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“OTcoVsti ri°* A,lST
GIIK U * XU O M PSO X .
"■ OF Til* I.AWS OF THE OSITEP BTATK^
tfs7— DAILY I’APKti, per annum
forsiiraoiUlw fivedollars; (or the fn-
v’e dollars ; for the Weekly (c-ntainmg
wentyci?ht colu :a es) three dollars-ail payable m
EVENTS inserted at Charles-
j Postage must be paid on all comma
nutation*, and letters of business.
f From the National Z»(e//»£encer.l
the country on lake superior.
interesting correspondence.
Detroit, August 2, 1836.
Dfar Sir : Your personal knowledge of the
country on Lake Super.or wh.ch, by a l.te act
of Congress, has been made part of the State o
Michigan, induces me respectfully to request ol
you information concerning the nature and ex.
tent of the territory thus attached to the rotate
the qualities of its various soils; the timber and
water powers embraced in it ; its minerals and
its probable value ; the extent of lake coast
added to Michigan by the annexation of territory
in that quarter to her jurisdiction ; the fisheries,
and their probable value and duration on that
part of the lake and its tributary and adjacent
waters ; the capabilities and conveniences of
Lake Superior; and of its Michigan shores, for
commercial and navigating purpose? ; the cheap
ness and facility with which a communication,
for all such pitiposcs, maybe opened between
that and the lower lakes; together with such
other information as it may be in your power to
communicate, and as may enable the People
of Michigan duly to appreciate the importance
of the acquisition of country by them in that quar.
ler.
J am, very truly and respectfully,
Your must obedient servant,
JOHN NORVELL.
Henry R. Schoolcraft, Esq.
Detroit, August 5. 1836.
Dear Sir : My reply to your note of the 2 I
instant, respecting the extent and value of the
territorial domain annexed by Congress to Mich
igan, must necessarily be brief, and will exclude
some data which I could not well introduce,
without my manuscript notes. I have no hesi.
tancj, however, in stating such facts as can read
ily be embodied, nor hate 1 any objection to ex
press my opinions of the value and character of
the region in question, whfher they may accord
with, or are opposed to, public opinion. Little
time and research are required to show that Con
gress have conferred a territorial boundary of
magnificent extent upon the People of M Ichigan,
presenting very prominent geographical features,
and of varied value. Portions of it are the mere
development of sublime scenery, which apper
tains to that comparatively elevated portion of
tiie continent. Mountains and lakes, plains, ri
vers, and forests, spread over it with a boldness
of outline which may be said to constitute almost
a peculiar type in North American geography
This division embraces the mineral district of the
region. Much of it falls under the influence of
causes which render it of little or no value in an
agricultural point of view; bat it may be regard,
ed j»s the seat of future mining operations.
Extensive ranges of the looser sand rock
have been broken down, in some former chan
ges, and re deposited at a lower altitude, in ex
tensive plains and ridges which are now cover
ed with forests of pine. These sandy plains are
crossed by rivers, having a free descent towards
the lakes, and afford the requisite power of con
verting the logs into lumber. Millions of acres
of such land, which have suffered comparative
ly little from fire, stretch between the sources
of the Wisconsin, Montreal, Ontonagon, and St-
Mary'e; and it is probably within the limits of a
just estimate to say, that several hundreds of
of mill seals, of adequate power, are furnished
Ly the district;
Such is the aspect of the larger portion of the
Lake Superior lands. They extend southerly,
to a point undetermined, between the waters of
that lake and Lake Michigan. The termina
tion is the point of junction between the agri
cultural limestone lands of the West, and the
marine sand plains, and alpine heights, above
indicated. Accuracy, with respect to the ex
tent of either kind of soil, either in acres or
miles, must be the result of explanation and
survey. The northern shores of Lakes Michi
gan and Huron as far as Point Detour, are ex
clusively limestone, where rock is at all visi
ble, and this rock is characterized by the usual
indications of gypsum and brine springs.
The growth of trees in the newly acquired
boundary is as various as the soils, and is, in
general, an accurate index of its fertility. The
sugar maple is interspersed throughout the tract,
being separated by the sand plains, the mountain
masses, and by tracts of spruce lands. This tree
forms, however, so considerable a proportion
of the growth, that the natives can always, by a
timely removal of their camps, rely on the man
ufacture of sugar. The beech tree is found cs
far north j as Point Iroquois, at the outlet
of Lake Superior. I regard the white oak, how.
ever, as a surer test ofsoil and climate together
titan any other of our forest trees. I doubt whe.
ther this tree attains to any size in a climate that
is not decidedly congenial to agriculture. The
rock maple and oak an found, at intervals,
throughout the northwest; I have seen both spe.
cies at the sources of the Mississippi, but have
not observed the beech north of the locality
mentioned, nor the white oak north of the straits
of Michtlimackinac.
The entire area comprehended within the
State limits, west of Lakes Michigan and Huron,
cannot be stated with accuracy, in the present
unsurveyed condition of the country ; but it can.
not, if 1 have used proper data, vaty greatly
from twenty two millions of acres, about six
millions of which were ceded by the Lake fndi.
ans in the treaty concluded with them at Wash,
ington in March last. Five sevenths of the
whole area can be visited in vessels such as or.
dinarily navigate the lakes.
The interior abounds in minor lakes, and en
joys a singular advantage of intercommunication
by its streams and portages. The areas includ
ed between the three great lakes north of Macki
nac, which will probably hereafter be denomina
ted the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, embraces
the present settlements at Michtlimackinac and
Sault Stc, Marie. Taking the whole extent of
the annexed territory, from Menomonee river,
following the curves of the coast to the northwest
limits of the State, at the mouth of the Moniaw,*
or Montreal river of Lake Superior, it affords
not less than 720 miles of additional coast navi
gation ; and embraces, in this distance, several
large bays and excellent harbors. About forty
large, and some sixty small streams discharge
their waters ; nto the three lakes constituting
portions of the boundary.
Lake Superior lies at a level, estimated to ex
ceed a fraction 40 feet above Lake Huron, and
is connected with it by ihe straits of St. Mary’s.
The principal fall is to bo overcome at the Sault
Ste. Marie, where the river sinks its level about
twenty two feet in three fourths of a mile. Ves.
eels can ascend to this position. Three ship
locks of about seven feet lift would open a com
munication with the lake above, adding, accord
ing to the various estimates of the circumference
of" Lake Superior, from 1,200 to 1,600 miles of
coast navigation to the voyage from Buffalo. The
structure of the country is favorable to the cite
cation of the work at a reasonable expense. The
aoilis clay and gravel, underlaid by sand stone.
The number of fishing stations about the coast
is numerous, and the points where fish are taken
are annually increasing, under the incipient en.
terprise of the inhabitants. It would be difficult
to estimate the present value of this trade of
commerce. Several thousands of barrels of
fish are put up annually. thousand barrels
were brought from Lake Superior the present
season. The waters of this lake are probably
destined to yield an exhaustless supply of this
article. Twenty thousand dollars worth of fish
may be expected to be barrelled in the upper
lakes the present year. An adequate capital
vested in fishing vessels, nets, and oilier articles,
would increase the amount indefinitely. There
is reason to infer that the present reproduction of
fish annually exceeds the number taken.
Leisure does not permit me to continue these
remarks. It i=> proposed to resume them at the
earliest possible moment alter my return to the
upper lakes, and te give short notices of the se
* Sq called by thejlndians.
I
vcral topics to which you have done me the hon.
or to request my attention.
I am, sir, with much regard, yourob’t serv’t,
HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT.
Hon. John Norvell, Detroit.
BENJAMIN RATHBUN.
Every day seems to develop something new
and strange connected with this new and strange
man. We doubt whether our own country or
any other ever exhibited such a character. The
times, exciting and spirited as they are, the leva
of speculation, which to a greater or less extent
predominates with every business man, even the
very advancement of the age, seems to have been
far in the rear of his notions of the people with
whom he lived. His sleeping and waking hears
were filled up with business. It was his day
dream and night dream, the subject of his mor
ning and evening meditations, his meat and drink
—in a word, his every thing. He not only loved
to toil and sweat, but the very excitement it
created was his very existence. Without it, like
the chained spirit of an active and busy mind, he
would have given up the ghost. His notions of
every thing were unlike the notions of those
around him. The ultima thule of others were
but the beginnigs in the conceptions of his own
mind, ile needed but the glimmerings of light,
which to others must have been as plain as the
noonday sun. In all things he was ambitious to
excel, to outstrip the greatest deeds of others.
What man And done was forgotten for what man
might do. A partial failure in one thing stimu
lated him to greater exertions in another. “At
tempt great tilings— expect great things,” was
written upon all he designed to do, and upon all
he accomplished. One thing only was wanting
to make him the greatest and best business man
of the age—that one thing was moral honesty,
without which he could no more guide hi* ship
with safety than the mariner could his without
chart or compass.
Look for a moment into the history of this
wonderful speculator. He had been almost a
beggar in boyhood, and for a time was so in man
hood. From this low condition, with no money,
no friends, and no influence, he became almost
in the twinkling of an eye a man of wealth and
unbounded influence. His labors and taste for
the last few years have been witnessed in a
thousand forms. The artist, the mechanic, the
merchant, the manufacturer, and the laborer
have each been the belter for his existence. The
house of God and the house of feasting have each
gone up at his bidding. Theatres and workshops,
ships and ship canals, steamboats and canal
boats, have all, from the growing timber on the
woodland to the last touch of the painter, been
conceived and finished as he designed them.
His lands and his cattle, his houses and his
horses, were as numerous as those of Job before
disease and misfortune made him a beggar.*
Such is a part of the brief and interesting history
of this strange man. We would be glad to close
it here, were it not that this same history, which,
at first sight, appears so prosperous, should in
its true contrast, be a warning to the many who
are ambitious to walk in the same footsteps. We
believe there was a time when Mr. Rathbun
would have shrunk from the r omtnission of crime.
Prosperity blinded him, and he became intoxi
cated under the fulfilment of his moderate pro
phecies of success. When an abundance of the
comforts and luxuries of life were his, he seem
ed the poorest and mott miserable. The ac.
complishment of one plan was only the prelude
to twenty others. Business grew upon him and
weighed him down like an incubus. A thousand
magnificent contract* were made, which were
to be met by as many and as .large payments.
Pay day cafne, and found Mr. Rathbun unable to
meet the demands presented against him. Here
was his trying hour. His business, the sneers
of the world, his half accomplished plans—in a
word, a failure involving his own ruin and the
ruin of a multitude around him, were warring
against conscience, du*y, and principle. The
former triumphed, and, to hide the commission
of one sin, he committed a thousand others.
From one forgery of a few hundred dollars, he
advanced in crime until he became the greatest
forger the world ever knew. Together, his for
geries, firm tbe commencement to the close,
amount to nearly seven millions of dollars, and
not only does his history speak out his own ruin
and disgrace, but also the ruin and disgrace of
his own brother and nephew, who, induced by
the evil example of an elder brother, were se
duced to the commission of an act which has not
only destroyed their reputations, but which has
placed them in a prison house. His wife, too,
who is represented as a worthy woman, is a suf
ferer from his crimes. Unable to boar the shock
which the t.le of his conduct produced, she is
now suffering under an alienation of mind, which
many think will end in her death. Such is the
brief and melancholy story of a man who, a few
days since, was prosperous, commanding the
services of thousands, who are now as much his
superiors as the honest ever are to the rich who
obtain their wealth by fraud and dishonor.— N,
Y. Express
*\ B nffdo correspondent of the Albany Argus,
in writing of .Mr. Rathbun, says : “Ha find, indeed,
provided for m .king ten millions of brick this season
Ha owned some forty or fifty post coaches, and five
or six hundred horses of a good kind, ilia range of
stables, coach houses, and workshops were all sub
stantial and convenient buildings, ami well appointed.
Such, also, were his stores and warehouses—well
built and well filled.”
[F, om the Globe.]
Treasury Department,
September 1, 1836 \
In conformity with the resolution of the Sen
ate, passed Ist July, 1836, d.reeling that “during
the ensuing recess of Congress, tire Secretary of
the Treasury caused to be published at the com
mencement of each month, a statement of the
amount of money in the Treasury subject to
draft, and also the amount standing to the credit
of disbursing officers,” the undersigned hereby
gives public notice, that “the amount of money
in the Treasury, subject to draft,” as shown by
the running account of the Treasurer, reported
to this Department on the 31st ultimo, was §37,
817,936 39, and “the amount standing to the
credit of disbursing officers,” ns shown by the
latest returns received, was §4,817,926 55.
LEVI WOODBURY,
Secretary of the Treasury.
NEW LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE.
[From the Baltimore Gazette.]
The United States Gazette of yesterday con
tains the following :
“ Great Performance —The new locomotive
engine “George Washington,” built by Wm.
Norris, of this city, for the Columbia rail road,
drew over the road on Tuesday last, a train of
21 burden cars, weighing 125 tons, weight of
engine and tender not included. This perform
ance, reported by the officers of the road as the
best ever made over the same—stands unequal,
led both in this country and in England—taking
into consideration the numerous steep grades
and abrupt curves on said road.”
This exceeds any performance of a rail-road
locomotive of which we have seen an account,
as regards the number of tons transported, but as
nothing is said of the rate of speed we are not
enabled to compare it with what has been effect
ed by a locomotive built by the late Phineus Da.
vis, in Baltimore.
“On the 26th of September, 1835, a load
amounting to 113 tons was attached to the new
- locomotive “Washington,” weighing eight tons,
and transported from Baltimore to the city of
Washington, at a rate, not less, at any place,
than ten miles an hour, preserving this, the least
speed, up ascents of five and six miles in length
of twenty feet to the mile. The train was sev
eral times purposely stopped on the ascending
grades, and when the steam was again applied,
the engine would steadily regain its previous
velocity and maintain it with apparent ease. The
same load was brought from Washington to Bal
timore at the same rate. The average, speed
was much greater, and upon the level parts of
the road seemed entirely at the discretion of the
engineer. The same engine on a level, exert,
ing the same power, would have drawn 213 tons
at ths rate of ten miles an hour. During the
whole time there was a superabundance of
steam.”
The above account of the performance of the
Baltimore engine, is copied from an official report
of the Baltimore anti Ohio Rail Road Company.
It ihe editor of the United States Gazette will
please to obtain and publ.sh as circumstantial a
detail of the performance of the Philadelphia
engine, we shall be enabled to judge whether
the performance of onr engine has been excelled,
and our engineers -shall make another deliberate
trial of the powers of our -Washington, or of
some of the more recently constructed locomo
tives.
[From the Baltimore Gazette ■]
A decision of the highest S;ate Court in Mas
sachusetts will be found below, which is deeply
interesting to the people of the United States,
and we fear is calculated to increase to a most
dangerous extent tbe dissatisfaction of the peo
pie of the Southern States with their Northern
fellow citizens. If the citizens -ft)f Maryland, j
Virginia, and the other slave.holding states, as
this decision indicates, cannot safely travel ineq
and through Massachusetts, and retain the neces
snry services of their domestic slaves —then is
all social intercourse between Massachusetts and
the citizens of the Southern States virtually at
an end. We may well say now that the union is
IN DANGER.
An appeal will lie from this alarming decision
to the Supreme Court of the United States,
where it may be reversed—but, in the meantime,
what irreparable mischief will be done—and it
is possible that it may be confirmed ; should that
be the case, if not before, the union of the stales,
it is to be feared, will be at an end.
Travellers from the South should be made
aware of the fact, that the decision of the Su.
preme Court of Massachusetts may probably be
adopted by the courts in all the other states
where slavery is abolished; and the danger of
being deprived of their property under the pre
tence of law, may be as great in Philadelphia
and New York as in Boston. It will not be sale
for them to take their slaves farther north than
Baltimore.
From the. Boston Evening Journal.
The Slave Case. —The slave case, some ac.
count of which we gave last week, was continu
ed yesterday before the Supreme Court, all the
Judges being present. The case was argued by
the Counsel for the respective parties with great
eloquence and skill, by C. P. & B. R. Curtis, for
Mr. Aves, the gentleman in whose possession
the little girl.n.pw is, and against whom the writ
of habeas corpus was issued—and by Rufus
Choate and Ellis Gray Loring for the applicants
for the discharge of the slave.
Chief Justice Shaw, delivered this morning the
opinion of the full Court, on the rights of slave
owners bringing slaves into Massachusetts,
which will be considered of extraordinary im.
portance.—The Chief Justice remarked, that a
more elaborate opinion of the Count would here
after be drawn up, but that at'present he would
slate the result which had been arrived a', and
the general reasoning which, had led to it. The
case was one of high interest, and had been fully
and most ablv argued by counsel. The im
prossionof the Court and Bar, had long been,
that a slave coming here by the consent of the
master, is thereby virtually emancipated, be
cause there is no law by which he can be com
pelled to leave this State, and while here, as he
owes allegiance, he must receive protection. The
question was not before the Court, and need trot
here be settled, whether a slave coming here by
his master’s consent, and alterwards returning to
a slave country, would fall back into slavery.
The Court were clearly of opinion, that the long
settled impression referred to, was sound.
The law of England, and the law of Massa
chusetts were analagous. By both. Slavery lias
been recognized as the local law of countries,
which have chosen to tolerate’ if. Slavery is
against justice andnatutal right, but other Sratcs
and countries have a legal right to fix the con
dition of'their own subjects, and must reconcile
their acts with their own consciences, in their
own way. Slavery cannot therefore be now
considered against the laws of the nations, but
being against.ihe policy and settled law of Mas,
sachuseits, we here regard it not _as matter of
general law, so. as to.let in the principles of comity
in the case of foreigners coming here with Slaves,
but only as,local law, which we respect with cer
tain limits and to a certain extent. The Judge
. went into a very able, though brief analysis of
the a'djudged cases, on the subject of slave pro
perly, and showed that the doctrifies now held,
were substantially in accordance with these
cases.
The Judge then staled, that prior to the adop
tion of the Federal Constitution, it became tlio
Universal and settled policy of this State, that
slavery was contrary to natural right, and was
unlawful. The adoption of the Constitution, only
varied this principle, so far as it made express
provision for the case of runaway slaves, &c,
. Where there is a general prohibition, and a par
ticular exemption, the latter is to be construed
strictly, particularly when that exemption is
against natural right.—The article of the Con.
stitution relating to fugitives might have been
useful, and we cannot now object to it. But that
article must be construed according to the plain
and natural import ol its terms. It must receive
a strict construction, and docs not apply to cases
where slaves are voluntarily brought tiere by their
masters. I
The Judge stated that the child must be dig.
charged from the custody of the present claim
ant, and consigned, for safe keeping at present,
to the petitioner’s counsel. It was inti nated
that this case was not to bs understood to. decide
the case of a master, who is bringing his slave
through this State by virtue of warrant issuing
under the Act of Congress rc.spec ing runaway
slaves, nor to a necessary trausrtus from one
slave State to another, through a free State,
where there was no unnecessary delay.. The
latter case could hardly happen in, this State;
and neither were the Court,_|p as tamak,e -.
necessary any expression of opinion, on them.
CHARLESTON, SEPT. 6.— Latest from
Honda.- —The schr. Amelia-. CapL Joyner,
arrived-here yesterday, from New-Oileans, via
St. Augustine, having on board, as passengers,
some officers of the U. S. army, from whom wo
learn that the post at Micanopy had been aban
doned, and the troops removed to Gary’s Ferry,
on Black Creek. Three companies of soldiers
have been ordered to Santa Fe’s Bridge, which
is to be kept up as a military station. At New.
nnnsville, sixty miles from Gary’s Ferry, Gary’s
Ferry and Picolata, garrisons are also to be
kept up. Numerous small parlies of Indians
(supposed to be Creeks) are reported to be pas.
sing South in the vicinity of Newnausville.
About 300 men were at St. Augustine, sick,
having been brought from different posts through'
the country.
Major Pierce had abandoned his intention of
renewing the attack on the Indians at Gen.
Clinch’s plantation, from the exhausted state ol
the troops, &c. and the superior force of ti e ene
my.
Captain Ashdy had entirely recovered from
his wounds, and was to go on duty in a day or
two,
Lieut. Dancy gives a deplorable account of
the health of" the U. S. forces in Florida. He
states that of a company of 85 U. S. dragoons,
who arrived therein March last, there were
but six reported capable of duty, and of his own
company, consisting of between 60 and 70,
there were only four, who, when he left, were
not on the sick listi— Courier.
SWEDISH LAWS WITH RESPECT TO
INTOXICATION.
The laws against intoxication are enforced
with great rigor in Sweden. Whoever is seen
drunk is fined, for the first offence, three dollars ;
for the second, six ; for the third and fourth a
still larger sum, and is also deprived of the
of voting at elections, and of being appointed a
representative. He is, besides, publicly exposed
, in the parish church on the following Sunday. If
the same individual is found committing the same
offence tlie fifth time, he is shut up in a house of
correction, and condemned to six months’hard
labor, and if he is again guilty, to a twelve
month’s punishment of a similar description. If
the offence has been committed In public, such
as at a fair, and auction, &c. the fine is doubled ;
and if the offender has made his appearance in a'
church, the punishment is still more severe.
Whoever is convicted of having induced anoth
er to intoxicate himself, is fined three dollars,
which sum is doubled il the person is a minor!
An ecclesiastic who falls into this offence loos
es his benefice ; if it is a layman, who occupies
any considerable pos-, his functions are suspend
ed, and perhaps he is dismissed. Drunkenness
is never an excuse for any crime ; and whoever
dies when drank is hurried ignominiously, and
deprived of the prayers of the church. It is for
bidden to give, and more explicitly to sell, any
spirituous liquors to students. workmen, servants,
apprentices, and private soldiers. Whoever is
observed drunk in the streets, or making a
noise in a tavern, is sure to be taken to prison
and detained -ill sober, without, however, he
ing on ttat acconat exempted from the fines.
Halt of those fines goes to the informers, (who
are generally police officers,) the other half to
the poor. If the delinquent has no money, he is
kept in prison until sonic one pays for him, or
until he has. worked out his enlargement. Twice
a year these ordinances are read aloud from the
pulpit by the clergj ; and every tavern keeper is
bound, under the penalty of a heavy fine, to
have a copy of them hung up in the principal
rooms of his house. — Church of England Maga
zine.
ga.
Friday MorninS'i Sept, 9, IS3G.
We publish in this day ’s paper an article from
the Baltimore Gazette, respecting a tecent decision
of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. We shall
have to offer some remarks upon this important and
extraordinary decision.
05" The Sentinel is welcome to the construction
it gives to our remarks upon Maj. Howard’s letter.
If this construction suits that paper, and can be of
any benefit to the party to which it is attached, we
have not the least objection; but we must be permit
ted to doubt the sinceriry of the praises which have
been bestowed on Gen. Glascock’s conduct in Con.
gress, by the nullification presses of Georgia. Why
did not the same presses praise Mr. Van Buren for
his easting vote in favour of Mr. Calhoun’s bill to
prohibit the circulation of incendiary publications
through the mails? Why was the Vice President
abused, instead of being praised? Did Mr. Van Bu
ren show less independence in giving the casting
vote, than Gen. Glascock in opposing Mr. Pinckney’s
resolutions? Was Gen. Glascock, previous to that
lime, a greater favorite with the nullification parly in
Georgii, than Me. Van Buren? Or was it expected
that flattery aiicf praise would have more effect on
Gen. Glascock than with Mr. Van Buren? And is
it now believed-that the favours conferred, and to be
conferred, on Gen. Glascock, will be reciprocated,
while nothing of the kind could be expscled from
Mr. Van Buren?
We should like to know on what authority the
Sent : nel asserts, that Gen. Glascock differs from the
State Bights Party, only on abstracted points of polit
ical doctrine— on questions not now agitated ? If we
construe rightly the expression of the Sentinel, it
would seem that the State Rights Parly consider
Gen. Glascock as belonging to that party, and enter
taining the same principles, except on questions
which are not no\V agitated, and have become obso
lete. If we are mistaken in our construction of the
assertion of the Sentinel, we would be pleased to be
corrected.
RICHMOND COUNTV DELEGATION.
The ticket offered in our last paper to the conside
ration of the voters of Richmond County, is composed
of Gen. V. Walker, as Senator, and Messrs. Rhodes,
Jenkins, and Miller, as Representatives. For them
all and individually we entertain the kindest feelings.
For Messrs. Jenkins and Miller we have a high re
gardi we.appreciate their talents, independence, and
character, moral as well as political. And it is be
cause we-knaw how to appreciate their political prin
ciples, talertts, and zeal for their party, that we can
not support them on the ticket offered to the voters
of Richmond County. They are placed on the ticket
as opponents of the Union party; if elected they will
take their seats in the legislature as opponents of the
Union party; and on every question involving politi
cal principle*, they will vote with the opponents of
the Union parly. Their moral and political integrity
is the best guarantee that they will not act otherwise
than as just stated. Being union men, and believing
as we do in the political integrity of those two gentle
men, can we support them, and assist in their election
to the legislature? Unless we are lost to consistency,
unless we. believe that tho principles of the Union
parly are unbound, and tint a radical change is ne
cessary in, the public policy of the State, we cannot
vote for-Messrs. Jenkins and Miller.
Os all the union presses in the State, the Constitu
tionalist .alune was independent enough to censure
the proceedings of the legislature, in regard to inter
nal improvements and other locaj matters, and to
condemn llifa spirit which prevailed in that body in
the discussion and adoption of measures of great in
terest to ihafuture welfare of our State. Os all the
union presses, we were alone in recommending a
radical reform in the representation of the counties
in the legislature. We are still of the same opinion. •
We are still of the opinion that sectional feelings
should not be permitted to govern the proceedings of
our legislature; and vve are still of the opinion that an
enlarged and enlightened policy should be pursued,
and taat the legislature shoul i be composed of the best
talents ihe State can afford. But vve never thought,
in order to accomplish those desirable objects, of
> placing the power of the Slate in Ihe hands of our
political opponents. We thought all the time, that in
the ranks of the Union parly, men could bo found
whose talents, industry, and patriotism, would be
fully adequate to the discharge of those important
duties which wore expected from them. We admit
.that from year to year we have been disappointed in
? u°u.f ; vC|!f»cc(#ljpns of a wiser and more enlightened
legislation; but it must be admitted at the same time,
that lire defects in our legislalion cannot be ascribed
to the political ascendency of any one party in the
State; for, when the Troup party had the sway in the
State, our local matters w'ere not belter managed
than they have been ever since- Sectional feelings
prevailed then, in the proceedings of the legislature,
as they hayp-prevailed since, and as they will con
tinue to prevail, to the detriment of the best interests
of Georgia, until experience works a radical reform
in the minds of the people. Under this view of the
subject, weeannot give power to men who will not
be able to do more than has been heretofore done,
with regard to local matters, hut who certainly will
exert that power against the Union parly whenever
party questions are involved in any legislative action.
We have censured some of the proceedings of Ihe
union legislature, and we shall continue to censure
them, when the occasion will require it; but we must
avow that we have still confidence in the good sense,
intelligence, and patriotism, of our union friends
who may form Ihe majority in both branches of our
legislature. The time has arrived when sectional
feelings must be laid aside, and the best interests of
the whole state alone govern our members of Ihe
legislature. The people begin to perceive that par
ti il legislation has been most injurious to the pros
perity of our state ; that this partial legislation has
paralyzed the industry of the people, retarded the ad
vancement of the state to wealth and a high standing
in the union, and rendered useless the immense resour
ces possessed by Georgia. This spirit, which, we
are glad to find, is extending its beneficial influence,
will, undoubtedly, animate the members of the le
gislature, who are bound to represent the will an 1
feelings of iheir constituents. If then a better spirit
and better feelings pervade the minds of our people
and of mir legislators, vvltat have we to fear of the
proceedings of the legislature ? The next legislature
will again have a large majority of union members ;
cannot Richmond County, a union county as she is,
expect justice from a union legislature, and an equal
share of the benefits which that body can impart?
Can it be expected that the union county of Richmond
will be neglected or injured by a union legislature,
especially when her citizens will require nothing
more than equal justice ?
It Richmond County asks only for exact justice
and equal advantages, a union legislature cannot
refuse what will be asked, whether she sends a
union or nullification representation to thelegishture,
or whether she sends a mixed one. The local in
terests of Richmond County will then be perfectly
safe. But, besides Ihe local interests of the county,
our representation may have to act on questions invol
ving political principles, and federal concerns. And
would the majority of the voters of Richmond County
be fairly represented by State Rights men ? We be
lieve not. Can a representative of Richmond Conn
ty get np in the legislative hall, and deliver a speech
in favor of the doctrine of nullification and its origi
nator, Mr.’ Calhonn, and, at the same time, speak the
feelings and political principles of a majority of the
citizens of the county ? Can the representative get
up and deliver a speech in which the whole cottrse
of the union men of Richmond County sitlce 1332, is
condemned and vilified ? That political questions
will arise in the next legislature, there is no doubt,
and that State Rights members from Richmond
County, would act in the manner we have just stated,
there is neither any doubt; Messrs. Jenkins and
Miller are too high minded, they possess too much
political integrity and industry, to conceal their prin
ciples, and to neglect any opportunity presented to
them of crying down the party to which they are
opposed, whether in the legislature or elsewhere.
Can union men send to the legislature, members
who will not represent Iheir feelings and political
principles, and who will feel bound by honor and
attachment to iheir own parly, to place themselves
in array against the union party, whenever the occa
sion should present itself?
We deeply t egret that the aspect of the times com
pels ns to adopt the course we are determined to
pursue in the approaching . contest; but a sense of
duly, imperative with us, when the welfare of our
state and of the whole union is at stake, demands
from us this course; it woald have been a pleasure
to us, if, consistently with our principles, and the
stand taken by us since 1332, we could support
Messrs. Jenkins and Miller. We sincerely believe
the principles of the union party to be sound, and bet
ter calculated than those of the nullification party to
promote the best interests of Georgia and of the union
of these states : weeannot place men in power whose
principal object must be the destruction of the very
principles we profess. If the annihilation of the
union party is to be effected, it shall not be done
with our aid : for we conscientiously believe, that, if
ever the union parly is crushed, not only in Georgia,
but in other states, the union of these states will be
in the most imminent danger of being replaced by
southern, western, and northern confederacies.
We have given some of the reasons which will
govern ns in the approaching party contest. Those
reasons are honestly presented to our readers, be
cause they are honestly entertained. We do not
impugn the motives of others, who lake a different
view of Ihe subject than we do; they are no doubt as
honest in their opinions as we are in ours; we res
pect Iheir opinions, because we wish ours to he res.
peeled; but, at Ihe same time, we must be permitted
to express a doubt of the correctness and necessity of
the policy which certain of onr Union friends intend
to pursue in the parly conflict which is to take place
on the first Monday in October next.
Health of Augusta.
The City Sexton reports the interment of twenty
five persons in this city during the month ending on
Wednesday, August 31st—10 whites and 2 blacks.
Health of Savannah.
The Sexton of the City of Savannah reports the
interment of six persons during the week ending 30th
of August—3 whites and 3 blacks.—The Georgian of
the 2J instant says ; —■** There is, we learn, very lit
tle disease of any nature in the city, or vicinity.
Our atmosphere is pure and bland, our temperature
pleasant for the season, and our city in a cleanly con
dition, Ihe result of the exertions of an efficient
Board of Health, aided by the prudent efforts of our
citizens.”
The Steam packet Dolphin, Capl Pennoyer,
was advertised to leave Baltimore for Charleston,
via Norfolk, (Va.) Beaufort and Smithville (N.
C.) on the 6th inst.
The Charleston Board ot Health report the
deaths of forty five persons in that city during
the week ending 4th Sept, of these 11 were
whites and 31 blacks and colored—twenty-eight
by Cholera.
The Cholera.
This disease seems to be on the increase in
Charleston. The following are the reports of
the Board of Health made since our last publica
tion.
OFFICE BOARD OF HEALTH.
September sth, 1 o’clock P. M.
The special Committee of the Board, have
to reptfrt for the last twenty-four hours, twenty
seven cases of Cholera —six dead, twenty one
under treatment—s whites, 22 blacks. Os those
previously reported two more deaths have oc
curred. By order.
THOS. Y. SIMONS, M. D.
Chairman Special Committee.
A. G. Howard, M. D. Clerk.
September 6,1 o’clock, P. M.
The Special Committee of the Board have to
report for the last twenty-four hours, twenty
three cases of Cholera; 3 whites and 20 blacks,
3 dead—the others under treatment. Os the ca
ses reported yesterday three more have died.
By order.
Sept. 7,1 o’clock, P. M.
The Special Committee of the Board have to
report for the last twenty four hours, fifteen ca.
ses of Cholera—four whites, eleven blacks and
colored—five dead, the others under treatment.
Os the cases mentioned yesterday, three more
have died. By order.
Distressing' Occurrence.
Mr. Peter Bacot, late Cashier of the Branch
Bank of the United States at Charleston, pul an
end to his existence at the City Hotel, New
York, on the forenoon of the 31st ult. by blow,
ing out his brains with a pistol. An inquest was
held over his body, and the jury brought in a
verdict of ‘‘temporary mental derangement,”
which it was thought was caused by his being
compelled to leave his native city, and all his
early associates, at his advanced age, and by set.
tling in a different clime among strangers,
whose habits were altogether different Irom
what he was accustomed to. He had just re
moved his family to New York, and was about
entering on the arduous duties of Cashier of the
Morris Canal Bank, at a salary of SSOOO per
annum,
GEN. JACKSON.
If the enemies of the President do not like his
political sentiments, they will have to admire, at
least.the frankness and directness with which he
expresses himself. At a dinner given to die
President in Nashville on the 20th of last month,
the foil owing sentiment was given:
Our Illustrious Guest —The President of the
United Stales. By maintaining the true prin.
cples of Republicanism, and a sound construe,
tion of the constitution, he has disappointed his
enemies and fulfilled the most sanguine expec.
tations of his friends. The great measures of
his administration will continue to be supported
by the people.
After returning his acknowledgments for the
sentiment expressed, the President offered the
following—
Republican Tennessee: Her motto, ‘‘princi
ples not men." —She will never abandon her
good old Jeffersonian Democratic Republican
principles which she has so long maintained and
practised, to throw herself (on any occasion)
into the embraces of the Federalists, the Nuili
fiers, or the new born Whigs.
CUcrokee Council.
We copy the following information from the
Cassville Pioneer of August 26.
The Council of the Cherokee Nation will
commence its Session at New Echota, on the
12th September, for the purpose of explaining
the Cherokee T. rcaty to the people, and to settle
the affairs of the Nation preparatory to their
Emigration to their New Country East of the
Mississippi.
It is expected that Governors Carroll and
Lumkin, U. S. Commissioners to execute the
treaty, and the committee on the part of the
Cherokee Nation, will attend to their duties at
that time and place. Also, Major Currey, super,
intendent of Cherokee Emigration.
The Cherokees attending the Council will be
supplied with provision and cooked for them by I
persons appointed for the occasion.
Citarlcston Election.
Ths following gentlemen have been elected for the
ensuing year: Intendant, Robert Y. Hayne; War*
dens: Janies Hamilton, Dr. Thos. Y. Simons, John
S. Cogdell, M. C. Mordccai, H. W. Peroneau, Geo.
Henry, B. J. Howland, G. 11. Ingraham, 11. W. Con
nor, S. P. Ripley, John C. Ker,and R.W. Seymour.
Captain Ballard is ordered to the North Carolina
74, at the Navy Yard Gosport, and will sail for the
Pacific, to relieve Com. Wadsworth, whose health is
bad.
O' The Globe of the Ist instant, contains a
full and triumphant vindication of Mr. Van Du
ren, from the unfounded charges alleged against
him by the whigs for the part he took in the New
York Convention respecting the right of suf
frage. This article is too long for our paper;
we have room only for its conclusion, which is as
follows:
It only remains to add that in May 1833, a
Committee of Mechanics of the State oi Rhode
Island, with a view to the effort recently made
to change the royal charter of that State, ad-
letter to Mr. Yen Buren, in which they
requested him to inform them—
What are the laws in New York concerning
the Right of suffrage"!
And to give them his opinion upon the follow
ing:
Uo you consider there is any evil arising ei
ther under the present law or practice in New
York, so great as that one would be, of saertfi
cing the true democratic principle of general
suffrage, to any notion of expediency arising
from a fear that some are not allowed to vote
who are incapable of exercising that high privi
lege?
Have you any doubts of the perfect safety of
trusting to the virtue and intelligence of the
aggregated voters of New York, under your
present election laws, to manage the public Con
cerns?
In reply to this communication, Mr. Van Bu.
ren transmitted the lollowing letter, which was
published in the Rhode Island papers, and in the
Globe soon after its date:
Washington, July 9th, 1833.
Gentlemen'. I have the honor to acknowledge
the receipt of your letter requesting information
concerning the manner in which the right of suf
frage is regulated in the State of New York, to
gether with my opinion upon the utility and prnc.
tical operation of the system now in force there.
I can have no objection whatever to furuish
the information you desire, bat I teel some del
icacy, under the circumstances of the case, in
expressing an opinion on the several points to
which you refer. The right ol suffrage not only
controls the election of the State functio.iarics,
but that of the elective officers of the General
Government, is, by the Federal Constitution,
made dependent on it; and, in this respect, it is
undoubtedly to be considered, not only as a mat
ter of primary importance to those who are
immediately interested in it, but as a subject of
interest to all parts of the Union. The settle
ment of all questions connected with this fran
chise in any particular State, has, however,
usually been regarded as belonging exclusively
to the People ot that State; and under ordinary
circumstances, any interference by a citizen of
another Stale, would justly be considered is im
proper. Thus viewing the matter, I certainly
should not have ventured an opinion upon any
point bearing on the question now under d;scus
sion in Rhode Island, had it not been for the re
quest contained in your letter, which the relations
I hold to the People of the United States, make
it my duty to respect.
By the first constitution of New York, the
possession of a freehold estate of the value ot
§250 over and above all debts charged thereon,
was necessary to entitle a person to vote for Go
vernor, Lieut. Governor, and Senators. Mem,
bers of Assembly were chosen by persons pay
ing taxes and possessing freeholds of the clear
value of §SO, or renting tenements of the annual
value of five dollars.
The obvious injustice, and ascertained inutility
of this regulation, together with other causes,
led, in 1821, to the call of a Convention for the
revision of our State Constitution. Os that
Convention I had the honor to be a member ; and
in the discharge of the duties imposed upon me
by that situation, I labored, and in conjunction
with a majority of the Convention, labored suc
cessfully, to abolish the freehold qualification.
The principle which I then advocated, and which
was established by the amended constitution,
extended the right of voting for all elective offi
cers of the State government to every citizen who
should contribute to the support of Government,
either by the payment of taxes in money, or by
labor on the highways, or by service, according
to law, in the militia. The results of experi
ence and the progress of liberal opinions, soon
led to a further extension , and by an amendment
to the constitution finally adopted in 1826, the
right of suffrage was given to every male citizen
of full age, who shall have been an inhabitant of
the State for one year, and of the county for six
months, preceding the election. This provision,
however, does not extend to persons of color,
who, by the constitution of 1821, are not allowed
to vote, unless they have been, for three years,
citizens of the State, and for one year before the
election, seized and possessed of a freehold of
the clear value of §259, and have been rated
and paid a tax thereon.
The government of New York has, for seve
ral years, been administered under the liberal
system established by the new constitution, and
the still more liberal amendment of 1826, in a
manner which appears to have been satisfactory
to the People. It is possible that there may be
some who regret the extension of the right of
suffrage, and who would be gratified by the revi.
val ot the old qualifications ; but 1 do not believe
that such a feeling is entertained by any consid
enable portion of our citizens. lam very sure
that any attempt to restrict the exercise of the
right, and more especially to restore the freehold
qualification, would be put down by an over
whelming majority.
In acting upon this subject, my own course has
never been influenced by any apprehension that
it would be dangerous to the rights of property
to extend the right of voting to those who were
without property. Our experience has, I think,
fully demonstrated, that in a community like that
which composes a great majority of every Slate
in our confederacy, there is no reason for alarm
in this respect.
At an earlier period of my public life, I was
not entirely free from apprehensions of the influ
ence of wealth upon so extended a suffrage as
that which is now possessed in New Up
on this head, however, we are now able to speak
from full and satisfactory experience ; and it has
given me the highest gratification to be convin
ced that my fears were without adequate foun
dation. Numerous opportunities to test the firm
ness of our citizens, and their ability to resist
the seductions of wealth, have been furnished
within the last twelve years; and although some
local and temporary advantages may have been
occasionally gamed through such means, thege.
neral incorruptibility of our citizens has been
triumphantly established. Nor have I any doubt
that such will long continue to be the history of
our people ; for, al'hough a great disparity in
their condition may naturally be expected from
an increase of population and otiier causes, yet
on the other hand it may be hoped that the means
of education, and of moral improvement, will be
proportionally increased, and that und.tr their in
fluence the spirit ol independence and of intelli
gent patriotism, which now prevails among all
classes, will bo cherished and exhibited by every
succeeding generation.
With my beat wishes for your individual pros
perity, and for that of the State to which you
belong,
I remain, gentlemen, your obedient servant,
M.VAN BUREN.
To Messrs. William I. Tillinghast, Lawrence
Richards, William .'Mitchell, Seth Luther,
William Miller, and David Brown.
This paper completes the evidence on the sub
ject in review, and shows Mr. Van Buren in
1833, as he was in 1821, the decided advocate
of liberal principles, and the manly opponent of
the aristocracy. It is nothing new that he should
be assailed by that aristocracy ; although the
present attack, when vve consider the source
from which it comes, out Herods Herod in its
impudence and folly. But they cannot injure
him. Their assaults, now as heretofore, will
recoil on their own heads lie will stand vindi.
rated and approved before the American People,
by his acts and his principles: and every examin.
alion into his political and public conduct, - will
serve to advance him still higher in their cslima
tion.
from sew yore.
™ L - bri S Jl)ne ». arrived at Charleston on
Wednesday evening last, brings the editors of
Courier New \ork papers of Frida, last, in antic,pal
non of this day’s northern mail. The following are *
the only items of intelligence wo find in them worth
extracting.
100 Shares U. States Bank Stock sold at New
York, at 121 J. 60 days; 100 do. do. 121 J; 150
do. do. 121.3, 30 ds.; 150 do. do. 121}, 10 j,..
200 do. N. O. Gas Co. 935.
President Jackson will leave the Hermitatre
on the 18th October, and pass through Pennsyl
vania on his return to Washington. I
The New York Journal of Commerce of
Thursday last says The nights are very cool
for the season. We have not heard of any f ros t
in this immediate vicinity, but it appears that in
some parts of New England the fall crops have I
suffered considerable damage.”
Among the vessels arrived at New York on I
the 31st ult. was the Texian armed brig Brutus
of 10 guns, Capt. Hurd, from Texas, and 8 days
faom Key West.
The Commencement at Amherst College took
place on the 31st ult. when thirty-eight youiw 1
gentlemen received the degree of Bachelor of 1
Arts.
NEW’-YORK, SEPT. 2.
Post Office Robbing at Erie, Pa A lad j
named Henry Walters, has been arrested and
sent to prison, for purloining money from let.
ters arriving at the Post Office at Erie, where
he was employed as a clerk. Four hundred
and ninety one dollars was found upon him
which he confessed to have pilfered from the
mail, and gave a statement of the sums actually
purloined in the whole, which amounted to five
hundred and twenty dollars.
Savannah.
The charter election took place at Savannah
last Monday. The union tjeket for aldermen
succeeded by a large majority.
A large and splendid new hotel, which is much
wanted, is about to be built in Philadelphia on the
prison lot, corner of Walnut and Sixth streets.
The Brunswick At Florida Rail Road. 1
We copy from the Sentinel of last Tuesday,
the following letter respecting the contemplated
railroad between Brunswick, in Georgia, and
Apalachicola River, in Florida. The informa,
tion given that this railroad will be undertaken
and completed, must be gratifying to every friend
of internal improvements and of the prosperity
of Georgia ; for let us bear in mind that whatever
benefits one section of the state, benefits indi
rectly the other sections. Therefore we wish
complete success to that great interprise.
Boston, August 24th, 1636.
Dear Sir. —l was gratified to find on my arj,
rival here a few days since, that your cnlerpris.
ing, zealous, and talented countryman Thomai
Butler King, Esq. had succeeded in all the pre
liminary arrangements for one of the greatest
works of internal improvement in the United }
States, interesting to the whole Union, and es- I
pecially to Georgia and Florida.
The work to which I allude is the connection ■
of the waters of the Atlantic with the Gulf of i
Mexico by a Kail Road, from Brunswick in Geor
gia, to the Apalachicola river in Florida. Mr.
King has been incessantly engaged in this enter,
price for two months, and though in delicats
health, has been laboriously occupied with its
details in daily communication with men of capi
tal, until he has organized a company for a capital
of two millions and a half of dollars, who are
pledged to execute the work, and who will pay
down the first instalment under the charter im
mediately. He has surrendered his charter with,
out a dollar for even expenses, and such has
been his amiable and modest deportment, his
intelligent and patriotic expositions, that he has f
the entire confidence of all the men of capital
here, and such is his disinterested devotion to
the interests of Georgia, that he has consented
to serve without salary, as President of this com
pany. To one of your intelligence I need not say
how important this work is to the State of Geor
g'a—lt will produce a revolution in the trade of
the country, and make the coast of Georgia the
depot for a large portion of the productions of the
Mississippi. The flour, pork, cordage, bagging,
and other articles of the Western States, will be
sent through the Gulf of Mexico to the terminus
of this rail road, and carried to Brunswick, whilst
on the other hand, the rice of Carolina and
Georgia will be sent back in return, and all tho
lower counties of Georgia will receive the great* !
est benefit from this work. It will bring New 1
York and New Orleans within six days ol each
other, and form a direct communication between!
the Navy Yard at Pensacola, and the one to bc|
established at Brunswick, There can be dp ;
doubt that this is the point for the South Atlantic'
Navy Yard. Brunswick was considered under
the colonial government of Great Britain, the bestl
Port on the South Atlantic coast. King has!
given himself a claim to be considered one ofihe|
benefactors of his State. Yours, &c.
[communicated. J
SAFETY VALVES.
Messrs. Editors: —You have perhaps observer
already, that instead of (he usual weight on the leven
of the safely valves of Locomotive Steam Engines, a
spring balance is substituted. This I consider an
abandonment of the safety valve principle altogether
for it is evident on inspection, that every effort of the
steam to raise the valve is met by a correspondinj
effort of the spring to keep it down, and with 2 fee
arms every 64 th of an inch motion of the valve is me
by 1 lib., 2 lib., &c., as it rises from its seat, Th
rapid generation of steam in locomotives preclude
the idea of maintaining the equilibrium required t
make this arrangement one o C safety.
The relative size of boilers, pipes, and cylinder
varies in every engine, and if the spring balance if
considered an indicator of the working effect of ih<
steam in one engine, it will not apply to any olhei
without a reduction for these variations. The pres,
sure of the steam transmitted from the boiler to th<
piston of the cylinder is modified by the proportions
already alluded to, and to measure its useful effect
the valve and balance should be connected with tin
cylinder. Steam under a pressure of 100 lib. period
in the boiler may pass through a pipe with 20 timei
the velocity of the piston, and become so wire drawn
and meet with so much friction as to act on the pistoi
with a pressui e of not more than 75 lib. per inch, an*
although this is so obvious, 1 do not know of any ex
penments being made to ascertain the loss, &c. ot
this account in high pressure engines.
As to safely the present arrangement is entire?
deceptive, and the only advantage of it is that in firm
the fireman considers it a thermometer, as a smal
emission of steam indicates the proper temperature
and he regulates the fire accordingly. A complet
safety valve should be so relieved of all pressur
towards its scat, at the moment the steam exceeds it
calculated pressure, as to allow the steam to escap
freely—and it ought to be self-acting, that it may b
beyond the ignorance or carelessness of the engln
man. MAC A LUSTER.
[From the correspondent of the Char. CourA
“WASHINGTON, Aug. 31. V
“ I understand that it is the intention of Mrs;
Madison to come to this city, and take up her
abode in the house which belongs to her, and
which has been so long occupied by Mr. Cult?*
and his family. Site was always very much at
tached to this city, and there are yet many o
our citizens, notwithstanding the changes produ
ced by death and removal, who have a pleasura
ble, vivid and grateful recollection of the cheer- t
ful happiness, which she was so mainly instru
mental in disseminating here during the Presi,
dency of her illustrious and lamented husband.
Mrs. Madison, I am told, looked remarkably well
just before the death of Mr. M. That afflicting
event has had upon Iter feelings, her appearance,
and her health, the effect which was to have
been anticipated. There has seldom occurred
an instance of such devoted attachment to a bus. *
band, as that which has been exhibited by Mrs,