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rnE co^STITITIONALISY.
S= * i ff 5’ 19.I 9 . C. GUIIZtT.
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gj- Fofrtagcmualbepaid^onUrtters^i^usineßs^^^^^
~—Sank of the unitfd states.
In the House of Representatives on the Ist March,
M VsrpUnck. unde, instructions ; .om the comm.ttee
Mr. v « r P‘ an ’ made th 3 following report:
committee V wavs t»id means report: That
the subjects referred to the committee of ways
,»mon t th J period of the session, were the
»nd mean , f t he United States, in rela*
transactions ofthe pubHc debt; and
mm the present pecuniary and financial stale
I .nacaffeme nt ofthe institution.
The anangement made by tfhe Bank for a temporary
, Doliem em, with the consent of the holders, ofthe pay-
E of fiTe millions of the three per cent, debt, being
no w substantially closed by the surrender to the govern
ment of the certificates of stock, except for a small
amount, and the whole debt itself having been liquidated,
•s far as respects the government, at an earlier period
than it is probable it would otherwise have been, this
question seems no longer to present any important or
practical object of inquiry, or for or admit any oc
several of .he di«ct
ors on this subject, as well as upon other po-nts conrjPct
with the management of the Institution. 1 heir tes
timony is herewith submitted and the committee cepe
•ialiy refer to the evidence cf Mr. Bevan and Mr. Eyre
as explanatory of the history and motives of this trans
*Clt?Bdue, however, to the government, to express the
opinion, that, in the arrangement made by the Hunk
agent in Enghmd for the purchase oi three per cent,
stock, and the detention of the certificates, (which mea
sures were afterwards disclaimed by the Bank,) the
Bank exceeded its legitimate authority, and that tins
proceeding had no sufficient warrant in the correspon
dence of the Secretary of the I reasury.
The inquiry into the present condition of the bank, the
general character of its business, and the soundness ot
its capital, is a subject of much greater interest and im
portance, since it involves not only the question of the
safety ofthe public deposits, but the value of the large
amount of slock held by government, and the still more
momentous .considerations of the soundness of a large
portion of our currency, and the consequent security or
insecurity efthe domestic exchanges and commerce of
lh« country. _ .
The President, in his message to Congress, nt the
opening of the present session, informed them, “that
such measures as were within '-he reach ot the {sec
retary of the Treasury had been taken to enable him to
judge whether the public deposits in the Bank ofthe L ru
led States were entirely sals ; twit, as his limited power
prove insufficient to that object,” the President rs
commended the subject to Congress, as particularly wor
thy of their investigation-
Since that period, the report ot the agent appointed
by government for this examination, has been communi
cated to Congress, and referred to this committee.—
The committee of ways and means have also received
from the directors of the bank a report on the principal
points of its administration and its present stale, prepar
ed by the Exchange Committee ot the Bank, and adopted
by the Board ot Directors.
The importance of the statements and results, con
tainod in that report, induced the «ommittee of ways
end means, in the course of the examination of the di
rectors composing the exchange committee, to require
their attestation, under oath, to the facts and state
ments of that paper, as distinguished from its opinions
and arguments. This was done very fully. Ihe same,
and other directors, (two of whom had heretofore been
government directors, one under the present, and one
under two former administrations) in reply to various
interrogatories, stated, as will be seen in the evidence
herewith submitted, the means at the command of the
Board of Directors, or any member of it, for distinctly
knowing the operations ot the several branches, and the
character ofthe paper discounted at them, together with
"their own opinion, drawn from these sources, of the ge
asrai safety of such paper.
The committee of ways and means have to regret
that the constant and daily pressure ot the various du
lies which have devolved upon them during this short
and laborious session, did not permit a more lull exami
nation of the concerns of the institution. It, however,
in the entire abscence of any evidence calculated to re
fute, or in any way impeach, that which is before the
committee, the statements and the opinions ofthe trea
sury agent, selected by the treasury to examine the con
dition of the bank ; those ot several ot the present direc
tors, men of character and intelligence, long conversant
with accounts and banking business ; the official returns
of the bank itself, and the report ot its principal commit
tee, attested to under oath ; it all these can be relied up-
Oa, as furnishing satisfactory information on the present
state and pecuniary means of the Institution, the fol
lowing results will appear:
First —The Directors ofthe Bank at Philadelphia re
ceive from the boards ot their branches frequently', re
gular and minute returns of the paper discounted by
them. These returns, together with the separate cor
respondence ofthe cashiers ot the several branches, at
ford such information of all the business ot those branch
es as to enable the board of the mother bank, or any stn
gle director who may wish to enquire into it, to ascer
tain the character of the business of those branches ; as, <
for instance, whether the mass of paper discounted be
founded on ordinary commercial transactions, and to be
paid from their proceeds when at maturity, or whether
■ay considerable proportion©! it consists ot what is call
•d accommodation paper, regularly renewed. They
■an know, in like manner, whether the domestic bills ot
exchange, purchased at the branches, arise out of busi
ness transactions, and to be paid when at maturity, or
whether they arc mere accommodation paper in another
form, to be repeatedly- renewed by drawing and re
drawing between distant offices.
Second —These returns, together with the reports of
the boards of the several branches, upon whose charac
ter and judgment they place great reliance, form the
ground upon which the directors have stated, under
eath, their full confidence that the mass of paper dis.
counted by the bank and its branches, and detailed as
active debt, in their statement, is safe. On this, they
believe, no serious loss need be apprehended. The dis
honored paper held by the bank is stated to be returned
os doubtful or suspended paper, and to be estimated, not
■t its nominal, but at its presumed actual value. The
f..l estate ofthe bank is, in like manner, valued, not at
•ost, but on estimates founded on frequently renew’ed
■ppraises of ihe probable market value. They depose
that, to the best of their knowledge and belief, the
whole amount, with inconsiderable exceptions, if any,
•f domestic bills of exchange, purchased by the bank and
its offices, is regular business paper, founded upon the
agricultural exports and commercial imports of the coun
try; and that by tar the greatest portion fbrobaWy nine
tenths) of the notes discounted is of the same character.
They also assert, with much confidence, that most of
their accommodation notes are well secured, and form,
m fact, ths safest investment of the bank.
The inquiries respecting the amount of accommoda
tion paper were made to ascertain the character of the
general business transactions of the bank ; and not be
cause the committee believe that accommodation paper
discounted to a great extent, would necessarily endanger
Hi* Solidity of any moneyed institution. Such paper may
frequently bs as safe, and such loans as useful as any.
But it is certain, that, when moneyed institutions arc in
■ hollow and unsound state, it commonly arises from the
•■pital having been invested in doubtful paper of thisde
scription. The very fact, therefore, of the discounts of
• bank being principally applied to the ordinary business
paper of an active commercial community, will show
that, allowing only for ordinary judgment and integrity
in the selection of such paper, nothing short of some
general overthrow of mercantile credit will produce ma
terial loss.
Tkird-~ln general corroboration of their statsments
?“■*«• as well as of their opinions of the security
• the bank debt, the directors appeal—lst. To the fact
O t e great fluctuation of the exchange business, at the
•ame points, at different periods, corresponding with the
periods ot the shipments of agricultural produce in the
« within three months
m 1831, from §366 000 to 81,062,000. And again, at
2* SS* ab °“ a ha!f a ''ear, from
®S,7«MKK) down to> 503,000. 2nd. That ofthe easy re.
duction,during the last year o fabout one-eighth ofthe
whoU amount of the bank debt throughout the Union,
md specially to the amount reduced in the wesiern of.
| 3 rd. To the very small amount of losses which
■ k.ve •ccurred for some time past in those offices, and to
r m«f*ei!iey with which, ia aaditien to ths aggregate re-
duction of hums there, ■ very eenstderable proportion of
the local debt, on promissory notes, has been convened
into the more secure and unmanageable form of domestic
bills of exchange.
If these statements, and this evidence, can lie relied
upon, the available and secure resources of the bank
amounted, on the Ist of January last, to eighty million
eight hundred and sixty five thousand dollars, whilst all
the claims against it, for bills, debts, amd deposits, in
cluding those ofthe government, and for the redemption
of the public debt, were but $37,800,090, leaving above
forty three millions as a guarantee to the nation against
any losses. For as the whole amount of debts, bills, and
deposits, must be paid before the stockholders, the whole
capital and the surplus must be considered as a pledge
for the debts erne to the individuals and the government.
As the capital consists of thirty five millions of dollars,
it would appear, from this statement, that tihe Bank had
earned, and then possessed, a surplus of twenty two per
cent, above the amount of its capital. Whether that
surplus could or could not bo realised, at a final winding
up ofthe Bank, is a subject only interesting to the buy.
ers, sellers, and holders of the stock. The single point
ot view in which it is important to the nation, is, in re
gard to its bearing on the healthy staite of the bank, and
the consequent satiety of «he public deposits, and the
sound state of the currency. For these objects, it is suf
ocient to inquire, whether this surplus does or does not
afford a sufficient guarantee that the original capital of
$33,000,0U0 is unimpaired.
The whole amount of bills and paper held by the
Bank on the let of January last, was $61,695,000; of
whicn 88,246.000 is stated to be the local debt of the
western States, leaving $53,749,000 as the debt of the
Atlantic commercial citizens, and that in the shape of
domestic bills, between them and the interior. There
seems no reason to doubt that the paper of the descrip
tion last mentioned, is ot the same general character as
that of other city banks, managed with ordinary discre
tion. Now, it is well known, that in our great cities, bu
siness paper is constantly guarantied by commercial hou
ses of prudence, stability and wealth, for a del credere
commission of two and a half per cent. On much ofthe
better class of paper, and in some of our northern cities,
upon most ofit, the ordinary charge is much less; but a
greater portion of loss than this ought certainly not to oc
cur in a well managed city bank, where the judgment
and information of a board of directors is combined with
that of its officers.
In point of fact, it is believed that two and a half per
cent, on their discounted papej" actually exceeds the los
ses ot prudently managed institutions in our cities. But,
allowing the loss on the Atlantic and commercial debt,
to reach four times that amount, say ten per cent, then
$3,376,000 of the surplus, would be an ample guarantee
against such lass. This would leave $2,680,000 as a
surplus, which would meet the loss of about one third of
the local western debt, without impairing the original ca
pital of the bank.
The committee do not mean to he understood as as.
serting their belief that the western debt is more hazard
ous than that in any other part of the Union. The Bank
directors express their conviction that it is not so; and
the agent appointed by the Treasury does not hesitate to
say, “ that he considers that debt in a safe and whole
some state, and that a greater amount of loss need not
be apprehended from it, than from a similar muss distri
buted in the cities ofthe Atlantic frontier.” Butthis es
timate has been made, because tiie extent of the western
transactions of the hank has been mentioned as one of
the subjects peculiarly calling for investigation.
These general views of the situation of the Bank, and
the consequent safety of Us depositors and hill holders
derive strong confirmation from the fact ofthe large pro
portion of the specie in the country, which is held by the
bank. It appears, from official documents, of unques
tionable authority, that the specie, actually in the vaults
ot the bank of the United States, is within one tenth of
the amount held by all the other hanks in the Union,
whilst its circulation of paper is but one fourth ofthe ag
gregate of theirs. In other words, the bank ofthe Unit
ted States has above nine millions of specie, with a cir
culation or notes to the amount of seventeen millions and
a half: whilst the aggregate of all the other banks, with
specie in their vaults, but a little above ten millions,
have a circulation of sixty eight millions of bank paper.
If, then, the evidence herewith submitted, can be re
lied upon, which it is for the bouse to judge of, there
can he no doubt of the entire soundness of the whale
Bank capitol, after meeting all demands upon it, either by
its bill holders or the government ;*and such is the opin
ion of the committee, who feel great confidence in the
well known character and intelligence of the directors
whose testimony supports the facts above stated.
The committee conclude by respectfully recommend
ing the adoption of the following resolution :
“ Resolved, That the government deposits may. in the
opinion of the house, be safely continued in the Bank of
the United States.”
The Report was accompanied by sundry documents.
Mr. Watmough moved the printing of 10,000 extra co
pies of the Report and documents; which was agreed to.
(Mr. Horn, wh© had objected to the motion, having with
drawn his objection.)
Mr. Polk then made a Report from the minority
members) of the Committee, of which the same number
was ordered to be printed.
EDUCATION,
The following numbers on Education were written by
a member of a Committee on Education appointed by
the Convention of New England Farmers, Mechanics,
Ac. which assembled at Boston last September, and will
meet again next September. These essays seem to be
written to prepare the Convention for the expected re
port, which will probably be interesting to the producing
classes every where, if we may judge by tke wide scope
and bold views which they exhibit.
INTRODUCTORY RE MARKS,
On Popular Education in New England, to the Far
mere, Mechanics, and other productive classes.
No prudent man would build a house, or undertake
any other mechanical pursuit, without a plan and some
definite object in view. His success will then depend
on the judiciousness of that plan, and the appropriate
ness of the means employed to produce the desired and
ultimate effect. Shall, then, the moral architects of so.
ciety begin without a plan, and proceed without examin
ing the materials, or calculating the probable result of
their labors ? Lycurgus, the legislator of Lacedemon,
has taught us what changes may be wrought in the
minds and habits of men and nations. His object is not
ours, however, nor are his means such as we should ap
prove or adopt. His design was to form a nation of he
roes, while ours is to form industrious citizens. His
legislation was for war—ours is for peace ; and fortu.
nately for us, since war may not always be avoided, by
the wisest nations, the present state of society is such,
that the arts of peace are the most efficient means of
war, defensive or offensive ; they husband our physical
resources, and improve our moral power.
We may, however, consult the legislators of Athens
or Sparta, to learn the power of genius over the pas
sions of man, and on the confirmed habits of nations.—
Ancient and modern history are full of the workings of
education, on the plastic minds of our race : but we can
find no where models to follow, which would lead t it to
the ends which we profess to aim at; because no state
of society similar to our own, can be found in history.—
The philosophers of all pagt times, must have been con
trolled, in some degree, (however philanthropic in their
views,) by the existing state of society; hence we see
the wisest and most humane have found it expedient to
call to their aid deception and the grossest superstition ;
because they had barbarians to act upon. We too, must
be governed by the existing state of society; but happi
ly, we have reasonable and civilized beings to deal with,
and no deception or superstition could be useful to our
purpose. All past legislators were under the necessity
of admitting classes, with distinct privileges; even La.
ccdemon performed all the mechanic arts by the hands
of slaves ; and agriculture, the noblest and most inde
pendent avocation of man, was beneath the dignity of a
Spartan Soldier; and such was the state of morals, tol
crated by the sages.of those times, that the body of a
slave, as white as any other Spartan, was a fit subject
whereupon to try the edge of the young hero’s sword ;
and shedding innocent blood was a lawful means of edu
cation.
Fortunately, we find in a neighboring State, namely,
Athens, among the moral institutions of Solon, some
compensation for this barbarity. In the first rank, may
be placed that law of this great man, which obliged eve
ry citizen to espouse the quarrel ot those which he saw
outraged. This idea of rendering every one arbiter in
the little civil discords, had the effect of uniting men,
more closely: the sometimes bloody consequn ces ot
intestine divisions, seem to him preferable to a cold and
calculating indifference, which is but the virtue of ego
tism, and the prudence of cowardice.
Morals, without laws, announce a savage state ; and
laws without morals, show a depraved state, which
touches its ruins. The perfection of government would
be that in which they were united. Laws must support
morals, and for this the ancients were so attentive tona
tional education. A legislator gives to his monument
but a poor foundation, who does not build on nature.—
Modern institutions seem to aim at remodeling man, and
they have made him but a cold statue ; all the world is
occupied, exclusively, with commerce, or the arts of
luxury; and finance is the only word which a modern
politician can pronounce. The devouring element of
luxury is the only one in which a citizen can breathe ;
and as for morals, they are confined to the works ot phi
losophers. Since then the thing is banished from our
hearts, why should the w-ord exist in our language. Bu.
■ature has taken cruel revenge on public error, by abtm
dooing these who blaspheme her. A sordid and cold
interest seems to hare extinguished in u«, the already
expiring flame of sensibility ; the sacred ties of families
are relaxed; the inhabitant of our cities, alone and iso
lated, in the midst of his fellow citizens, smiles with pity
nt the name of patriotism ; and that generous sentiment
which embraces the whole human race, in its benevo
lence, is placed among the chimeras of Plato’s Republic.
In the place of individual morals, we have a hypocritical
politeness; and in the place of public morals, we have
that comprehensive and elastic word, expediency.
Although we must admit that the sublime of morals,
public as well private, was not unknown to the ancients,
it is evident that we can draw but sparingly from that
source for our present purposes; since our circumstan
ces and our objects are so very different. We will,
therefore, descend to times less remote, and see what
they may offer for us; passing over Rome and Carthage,
as too similar to Greece ; and also the middle ages, as
equally unfitted for our purpose. Let us come, then, to
the present or recent state of Europe.
What is the object of legislators and rulers, at present,
in Europe ? For we must suppose that they have an
object. It is (they say) to preserve order. This is a
laudable object; but we must seek for the definition of
the term, as it is understood in those countries, by ex
amining the character of that order which is the result
of European legislation, education, and rule.
To preserve order in Europe, we must understand to
be, the conservation of the present state of tilings: and
the most charitable construction we can put upon the
term, is this, to make the people as happy as possible, un
der the present stats of thing?. Now what is
the present state of things in Europe? It is unbound,
ed wealth, scandalous luxury, and wasteful extravagance
for the governing few; and abject poverty, degrading;
vice and appalling misery for the great mass of the peo
plo. This order, this present state of things, can be
preserved by no other known means, than those now in '
force; that is, by excessive taxes, direct and indirect, on
the industry, -on the productive classes. If thousands
of rulers, and the favored classes, and hundreds of*
thousands of their idle dependents, must live without
producing any thing, they must necessarily be fed, and
clothed, ami warmed, by the labors of the productive
classes. We cannot always follow the winding paths, :
throKgh which a large portion of the poor man’s labor
gets into the possession of those who liye without labor;
but we are conscious of the result; knowing that noth
ing from nothing comes.
To preserve order, under the present state of things
in Europe, great physical and moral forces are necessa
ry ; the moral force is either civil or ecclesiastical; civil
in the laws, which are made with the direct or indirect
purpose of supporting that present state of things; and
ecclesialical, as auxiliary to the same end. Physical
force, alone, could not accomplish the object, because
that is wnth the people. It becomes then necessary to
divide the people ; and thus to balance their power. Go
remment in Europe, both civil and religious, combine
their efforts for this purpose : the civil, by the unequal
bearing of the laws, gives rise to aft immeasurably une
qual distribution of the goods things of this world ; mak
ing the people poor, ignorant, degraded and vicious;
creating thus, a very plausible reason for enacting severe
and cruel laws, to punish those whose very crimes were
indues by previous injustice in rules; who, in fact, made
the criminals, for the double purpose of degrading them,
and exalting themselves on their ruins. The aid which
corrupt religion funishes to this iniquitous conspiracy, is,
first, by charing the spoil of the laboring classes, and
making them poor, by unequal and oppressive taxes, for
the support of this corrupt religion ; and then by degrad
ing their minds, subduing that spirit, which might he in
clined to resist oppression. The means of accomplish,
ing this nefarious, unchristian, and anti-social purpose,
arc found in various superstitious practices, very foreign
from true religion ; but no where with such an evil ten
dency, as in that doctrine which teaches humility, under
oppression ; and promises rewards in another world, for
all the evils which it may please despots to inflict on us,
in this world. This might have been considered as Chris
tian humility, in the small beginnings of our religion ; but
it ceased to be so, as soon as Christianity had pervaded
the armies of Constantine, and had power on its side.
Then, the Pagan oppressors of mankind, were humbled
in their turn ; and the popular leaders of a religion found
ed on the rights of man, and everlasting justice, open
ed the eyes of the multitflde to their sacred rights; and
heathen Gods, and their ministers, were consigned to the
dust.
The combined efforts of civil and ecclesiastical powers,
prepared the people, through poverty, ignorance and vice,
lor their division ; which was found necessary for the
establishment of despotic rule. One half, and that the
worst, was armed and arrayed against the other half.
This armed and ignorant portion, willing to live in idle
ness, at the expense of their industrious brethren, pro
duced the physical force, necessary to establish so un
just and unnatural a state of society: hence the combina.
tion of fraud, and force, which we now witness, in the
old world, arrayed against the industrious and productive
classes.
If we find that inequality be on the increase, and that
countries which boast of the highest degree of civiliza.
tion and splendor, exhibit the greatest disparity of cir
curnstances amongst their citizens, in spite of the great
improvement in the arts, wa must conclude, that the
laws and institutions of chose countries, are conducive
to this effect, for we cannot suppose that it is a matter of
choice, in the great mass of the people, to remain ex
cessively miserable, for the sake of seeing a few great
spiritual and temporal Lords, excessively rich.
If wc find, in addition to these general truths, when
•we look into causes, that, in fact, all the burthens of so.
ciely are graduated on a vicious scale, quite opposite to
justice; we find, every where, that the poor, and
industrious, are taxed by a thousand means higher, ex
actly in the ratio of their poverty: and on the same finan
cial principle, which induces law-makers to lay the
heaviest duties on the coarsest goods, because, forsooth
these being bulkey, cannot easily escape the grasp of
the collector. So the poorer and more humble the man,
the heavier is the measure of injustice which is heaped
on him; he being least able to shake it off, and delend
himtelf.—l say, if we find this to be the universal prac
tice, producing every where the same results, we can
come to no other conclusion, than that the theory and
practice of European law-givers and rulers are admira
bly calculated to produce the ends which we now witness,
and deplore, the present state of things there; the pre
servation of order—European order!
I have found myself under the necessity of thus glanc
ing over our mother countries, to see what good princi
pies we could find there, applicable to our purpose; and
also, to hold up, as beacons, their errors, and consequent
miseries, to prevent us from falling into the same vici
ous path.
INTEMPERANCE NO PLEA IN DEFENCE OF
CRIMINAL ACTIONS.
From the Baltimore American of March 22nd.
The Governor ofNew ork has refused to interpose
the pardoning power, in the case of George Denison,
convicted of murder, in that State, under peculiar cir
cumstances. They furnish a powerful example of the
evils of intemperance. The criminal was intemperate
in his habits, and had been frequently denied in his ap
plications for ardent spirits, by the father of the murder
ed man, an innkeeper. The innkeeper furnished him
with food, instead of liquor. After repeated denials
he threatened, under the mania produced by drinking, to
shoot the landlord, and procuring a gun, killed the son,
by mistake, he being dressed in his father’s clothes. It
appeared on trial that he had no malice against either
previously, and that he scarcely recollected any of the
transactions. The plea of insanity did not avail with
the jury, who found him guilty of murder. The applica.
tion to the Governor for pardon was refused, upon two
grounds—first, that the state of the convict’s mind was
matter of fact for the jury who had found against him—
and, secondly, that the Executive concurred in the pro
priety of the verdict. The criminal was accordingly ex
ecuted.
The important moral question here affirmed is, that
alienation of mind, produced by intemperance, is no good
plea in defence of criminal actions. Bad moral habits
are not to be excused in their consequences by the extre
mity to which they have been carried. It may be a hard
rule in individual cases, and must depend more er less
upon the facts; but it is a formidable example of the
baleful consequences of criminal indulgences, and may
be urged as an important moral lesson.
/ U. S. REGIMENT OF DRAGOONS.
At the last session of Congress a law was passed, au
thorising the President to raise a regiment of Dragoons
instead of the battalion of Mounted Rangers. The new
regiment is to be composed of one colonel, one lieuten
ant colonel, one major, one quarter-master-sergeant, and
two chief buglers, one adjutant, who shall be a lieuten.
ant, one sergeant-major, one chief musician, and ten
companies ; each company to consist of one captain, one
first lieutenant, and one second lieutenant, exclusive of
the lieutenant who is to be the adjutant ofthe regiment;
four seijeants, one of whom shall act as quarter-master,
sergeant to the company, four corporals, two buglers, one
farrier and blacksmith, and sixty privates.
Adjutant General Jones has announced the appoint
ment of Henry Dodge to be Colonel of the Dragoons, of
Stephen W. Kearney and Richard W. Mason to be Lt.
Colonel and Major ; of Clifton Wharton, Edwin V. Sum
mer, Reuben Holmes, and David Hunter, as captains ;
of Washington Seawell, David Perkins, Philip St. G.
Cooke, and Abraham Van Buren as First Lieutenants ;
and of James Izard, Jefferson Davia, Thomaa Sworda,
and Jctaph Ritaer, as Second Lieutenants. .
Colonel Dodge wan Major of tha Rang era ; and the
other named officers held commissions in the Infantry.
The Adjutant General says in his order—
The organization of the regiment of Dragoons will be
perfected hereafter, by the selection of «uch officers
front the Battalion of Rangers, as may be deemed qualifi
ed for the service. The Mounted Rangers will be con
tinned in service until relieved by the regular cavalry.—
Philadelphia Chronicle.
AIfCiUSTA:
Friday Morning, April 13, 1533.
HT Our weekly paper will be forwarded next Tues
day, to subscribers, in its new and improved form.
Bank vs the United States. —We publish the report
of the majority of the Committee of Ways &, Means,
which wae accepted by the House, together with the
resolution accompanying the report. As soon as we
can find room for it, we shall publish the report of the
minority.
REDUCTION CONVENTION.
FURTHER RETURNS.
Clark. —Edward Paine, Asbury Hull, Joseph Ligon,
•and Dr. J. Gerdine.
Columbia. —Crawford, McCravin, Lamar-, and Ram
sey.
Gwinnett. —J. G. Park, Thomas Worthy, Wilson
Strickland, M. J. Williams, and John Brewster.
Lincoln —R. Remscn, W. Jones, and N. G. Barks
dale.
Upson. —Sturges, Cox and Nolafid.
Muscogee. —J. T.Camp, J. C. Watson, A, Iverson.
Troup. —Thomas Hamilton, J. W. Fannin, and S. A.
Bailey.
MISSOURI.
According to a census taken in 1832, the population
of the State of Missouri is as follows :
WHITE MALES, .... Jfi.OGO
FEMALES, .... T6’7,371
slaves, - - - . - 32,174
Sres colored persons, ... G7l
Total, . . . 176,276
In 1821, it was .... 70,647
1824, .... . Bft, 677
1828, 112,409
1830, ..... 140,455
As we never were the warm admirers and partisans es
General Jackson, it followed, as a matter of course, that
wc ha'fe been very cautious in out praise of the Presi
dent-, as well aS careful in expressing our approbation of
the measures of his administration. Hence it is, that
we have been so sparing of our eulogies ; for whenever
we have ventured to praise the President, or approve
some measure of his administration, wc did so under the
full conviction that it Was deserved, and that we were
but the organ of a vast majority of the people of Georgia.
We began these remarks by observing that wt never
were the warm admirers of General Jackson. He was
not a favorite with us for the Presidency. We would
have preferred some other citizen. But we acknowl
edge that of the two who offered in 1829, General Jack
son was our choice. Last year he was again «ur choice,
in preference to Mr. Clay and Mr. Wirt; and he would
certainly he our choice against Messrs. Clay, Calhoun,
or other pretenders we could name. Though he was,
and would be, our choice, it must not be inferred from
such a declaration, that there exists no citizen whom
we would prefer to General Jackson. Yes; there are
citizens now living for whom our warm and cordial sup
port would he given for the Presidency, and would have
been given, in preference to General Jackson.
The conclusion we wish the reader to draw from these
remarks is, that, as we have never been the blind follow,
er and supporter of General Jackson, our opinion of the
man and of the measures of his administration should be
entitled to more credit, being altogether free of all pre
judice and partisan zeal, than it would be, if wc had
been always attached to, and acted with, the party in the
United States which supported him, originally, for the
Presidency. Moreover, we have not been disappointed
in our opinion of the man, and lie has not defeated the
plans of selfish and personal aggrandizement which any
of our political friends might have formed, because none
were formed, and because none of our friends supported
him with the view of ulterior benefit and advancement to
themselves and friends. We arc, therefore, placed in
such a situation, as to speak of General Jackson, with
freedom and independence, and of the measures of his
administration, with that regard to truth and to the in
tercet of the country, which is demanded from the con.
ductor of a public press.
Though we would have preferred other citizens to fill
the office of President, at the two last elections, yet we
will admit that we have, on the whole, been perfectly sa
tisfied with the mode and manner the duties of the office
have been discharged, and with the measures recoin
mended and pursued by the administration. If General
Jackson has committed errors, they should not be as
cribed to his will or to design. He is not a man much
versed in the intrigues of the world, and much less in the
intrigues of the political circles of Washington City,
during the sessions of Congress. He had, in the dis
charge of his duties, and in the beginning of his adminis
tration, to depend upon others for aid, advice and coun
sel. Besides, when he entered on the duties of his of
fice, he was surrounded by a multitude of hungry wolves,
in the shape of human beings, who, with greedy and
anxious eyes, were imploring, and with letters, petitions
and recommendations, were teazing the President to
grant them the reward they pretended was their due for
having placed him where ho was. This is not all. He
has been deceived; he has confided in men who have
betrayed private trust and the public interest; and he
has been imposed upon hymen who pretended that they
were patriots, and who offered to hold offices merely to
oblige the President and the public. These very men,
when the imposition was detected, and their dark in
trigues exposed, threw aside the masks which cencealed
their unblushing faces, changed sides, and became, all
of a sudden, the bitterest opponents of tha administra
tion, and the rudest rerilers of the President himself. To
this must be added the opposition which was then organ
ized against the administration of General Jackson, and
composed of some of the most influential and talented
men in the country. Under such circumstances, and
placed as he was, can any one be surprised that General
Jackson did commit errors? That he has not commit
ted more errors is to us more surprising ; and that he has
been able to succeed so well in the measures he has at
tempted to carry into effect, is to us still more surpris
ing, considering the opposition he has had to contend
with, and the perfidy which has been committed towards
him, since his elevation to the office he now holds, by
men of ail descriptions, from tha pretender to the high
est office, to the applicant for the lowest office in one of
the departments.
Many of those who contributed most efficiently in
bringing forward General Jackson in 1825, for the Presi
dency, in opposition to the republican candidate, are now
against him, and accuse him of having betrayed the con
fidence they had in him, and of being at heart and feel
.rings, nothing but a despot, a tyrant, a blood-thirsty tiger,
mil of revenge and malice, and desirous of trampling un.
der his feet those who dare oppose his will. These are
some of the most gentle epithets used towards General
Jackson, by those who in 1825 brought him forward as a
candidate for the Presidency, because of his qualifica
tions for that office, of his unbending integrity, tried pat.
riotism, and eminent services to his country. I rom
1825 to 1829, no man could be equal to General Jackson
in point of strength of mind, devotion to the welfare of his
country, and of substantial talents for the faithful dis
charge of the duties attached to the office of President.
Now, the same individuals, who so loudly praised the
General in 1825 and subsequently, have thought proper
to operate a complete metamorphosis in the mind, feel
ings and opinions of General Jackson. Instead of being,
and of having been, a man of sound mind, great strength
of intellect, and of remarkable devotion to republican
principle*, be ia nothing else but an old dotard, revenge-
ful in hi* dispositions, po*»«*siug no talents, d«*tuut* of
any rational feeling, and tyrannical in hi* conduct to
wards those who have the misfortune to be under his
immediate orders and control. The question necessari
ly follows, what could have brought about this remarka
ble change in the opinion of men, with regard to General
Jackson ? ,
Turn that question in as many shapes as it can taKe;
give it all the colours of the rainbow; or change them as
quick, and with as much facility as the chameleon can
change its colour; and yet the answer must be a very
simple one. General Jackson was supported by Mr.
Calhoun and his friends, with the expectation that alter
four years, the General would make way for ilfr. Cal
houn, and give him the support of his popularity, and the
assistance of executive patronage. If there was an
agreement to that effect between General Jackson and
Mr. Calhoun, it has not come to our knowledge ; but we
believe there was none, because we believe Gen. Jack
son could not have been guilty of such political intrigue
and barter of principle. But if there was no agreement,
the expectation of Mr. Calhoun that Gen. Jackson would
make way after four years, certainly did exist; and Mr.
together with his political friends, supported
the administration of the General as long as it was ex
pect-ed that there was some chance for Mr. Calhoun to
succeed to the Presidency in 1833. But when they
found that General Jackson, feeling himself firmly seat
ed in the presidential chair, would not abandon it for Mr.
Calhoun, against whom some charge of duplicity had
been lately alleged, theso warm, devoted, and once ser
vile friends of the President, changed their batteries, and
instead of firing at the enemy, as they were constantly
doing since 1825, they began to pepper the President
himself, and afterwards the friends which could hot be
induced to believe in the metamorphosis which the
friends of Mr. Calhoun declared upon their honor,
had been operated in the mind, talents, views, opin
ions, and feelings of General Jackson. Mr. Calhoun
and his friends began by firing 'with the«r small ar
tillery ; but finding this produced no visible effect, they
brought into the field, the big guns of nullification, and
endeavoured to discharge them in breach. The de
fence was, however, stronger than the attack. Mr.
Calhoun and his nullifiers had to fall back ; they found
themselves in a critical situation. In this extreme case,
auxiliaries must be procured, mercenaries must be hi
red, and their pay provided for. Another attempt to
bring down Genera! Jackson from the presidential seat,
must be made, or all future prospects must be abandon
«d. In such an emergency, the disafl’ectcd must be ral
lied; the disappointed must be tickled again into hope ;
and the ambitious must be presented with office and pow
er> in the perspective at least. Mr. Calhoun, with that
deep cunning which he possesses to an eminent degree,
looked round for assistance in his plans, for auxili
aries and mercenaries, to carry on the war with some
chance of success, against the President. And he soon
found, that Mr. Clay, always willing to barter principles
for effice and power, would join him in his crusade for
the presidency. Two men pursuing, as it appeared,
different systems, and political courses which seemed to
be antipodes of each other, have confederated, to put
down one man. and to prevent others, but themselves,
from succeeding the present incumbent in the presiden
tial chair. Not only have these two men confederated
and coalesced; bat they have succeeded in inducing
their friends to confederate and coalesce also; and
among those friends, we know some who have preten
sions to vinue, independence and political integrity.—
The coalition has been formed ; its object announced by
its supporters, because it could not be concealed ; and it
remains for the friends of order, peace, virtue, and fair
dealings in political operations and contests, to defend
the President, the measures of his administration, and
the honor of the country, from the attacks of Messrs.
Calhoun and Clay, supported as they are, and wiil be,
by all the ambitious and designing in the country, the
office seekers, and the disappointed, a numerous and in
creasing body of men in the United States.
In the warfare carried on by Mr. Calhoun against the
President, the measures of the administration, standing
most conspicuous, have drawn more particularly the re
peated attacks of the new party. We mean the
measures connected with the subject of the Tariff
and the doctrine of Nullification. We shall, in
subsequent papers, examine these two subjects, with
all the circumstances connected with them, such
as the act adopted by Congress, on the recomraen
dation of the President, providing for the collection of
duties on imports, the Proclamation of the President,
and the Message to Congress transmitting certain docu
ments relating to the stand taken by South Carolina
against the Revenue Laws.
GENERAL POST OFFICE.
W* have received from that Department, the rules
and regulations lately adopted. We copy the following,
which relate to the organization at Washington:
Post Office Department,
Washington, 4dh March, 1833.
In future, the following rules and regulations are to
be observed :
Ist. The duties of the Assistant Postmasters General,
Chief Clerk and Subordinates, are distributed into three
divisions.
The first, the Southern Division, under the superin
tendence of C. K. Gardner, the Senior Assistant, will
comprise the Stales of Virginia, (with the Dist. of Colum
bia,) North Carolina, Arkansas Territory, South Car
olina,Tennessee, Georgia, Kentucky, Florida Territory,
Indiana, Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Lou
isiana.
The second, the Northern Division, under the sup
erintendence ofS. R. Hobrie, Assistant, will comprise
the States of Maine, New York, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, Vermont, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mary,
land, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Ohio,
and Michigan Territory.
2d. Each of these Divisions shall embrace an office
of Appointments and Instructions, and an office of Mail
Contracts ; the office of Mail Depredations to remain as
at present organized, auxiliary to both.
3d. To each of these Divisions shall be assigned four
Corresponding Clerks, two, for the office of Mail Con
tracts and two for the Office of Appointments and Instruc
tions, a Contract Clerk, an Appointment Clerk, a Route
Book Clerk, a Recording Clerk, and Clerks for re
gistering orders, tines and other miscellaneous duties.
4th. One of the Corresponding Clerks in each Divi
sion, shall be designated as the principal Clerk of the
Division.
sth. The Sdnior Assistant will be charged with the
business of procuring Mail Portmanteaus, Canvass Bags,
Locks and Keys, and with all the incidental duties. A
clerk shall be assigned to aid him in their performance,
who, under the direction of the Assistants, respectively,
shall keep the registry of the checks countersigned by
them.
Gib. The business offorwarding Blanks for Accounts,
Locks, Keys, Post Office Lists, Laws, &,c. shall be per
formed under the direction of the Assistants, within their
respective Divisions.
7th. The principal Clerk of the Division only, shall
sign official correspondence, and that, in case of the ab.
sence of the Assistant.
Bth. The third division, will be that of finance, under
he superintendence of the Chief Clerk, O. B. Brown,
who shall be the Treasurer of the Department. There
shall be under his control the “ Book Keepers,” the
“Solicitor’s Office,” the “ Pay Office,” the “ Examiner’s
Office,” the “ Register’s Office,” and the “ Dead Letter
Office,” to the last of which shall be attached the busi
ness of the general letter file.
9th. No money shall be paid into the Department,
directly to the Treasurer, nor paid out of it, directly by
him.
I9th. When payments are made for transportation,
either to meet drafts made by Contractors, or to be for
warded to them, the principal Pay Clerk shall furnish
the Treasurer with a list of the checks required, having
his certificate annexed that it is correct. The Treasurer,
if he approve the list, shall add the word “ Approved,”
with his signature. The checks shall then be drawn,
entered and signed, by the Treasurer, who shall send
them, with the certified list, to the Assistant Postmas
ter General in whose division the payment is to be
made, (or in his absence to the other Assistant,) for his
signature. All such lists, and all special requisitions,
shall be filed by the Register of Checks.
20th. When a payment is to be made for “ Incidental
expenses,” the account for which the payment is requi
red, shall be examined by the Senior Assistant, and if
found correct, he will so endorse it, stating the ameust
da*, and sign it. It ahall then I* r*-*xamin»d by I
Treasurer, afid if by him found correct, he will draw I
check for the amount, and send it, with the account n I
the Senior Assistant, for his signature : after which, tb I
check shall be entered by the Register, and the acc’smJiß
transferred to the Book-keepers. I
[communicated] ■
O' A Jumping match took place this day, April 9th f
1833, at the Eagle and Phoenix Hotel, between Satnu e ! I
O’Rourk and James Kennedy, which was won bj 1
O’Rourk, by a jump of 28 feet 6 inches. |
Drawing of the Gold Lottery to the Bth April
inclusive. ’ 1
BURKE. I
Fortunate Drawers Capt. Dist. No. Dist. Sit 1
VVm. Reed. 73d 686 19 2 |
Francis Ward, Roes 547 qq j
Hesekiah Young, Bush’s *i32 4 i
James Nichols, 72d 1202 15 9 1
COLUMBIA. m
Augustus P. Pasechal, Bells 166 11
Samuel Paul, Adams’ 44Q 21 j
JEFFERSON.
Geo. Stapleton, jr. Hannahs’ 123 17 4 /
Eli Hudson, Gunns 402 17 3
RICHMOND.
Geo. Livingston, 123 d 460 1R 4
Chas. Burch, 124th 241 3 1
Wm. P. Beers, 398th 247 13 1 3
um. rrazer, 119th 473 26 2
Emina B. Hartford, orp. 120 1051 4 3
Isaac B. Mary C. &. Charles H. Da
vis’ orps. 122 d 2207 20 3 1
Martha A & Jas L Bryant, orps 121st 678 19 9
Gustavus A. Parker, 993 14 1
WARREN.
Wm. Holders orps. Pates’ J 225 S 3
Jas. Gray do. 997 3 9
Jas. Wright, Parhams §97 3 j
Silas Do whs, Down’s 172 3 3
Martha Cooper, wid. do. 1011 3 4
Morgan Pates’ 347 23 2
Items.
-SVamanV Savings Bank— By the annual report of the
Trustees of the Seaman’s Savings Bank in the city of
New-\ ork, it appears that the amount of deposits the
last year was §75,878,53. The number of depositors
was 503.—Since the books were first opened in Mar
1829, §223,494,47 have been deposited by 1465 persons'.
It appears trom the following, which we find in the
Fredericksburg Arena, of the 27th ult. one of the richest
Gold Mines ever known, has been discovered in Stafford
County, Va.—
Cold Mining. In one of the adjoining counties, (Staf.
ford ) we understand there has lately teen discovered ons
of the richest Gold Mines ever found in tin's or perhaps
any other country, owned by Mr. Smith. The richnesi
of the ore is almost incredible, yielding from five to fifty
dollars per bushel. The vein has been traced (or nearly
three-fourths of a mile, has been cut into m five or six
different places, in Kmt instances to the depth of 50 feet
—how far it runs beyond this, it is difficult to imagine.
It is allowed by exp«ricnced miners to be the best definad
vein they have ever seen, a. well as one of the richest.
There has been raised ami now on the surface, ore to
the amount of 40 to 50,000 bushels, which, it i. estimat
ed, is not one-hundredth part of the y e i n .
The French conquest of Algiers is likely to be per
tinent and progressive. By late accounts it appears
that the French occupants, after experiencing some diC.
ficulty in constructing villages in the European style,
have at length succeeded. The problem of colonization’
in that country is no longer problematical. It is solved.
The greatest man in Congress.—This individual is
said, by a Washington letter writer, to be Mr. Lewis, of
Alabama, who weighs three hundred and fifty pounds
and lor whom a chair has been provided in the House of
Represenfativce, the common large chairs not being
large enough. He is not yet thirty years of age, and
ranks high for intelligence and industrious legislative
habits.
I he vintage at Madeira has this season been so ex.
traordinary, especially in the north part, that for want
of casks it had been necessary to put some of the now
wine into boxes well caulked.
Peter S. Duponceau.—' The Royal Academy of
Sciences at Lisbon has lately elected Peter S. Dupon
ceau, Esq. of Philadelphia, to be one of its Members.
A whale company has been formed in Middletown,
(Conn.) A tew days only where required to complete
subseriptions for the stock.
Manufactures. The peculiar situation of the Uni
ted States and the manifest intention of the Govern
ment to make an alteration in the Tariff are already
producing its effect upon the unemployed capital in this
country. Speculation has begun, and the woollen
manufacture in particular feels its effect.— Liverpool
paper.
1 he. French Language is spoken by twenty-nine mil
lions of natives ; but split into upwars of 70 dialects. Os
the remainder of the French population, 1,140,000 speak
German, 1,050,000 Celtic, 188,000 the Basque tongue,
about the same number Italian, and 177,000 Flemish.
It is said that hogs will fatten on apples. Very likely;
good things will fatten the devil.
The customs duties received at Liverpool during the
last year have amounted to nearly the sum of 4,000,000,
being an excess over the preceding of £325,000. The
increase upon the entire receipts of the country
was only £22,316. —Liverpool Courier.
Glass.- —The value of glass annually produced in Great
Britain is estimated at 2,000,000/. and the workmen em
ployed in the different departments of the manufacturers
exceed 50,000.
The Knife and Dirk! —Yesterday afternoon, a man
of genteel appearance, was publicly hanged for having
killed a mulatto by stabbing him—in his rage-.— N. Or.
leans paper.
Manufacturing Stock appears to rise slowly in New-
England. The Manufacturers will make great profits
for the next five years.
Among the recent deaths in England is that of Gener
al Tarleton/so notorious during out revolution, for his
partiian feats and ferocious mode of warfare in the Car
olinas. He was a favorite officer and intimate friend of
Lord Cornwallis.
The Secretary of the Treasury acknowledges the re
ceipt of one hundred and sixty dollars transmitted anony
mously by Mail from Philadelphia, in an invelope con
taining only the words “Credit the United States.” The
money has been paid into the Treasury accordingly.
Treasury Department, March 18, 1633. \
Mr Bulwer, the author of the Pelham novels, it is said f
was to be appointed, by the Whig administration, Min
ister to the United States. At the recent election for
Speaker of the House of Commons, Bulwer voted for
the opposition candidate. This does not look like a for
eign mission.
Another trial to elect a Senator from Pennsylvania
was to take place on the 2nd. The result has not yet- ,
reached us. If no choice be made, a Philadelphia pa
per advises that new candidates be brought forward.
On the 30th ult. the new locomotive was successful,
ly tried on the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norris
town Rail Road. Near 2000 persons wera taken to and
fro during the day, making the receipts of the company
in one day near 1000 dollars.
A case has been decided in New York, in favor of
the New York Daily Sentinel against Lee, Powell <fe Co.
wherein the principle was confirmed, that persons re
ceiving a newspaper, without ordering it discontinued,
are liabla in all cases for the payment of the same.
[CT The Constitutionalist Reading
Room, directly under the Offiee, is row open for tiro
benefit of the Public. '
166 11
440 11 1
1225 9 9
997 3 9
897 2 1
171 3 2
1011 3 4
347 12 1