iot only a. the g-eat and cherished maxims of I civil irecdom disregarded ; the principles of good faith I ar.; v.oi ted, in bre iking the contract into which the I tto has entered with every officer whose ;in ofolu- I ce is unexpire !, ■ r who holds during good behaviour. This I is ns nincit a stipulation iit honour, as if the agreement I had been lor the per ormance o a specific piece of work I for a pecuniary consider tion. 'The office! who is divest- I ed ot ins ofll ebe I’. re the | eriod tor w ichhe was elect- I ed, or without conviction ol misconduct, if he holds dur. I ing go >d behaviour, is not only i ijiircd in his rights, a.s I a citizen, but damaged in his interests. Ir is she fiigliC’St I act ot injustice to alter the terms and conditions ofa con. I tract by the ordinary course of legislation, or bv the ac- I tion of the Courts. Is that equitable, when done by » I Legisla ive body and th < nis Justice, which is I just, il achieved by tin ie in Co .volition? Doc! I Justice change ils essential characteristics by the word I Political Sovereignty ? Can a people do injustice, of their I representatives lor them, whether those Representatives I net in a ('oiive-iiion instead of acting in a Legislature! I Impossible! Tin n.tnre of things cannot be changed by ■ simply assigning iii:s act done to one source of authority B instead o!kino' In r. B “ But tins is not all, in this sweeping measure of du- ■ frarichiseinent and injustice. The Military have always ■ been held, ~sa bo !y, tube entitle Ito tiie bench: of these fl usages winch precedent and general convenience have fl established for the government of this branch of the pub- ■ lie service- Tiie officer has always, be 'ore being di- H vested of his commission, iieen held to be entitled w* trial by bis Peers. Tins barrier has also been swept I awav. Tie test, if not co nplie.l with, divests him in & ■ moment, the s one as the civil officer, ofiiis commif- I sion. and his hrd earned promotion—ids long period ■ o' pnlilic service, is disregarded, as if all oMig : ‘ tlon * ot ft equity were to be foregone in the on? sweeping renio- K tion of general conformity. Thus hvv all received K ideas ol civil security, general convenience and P n- l| v tc equity, given way to the determination ol ff ,eD who are bent on having their way, and who, while ■ they h -ve made tliese alarming inroads on the principle* If ot public liberty, in the very same manifestoes, by wli; cb H they are accompanied, profess to-act under her iicred H impulses, and to he governed by the lofty dictates ol H honour and equity. G-.ni inconsistency so farther ? | 3l H infatuation, the usual fruit of party violence, made c.eaf ■ headed men intellectually blind, and blunted their pvt- B captions of riglit ?or to what is this phenomenon "■ 1 B tree country to lie attributed ’ si NOR .MA BOLIN A. . J The Raleigh Register of November 30, informs M that meetings have been held in Buncombe, Macon, Lb- B coin, Rutherford, Burke, Orange, Guilford. Rowan, h eW K Hanover, and other counties ol the state, at which rese- H lutions were adopted expressive of a most ardentatt*^ - I merit for the Union, and a determination to uphold it 5 ’ K every hazard. H ALABAMA. ft On Saturday the 17th November, both branches 0 ■ the legislature, which had met, agreeably to the pro<m - ■ mation of the Governor, adjourned; and on he Monds. H following, the legislature met again at Tuscaloo.- 1 ' H that being the day appointed by the constitution for lts H annua! session. Goth branches were organized by tnc ■ choice ot the same speaker of the House,and Fre3i aSS B of the-Senate. «